BIOL 2401 Ch 4,5,6
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" are formed.
Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and contain ________, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.
"interstitial fluid; no ducts; ducts
The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones.
206
The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.
4; 5
Why do the pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina have a similar epithelial organization? (Module 4.5B)
All these sites are subject to physical stresses and abrasion.
Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished? (Module 6.3C)
Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint.
________ are transmembrane proteins that connect two cell membranes together.
Cell adhesion molecules
How does calcitonin act to lower blood calcium? (Module 6.11C)
Decreases osteoclast break down of bone matrix, decreases calcitriol production, decreases intestinal absorption, and increases renal excretion
Define endochondral ossification. (Module 6.7A)
Endochondral ossification is the replacement of a cartilage model with bone.
Compare gigantism with acromegaly. (Module 6.9C)
Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.
Which of the following is not true of the skeletal system?
It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.
Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true?
It is triggered by histamine and caused by increased endothelial permeability.
What properties are common to keratinized epithelia? (Module 4.5C)
Keratinized epithelia are both tough and water resistant.
Ankle fractures that affect both bones of the leg are called __________.
Pott's fractures
"________ hairs are coarse pigmented hairs.
Terminal
If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will bone mass be affected? (Module 6.4D)
The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will decrease.
Describe the changes in appearance of the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder as stretching occurs. (Module 4.6C)
The cells become flatter.
Describe the function of the medullary cavity. (Module 6.3B)
The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.
Describe the appearance of simple columnar epithelial cells in a sectional view. (Module 4.7A)
They appear columnar with an elongated nucleus close to the basement membrane.
Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
a basal lamina.
The effects of aging on the skin include
a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.
In compact bone, the osteons are
arranged in concentric lamellae.
"Which structures separate epithelial tissue from connective tissue?
basement membranes
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin
Which substance accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?
calcium salts
The most abundant mineral in the human body is
calcium.
Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.
cardiac muscle
An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin.
compound
All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except
corticosteroids
All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it
decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.
List the major parts of a long bone. (Module 6.3A)
epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity
What two types of tissues contribute to the formation and maintenance of the basement membrane? (Module 4.4D)
epithelial and connective tissue
Identify the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape. (Module 6.2A)
flat, sutural, long, irregular, sesamoid, short
Blood belongs to which of the following types of connective tissue?
fluid connective tissue
A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.
foramen
A rounded hole through a bone is termed a
foramen.
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found
forming the kidney tubules.
Which of the following describes spiral fractures?
fractures that are produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone
If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as
full thickness.
List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)
growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones
Give the term for the "study of tissues." (Module 4.1A)
histology
Elastic cartilage is found
in the ear.
All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it
is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.
All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________.
it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity
A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called
keloid.
Bone is ________ tissue.
living connective
The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
long
What is the main function of mesenchymal cells?
make new connective tissue cells
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed
malignant melanoma.
Which type of glands secret their products by exocytosis?
merocrine
Perspiration is produced by ________ glands.
merocrine sweat
Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?
muscle
Which type of tissue conducts electrical impulses?
neural
All ________ function to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.
neurons
The lacunae of osseous tissue contain
osteocytes.
What is the functional unit of compact bone? (Module 4.14C)
osteon
Identify the hormone that stimulates the release of calcium ions from bone matrix. Explain its mechanism of action. (Module 6.11A)
parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast break down of bone matrix
The watery fluid component of blood is called
plasma.
List four essential functions of epithelial tissue. (Module 4.3A)
provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions
Nail production occurs at the nail
root.
Which of the following is a holocrine exocrine gland?
sebaceous
Merocrine sweat glands
secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.
Merocrine sweat glands are classified as
simple coiled tubular.
The epithelial cells that are flat, thin and have one layer are called
simple squamous.
A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a
sinus
Of the following tissues, which has the least ability to regenerate after injury?
skeletal muscle
Identify the three basic components of connective tissue. (Module 4.10A)
specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone.
spiral
The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the
stratum basale.
Insensible perspiration takes place in the
stratum corneum.
Functions of epithelia include all of the following except
supporting muscle cells.
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except
synthesis of vitamin C.
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
temperature regulation
Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?
tendons
Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except
the epidermis.
"Secondary ossification centers occur in
the epiphyses.
All of the following are true of the dermis EXCEPT that __________.
the hypodermis is part of the dermis
Neuroglia do all of the following EXCEPT:
transmit electrical impulses.
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are
white cells, red cells, and platelets.