BIOL 2401 Ch 4,5,6

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed.

Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and contain ________, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.

"interstitial fluid; no ducts; ducts

The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones.

206

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.

4; 5

Why do the pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina have a similar epithelial organization? (Module 4.5B)

All these sites are subject to physical stresses and abrasion.

Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished? (Module 6.3C)

Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint.

________ are transmembrane proteins that connect two cell membranes together.

Cell adhesion molecules

How does calcitonin act to lower blood calcium? (Module 6.11C)

Decreases osteoclast break down of bone matrix, decreases calcitriol production, decreases intestinal absorption, and increases renal excretion

Define endochondral ossification. (Module 6.7A)

Endochondral ossification is the replacement of a cartilage model with bone.

Compare gigantism with acromegaly. (Module 6.9C)

Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.

Which of the following is not true of the skeletal system?

It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.

Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true?

It is triggered by histamine and caused by increased endothelial permeability.

What properties are common to keratinized epithelia? (Module 4.5C)

Keratinized epithelia are both tough and water resistant.

Ankle fractures that affect both bones of the leg are called __________.

Pott's fractures

"________ hairs are coarse pigmented hairs.

Terminal

If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will bone mass be affected? (Module 6.4D)

The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will decrease.

Describe the changes in appearance of the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder as stretching occurs. (Module 4.6C)

The cells become flatter.

Describe the function of the medullary cavity. (Module 6.3B)

The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.

Describe the appearance of simple columnar epithelial cells in a sectional view. (Module 4.7A)

They appear columnar with an elongated nucleus close to the basement membrane.

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

a basal lamina.

The effects of aging on the skin include

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

In compact bone, the osteons are

arranged in concentric lamellae.

"Which structures separate epithelial tissue from connective tissue?

basement membranes

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

calcitonin

Which substance accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?

calcium salts

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium.

Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.

cardiac muscle

An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin.

compound

All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except

corticosteroids

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it

decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.

List the major parts of a long bone. (Module 6.3A)

epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity

What two types of tissues contribute to the formation and maintenance of the basement membrane? (Module 4.4D)

epithelial and connective tissue

Identify the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape. (Module 6.2A)

flat, sutural, long, irregular, sesamoid, short

Blood belongs to which of the following types of connective tissue?

fluid connective tissue

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

foramen

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a

foramen.

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found

forming the kidney tubules.

Which of the following describes spiral fractures?

fractures that are produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone

If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as

full thickness.

List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)

growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones

Give the term for the "study of tissues." (Module 4.1A)

histology

Elastic cartilage is found

in the ear.

All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it

is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________.

it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called

keloid.

Bone is ________ tissue.

living connective

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

long

What is the main function of mesenchymal cells?

make new connective tissue cells

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed

malignant melanoma.

Which type of glands secret their products by exocytosis?

merocrine

Perspiration is produced by ________ glands.

merocrine sweat

Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?

muscle

Which type of tissue conducts electrical impulses?

neural

All ________ function to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.

neurons

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

osteocytes.

What is the functional unit of compact bone? (Module 4.14C)

osteon

Identify the hormone that stimulates the release of calcium ions from bone matrix. Explain its mechanism of action. (Module 6.11A)

parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast break down of bone matrix

The watery fluid component of blood is called

plasma.

List four essential functions of epithelial tissue. (Module 4.3A)

provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions

Nail production occurs at the nail

root.

Which of the following is a holocrine exocrine gland?

sebaceous

Merocrine sweat glands

secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as

simple coiled tubular.

The epithelial cells that are flat, thin and have one layer are called

simple squamous.

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a

sinus

Of the following tissues, which has the least ability to regenerate after injury?

skeletal muscle

Identify the three basic components of connective tissue. (Module 4.10A)

specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone.

spiral

The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the

stratum basale.

Insensible perspiration takes place in the

stratum corneum.

Functions of epithelia include all of the following except

supporting muscle cells.

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

synthesis of vitamin C.

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

temperature regulation

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

tendons

Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except

the epidermis.

"Secondary ossification centers occur in

the epiphyses.

All of the following are true of the dermis EXCEPT that __________.

the hypodermis is part of the dermis

Neuroglia do all of the following EXCEPT:

transmit electrical impulses.

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are

white cells, red cells, and platelets.