BIOL 207 Ch. 25 Test Questions

If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will be lowered.

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

True

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

True

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

creatinine

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

transitional

An excessive urine output is called anuria

False

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

False

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

a vasa recta

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

renal fascia

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?

A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT

How can an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril be effective as an antihypertensive?

ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Matching 12-16

Cells that are most affected by ADH: 1st box on bottom Almost no water is absorbed in these cells: 2nd box on bottom Filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma...: 3rd box on the bottom

Matching 21-25

Efferent arterioles: May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels Glomerular capillaries: Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells Afferent arterioles: High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule Vasa recta: Play a role in urine concentration Peritubular capillaries: Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR.

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

False

Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems.

False

Fetal kidneys have the primary responsibility of clearing wastes from the fetal blood.

False

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

False

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

False

If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine

False

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH

False

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

False

The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

False

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

False

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

False

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

False

Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle

False

Matching 1-4

Glomerulus: 1st box on left Nephron loop: 3rd box on left Afferent arteriole: 1st box on right Collecting duct: 2nd box on right

Matching 8-11

Is composed of simple squamous epithelium: 1st box on top Podocyte: 2nd box on top Collecting ducts cells: 1st box on bottom Proximal convoluted tubule cells: 3rd box on bottom

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?

It is a purely passive transport process.

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?

Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur?

Kidney perfusion will increase

Select the correct statement about urinary system development.

Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

Net filtration would decrease.

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed

Matching 5-7

Peritubular capillaries: 2nd box on the left Which label marks a structure at the medulla of the kidney: 3rd box on the left Structure most closely associated with granular cells: 1st box on the right

Ellen, a 47-year-old woman who has suffered kidney disease for several years, has been diagnosed with proteinuria. Her legs and feet are so swollen that she has difficulty walking. Her hands and her left arm are also swollen. What is proteinuria, and could this condition be playing a role in her swollen limbs?

Proteinuria is a condition in which large amounts of plasma proteins pass into the glomerular filtrate and are excreted in the urine, decreasing the colloid osmotic pressure. This causes more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema.

Matching 17-20

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs: Proximal convoluted tubule Site of filtrate formation: Glomerulus Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.: Peritubular capillaries. Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule: Collecting duct

The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.

Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will decrease

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will decrease

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will go up

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will go up.

Select the correct statement about the nephrons

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.

The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

True

Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

True

Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

True

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

True

In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.

True

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

True

Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

True

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

True

The nephron is the kidney structure responsible for urine formation.

True

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

True

Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

True

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.

aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

angiotensin II and aldosterone

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________

appear in the urine

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

arcuate

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

by a decrease in the blood pressure

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

by secreting sodium ions

The macula densa cells respond to

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?

damage to the filtration membrane

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

electrolyte levels

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?

form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.

impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

increase in the production of ADH

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

inhibits the release of ADH

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

is drained by an efferent arteriole

Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries

leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________

loop of Henle

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

macula densa

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________

nephron

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

osmosis

The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

plasma protein

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

podocyte cells

Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus?

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

secondary active transport

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

slightly higher than water

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

the stretching of the bladder wall

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.

thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption