BIOL 151 - Chapter 8 SmartNotes 2.0

Anoxygenic bacteria have how many photosystems?

One

The energy used by most living cells comes ultimately from the (blank) and is captured through the process of (blank).

Sun; photosynthesis

How many types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts?

Two

(Blank) molecules of G3P made during the Calvin cycle can be used to make one molecule of (blank).

Two; glucose

When added to light in photosynthesis, how many molecules of carbon dioxide and water are needed to make one molecule of glucose? a. 6 CO2; 12 H2O b. 6 CO2; 6 H2O c. 1 CO2; 1 H2O d. 12 CO2; 6 H2O

a. 6 CO2; 12 H2O

In the equation that summarizes photosynthesis, if 6 carbon dioxide + 12 water + light are the reactants, what are the products? a. 6 oxygen b. Glucose c. ATP d. Hydrogen peroxide e. 6 water

a. 6 oxygen b. Glucose e. 6 water

Why is the Calvin cycle also known as C3 photosynthesis? a. Because the first molecule in the cycle has 3 carbon atoms. b. Because three CO2 molecules are needed to run the cycle once. c. Because the net products of the Calvin cycle are three molecules of glucose. d. Because three molecules of 3GP are made in one run of the cycle.

a. Because the first molecule in the cycle has 3 carbon atoms.

The cyclic reactions in carbon fixation do not require which of the following? a. Light b. ATP c. NADPH

a. Light

Recent studies with the atomic force microscope have shown that PSI and the ATP synthase are not randomly distributed in thylakoid membranes, rather, they seem concentrated a. primarily in the connections between grana (the stroma lamellae). b. primarily in the grana. c. primarily in the stretches of the thylakoid membrane that surround the chloroplast and are in close proximity to the outer chloroplast membrane.

a. primarily in the connections between grana (the stroma lamellae).

Most plants transport the fixed carbon in the form of the transport sugar a. sucrose b. fructose c. mannose d. glucose

a. sucrose

The internal membrane of the chloroplast is also known as the a. thylakoid membrane. b. stromal membrane. c. primary membrane. d. lamellar membrane.

a. thylakoid membrane.

A photosystem consists of two components, a(n) (blank) complex and a(n) (blank) center.

antenna; reaction

When you take into account the net equation of the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are needed to synthesize two G3P molecules? a. 6 b. 18 c. 2 d. 12

b. 18

How many molecules of G3P are needed to make one molecule of glucose? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6

b. 2

Why are the cyclic reactions in carbon fixation also referred to as light-independent reactions? a. Because they only occur when light is not present. b. Because they can occur whether or not light is present.

b. Because they can occur whether or not light is present.

According to recent studies, where are PSII and the b6-f complexes located? a. in the stroma lamellae and on portions of the thylakoid membrane that surround the chloroplast (together with the outer membrane) b. In the grana and in borders between the grana and the stroma lamellae c. in the stroma

b. In the grana and in borders between the grana and the stroma lamellae

Which of the following (choose all that apply) are necessary for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle? a. Dark conditions b. NADPH c. Light conditions d. ATP

b. NADPH d. ATP

Which of these statements are true about the relationship between photosynthesis and cell respiration? a. The products of photosynthesis are the same as the products of cell respiration. b. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cell respiration. c. The products of cell respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis. d. The products of photosynthesis inhibit cell respiration. e. The reactants of photosynthesis are the same as the reactants of cell respiration.

b. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cell respiration. c. The products of cell respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis.

How are the equation for photosynthesis in plants and the equation for cellular respiration related? a. They are almost identical to each other - the only difference is in the number of water molecules. b. They are the reverse of each other. c. They are completely unrelated.

b. They are the reverse of each other.

The ATP needed in the Calvin cycle comes from a. noncyclic photophosphorylation only b. both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation c. cyclic photophosphorylation only

b. both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation

Almost all photosynthetic organisms capture light using a. individual chlorophyll molecules located in the membrane. b. photosystems. c. lipid-pigment complexes.

b. photosystems.

Which of the following organisms have only one photosystem? a. Chloroplasts b. Most plants c. Anoxygenic bacteria d. Most algae

c. Anoxygenic bacteria

In photosynthesis, glucose is produced via the reduction of which of the following? a. Water b. Starch c. Carbon dioxide d. Chlorophyll

c. Carbon dioxide

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate formed during the Calvin cycle is an important compound in which of the following stages of cell respiration? a. Krebs cycle b. Electron transport chain c. Glycolysis

c. Glycolysis

During the electron transport stage of the thylakoid reactions electrons are shuttled along a series of electron carrier molecules, eventually reaching the final acceptor. This final acceptor is a. NAD+ b. oxygen c. NADP+ d. water

c. NADP+

What is ultimately the main source of energy for almost all living cells on Earth? a. Any kind of cosmic electromagnetic radiation that may enter Earth's atmosphere b. The Earth's core c. The Sun d. The heat emitted by the Earth after it is warmed up by the Sun

c. The Sun

The third and final stage of photosynthesis is also known as which of the following? a. The cyclic reactions b. The carbon reactions c. The light-independent reactions d. The light-dependent reactions

c. The light-independent reactions

In bacteria, light-dependent reactions take place in which of the following? a. The cytoplasm b. Chloroplasts c. The plasma membrane d. Specialized photosynthetic granules

c. The plasma membrane

What is the net gain of the Calvin cycle? a. One molecule of glucose b. Twelve molecules of PGA c. Two molecules of G3P d. One molecule of sucrose

c. Two molecules of G3P

During times of intensive photosynthesis, chloroplast can store glucose in the form of a. cellulose fibers. b. sucrose filled vesicles. c. starch grains.

c. starch grains.

During the fourth stage of the thylakoid reactions, known as (blank), protons flow across the membrane down their gradient and in the process ATP is synthesized.

chemiosmosis

Which of the following are the two components of a photosystem? a. A chlorophyll center. b. A chlorophyll pair. c. A carotenoid antenna. d. A reaction center. e. An antenna complex.

d. A reaction center. e. An antenna complex.

The electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem II is used to generate __, while the electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem I is used to generate __. a. Water; ATP b. NADPH; ATP c. NADPH; water d. ATP; NADPH

d. ATP; NADPH

Which of the following is the primary output of the Calvin cycle? a. Starch b. Ribulose biphosphate c. Glucose d. G3P

d. G3P

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast? a. In the outer chloroplast membrane b. In the thylakoid lumen. c. In the stroma d. In the thylakoid membrane.

d. In the thylakoid membrane.

Which photosystem's main function is to generate high-energy electrons for the synthesis of ATP? a. Neither photosystem b. Photosystem I c. Both photosystems d. Photosystem II

d. Photosystem II

In chloroplasts, electrons ejected from the photosystems do not return to them, which is known as a. cyclic photophosphorylation. b. NADPH based photophosphorylation. c. oxygenic photophosphorylation. d. noncyclic photophosphorylation.

d. noncyclic photophosphorylation.

After it is transported into the cytoplasm, the G3P made during photosynthesis is usually used to synthesize fructose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate, which can be used to form a. glycerol. b. mannose. c. galactose. d. sucrose.

d. sucrose.

Protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the (blank) (blank) stage of the thylakoid (or light-dependent) reactions.

electron transport

The third stage of photosynthesis is also called carbon (blank).

fixation

The G3P produced during the Calvin cycle is transported into the cytoplasm where it is usually converted into (blank) 6-phosphate and (blank) 1-phosphate.

fructose; glucose

In a leaf, the thick layer of cells that are rich in chloroplasts is called the (blank).

mesophyll

The process in which electrons from water move through PSII and PSI and ultimately to NADPH is also known as (blank) photophosphorylation.

noncyclic

In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, except one class of photosynthetic bacteria, light is captured by clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules, which together are called (blank) .

photosystems

In the Calvin cycle, (blank) molecules of CO2 are bound to the same number of RuBP molecules to produce 12 molecules of PGA.

six

When photosynthesis results in the accumulation of G3P in the stroma faster, the G3P is used to make glucose 1-P which is then used to make (blank) grains.

starch

Most plants combine glucose and fructose to produce (blank) which is the major transport sugar.

sucrose

The inner (internal) membrane of the chloroplast is also called the (blank) membrane.

thylakoid

Typically, it is considered that the net gain of the Calvin cycle is(are) (blank) molecule(s) of G3P.

two

How are the equation for photosynthesis in plants and the equation for cellular respiration related? a. They are the reverse of each other. b. They are almost identical to each other - the only difference is in the number of water molecules. c. They are completely unrelated.

a. They are the reverse of each other.

How many different types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts? a. Two b. Three c. One d. Four

a. Two

The formation of organic molecules from carbon dioxide is called a. carbon fixation b. carbon dioxide fixation c. carboxylation d. decarboxylation

a. carbon fixation

The ATP synthases of chloroplasts and mitochondria are a. evolutionary related b. evolutionary unrelated c. evolutionary related only in certain plants and algae

a. evolutionary related

How many molecules of CO2 need to be bound to molecules of RuBP to produce 12 molecules of PGA in the Calvin cycle? a. 12 b. 6 c. 3 d. 24

b. 6

In the equation that summarizes photosynthesis, if 6 carbon dioxide + 12 water + light are the reactants, what are the products? a. ATP b. 6 oxygen c. Glucose d. Hydrogen peroxide e. 6 water

b. 6 oxygen c. Glucose e. 6 water

Why is the Calvin cycle also known as C3 photosynthesis? a. Because the net products of the Calvin cycle are three molecules of glucose. b. Because the first molecule in the cycle has 3 carbon atoms. c. Because three molecules of 3GP are made in one run of the cycle. d. Because three CO2 molecules are needed to run the cycle once.

b. Because the first molecule in the cycle has 3 carbon atoms.

Consider the net equation that describes the Calvin cycle. How many NADPH are needed to synthesize the two net G3P molecules that can be used to make a glucose molecule? a. 6 b. 2 c. 12 d. 18

c. 12

What happens during the chemiosmosis stage of the thylakoid reactions? a. Protons are pumped against their concentrations gradient. b. Electrons are pumped across the membrane. c. ATP is synthesized. d. The light energy is converted into chemical energy.

c. ATP is synthesized.

The light-(blank) reactions of photosynthesis occur on membranes.

dependent

In a green plant, the majority of photosynthesis takes place in __. a. the stem/trunk b. the flowers c. the roots d. the fruit e. the leaves

e. the leaves

During photosynthesis, glucose is produced via the (blank) of CO2.

reduction

In photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced to glucose using electrons from the oxidation of (blank); in respiration, (blank) is oxidized to CO2 using O2 as the final electron acceptor.

water; glucose

Photophosphorylation produces (blank), which stores chemical energy that can be used for the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation also requires reducing power, which is provided by (blank) produced by photosystem I.

ATP; NADPH

The Calvin cycle is also known as (blank) photosynthesis because the first intermediate of the cycle contains three carbon atoms.

C3

T/F: Glucose is the primary output of the Calvin cycle.

False

T/F: The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesizing bacteria take place in the chloroplasts.

False

T/F: The mechanism of ATP synthesis in the ATP synthase of chloroplasts is fundamentally different from the one used in the ATP synthase of mitochondria.

False