BIOL 2420 final

Endosymbiont theory postulates that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when prokaryotes began to live in close association with each other. Which of the following is NOT among the lines of evidence for this theory? 1) both of these organelles contain their own nuclei. 2) both of these organelles contain their own ribosomes. 3) both of these organelles are surrounded by double membranes. 4) both of these organelles divide independently within eukaryotic cells

1

Prions: 1) are proteins that can take an infectious or a noninfectious form. 2) is RNA that can take an infectious or noninfectious form. 3) are tiny cells. 4)can both infect both plants and animals. 5)none of the above is correct.

1

Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs a word with an example? 1) each of the above is a correct pairing of a word with an example 2)commensalism - mites living inside your hair follicles without causing any harm 3) mutualism - E. coli living inside your intestines 4) infection - cold viruses multiplying inside the cells of your respiratory tract 5) disease - exposure to Entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery

1

Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs an epidemiological term with an example? Question 41 options: 1)zoonosis - canine distemper, a disease that occurs in dogs but never humans. 2) mechanical vector - a fly's feet carry bacteria from Salmonella-infested devilled eggs to a wedding cake. 3) parenteral - rabies viruses deposited directly beneath the skin by a dog bite. 4) portal of exit - body fluid such as semen carries infectious HIV particles. 5) vehicle - water carries Vibrio cholerae (the bacterium that causes cholera).

1

Which of the following is NOT considered a virulence factor? 1)flagellin 2)adhesins 3)endotoxin 4)exotoxin 5)collagenase

1

Which of the following is NOT correct? 1) Plasmodium - apicomplexan that causes malaria. 2) Paramecium - causes PAM. 3) Candida - causes vaginal yeast infections and thrush. 4) Giardia - flagellated protozoan that causes diarrhea. 5) Trypanosoma - hemoflagellate that causes sleeping sickness and Chaga's disease.

2

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? 1) Viruses need attachment sites to infect a living cell. 2) Viruses multiply inside living cells using viral mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes. 3)Viruses can infect only certain types of cells in certain host species. 4) Viruses contain DNA or RNA. 5)The nucleic acid of a virus is surrounded by a protein coat.

2

What are the overall (net) products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: 1. Endosome fuses with lysozome 2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell

2,1,4,3,5

Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: 1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3. The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell

2,4,1,3

•_____ _____defenses kick in when first-line defenses are breached and include leukocytes and various molecular factors

2nd line

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? 1) Autotrophs have no need for respiration because they can carry out photosynthesis. 2) Respiration is the exact reversal of all the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis. 3) Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose and respiration releases it. 4) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. 5) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic

3

Which of the following statements about the immune system is FALSE? Question 37 options: 1) T cells are activated when they detect a macrophage that is presenting antigens on its surface, triggering a series of effects including stimulating B cells to make antibodies. 2) In clonal deletion, maturing B cells that react with your own molecules are destroyed before they can be released to patrol the body. 3) The primary immune response to a pathogen is always faster and more substantial than the secondary immune response. 4) In clonal selection, a B cell that binds an antigen begins to divide, producing effector cells and memory B cells. 5) Antibodies bind to specific sites (antigenic determinants) on antigens.

3

Which of the following statements is FALSE? 1) Pasteurization uses heat to kill some but not all of the microbes in food. 2) Heat kills microbes by denaturing their proteins. 3) Freezing kills the pathogens present in food and water. 4) Desiccation deprives microbes of moisture. 5) An example of filtration is health care providers wearing surgical masks

3

DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides ONLY to the ________ end of a DNA strand.

3'

Koch's postulates are the rules by which scientists prove that a particular organism causes a particular disease. Which of the following does NOT belong with Koch's postulates? 1)the suspected pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host. 2)the suspected pathogen must be present in diseased organisms but not healthy organisms. 3)when a healthy host is inoculated with the suspected pathogen, the host becomes diseased. 4)the suspected pathogen must be grown in the presence of oxygen. 5)the suspected pathogen must be reisolated from a newly inoculated but diseased host.

4

Viruses: Question 4 options: 1) are tiny cells. 2) always include genetic material, a capsid, and an envelope. 3) must enter a cell's nucleus for their genetic material to be replicated. 4) may be released from a cell by either lysis or budding. 5) none of the above is correct.

4

Which of the following is NOT considered a nonspecific defense against pathogens? 1) normal microbiota 2) inflammation 3)fever 4)cell-mediated immunity 5)intact skin

4

Animals are important to microbiologists for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: 1) they can be used as models to help us understand the progression of many (but not all) diseases. 2) they can be reservoirs of diseases to humans. 3) they can vector diseases to humans. 4) they can act as pathogens and cause infectious disease. 5) all of the above are reasons animals are important to microbiologists.

5

The main difference between archaea and bacteria is: 1) archaea have mitochondria; bacteria do not. 2) archaea are all eukaryotic; bacteria are all prokaryotic. 3) archaea are all heterotrophs; bacteria are all autotrophs. 4) archaea all have a cell wall; bacteria never have a cell wall. 5) none of the above is correct.

5

Which of the following statements about DNA is FALSE? 1) When DNA replicates, the two resulting double-stranded DNA molecules each contain one strand from the original DNA molecule. 2) DNA polymerase is required for DNA replication. 3) The two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions ("antiparallel"). 4) The lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. 5) The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by covalent bonds between the nitrogenous bases.

5

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Question 19 options: 1)The ATP produced in respiration comes mostly from chemiosmosis. 2) NADH and FADH2 function as electron carriers in metabolism. 3) Some organisms can carry out respiration in the absence of O2. 4) Fermenters may reduce pyruvate to ethanol + CO2, lactic acid, or other acids. 5)The CO2 produced in respiration comes from glycolysis

5

•DNA polymerases replicate DNA only __ to __ -Why? - Can only add to a pre-existing __-OH -Because parental strands are _____________, new daughter strands are synthesized differently

5' to 3' 3' antiparallel

How would the DNA sequence 3'-TCGGCAATATC-5' be transcribed?

5'-AGCCGUUAUAG-3'

Visible genital warts are caused by HPV serotypes

6 and 11

Classical pasteurization heats the fluid to about ___∘∘С for a time of about___

63/30 minutes

The endosymbiotic theory explains the presence of what two things within mitochondria?

70S ribosomes and circular DNA

What is an endemic disease?

A disease that occurs continually within a population or geographical area

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Where are class II MHC found, and what cells recognize it?

APCs; T helper cells

start codon in prokaryotes

AUG (fmet)

Start codon in eukaryotes

AUG (methionine)

Transcribe this sequence: 5' TACGGG 3'

AUGCCC

•________________ attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes, forming a pore

Amphotericin B

If someone is injected with tetanus toxoid, what type of immunity results?

Artificial active immunity

Which of the following scientists laid the foundations for the field of environmental microbiology?

Beijerinck, Winogradsky

Based on its Gram status, why are penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram positive organism and does not have an outer membrane.

Why may some bacteria use extracellular enzymes to form blood clots?

Blood clot can hide bacteria from the immune system.

This infectious disease primarily infects tissues of the central nervous system and is transmitted by contact with infected nervous tissue

CJD

What purpose does clonal deletion serve?

Clonal deletion destroys T cells with receptors complementary to the body's normal autoantigens

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?

Clonal selection of B cells

HHV-5 or Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus; Congenital CMV (TORCH); Cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients

•Anabolic reactions consume ATP and include: -Lipid, amino acid, and nucleic acid synthesis -___ synthesis -____ synthesis -Protein synthesis -Calvin-Benson Cycle or ______________ reactions of photosynthesis

DNA RNA light-independent

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Enveloped dsDNA virus Hepatitis B; cirrhosis, liver cancer, jaundice

coronavirus

Enveloped ssRNA virus "Common cold" (2nd most common); SARS; MERS; COVID-19

Hepatitis C (HCV)

Enveloped ssRNA virus Hepatitis C; cirrhosis, liver cancer main cause of viral hepatitis various cofactors

mumps

Enveloped ssRNA virus Mumps salivary glands

rubella

Enveloped ssRNA virus Rubella; Congenital rubella syndrome (TORCH) german measles no koplik spots

measles

Enveloped ssRNA virus Rubeola (measles) with macular rash and koplik spots most contagious human virus

influenza a and b

Enveloped ssRNA viruses with a segmented genome; H and N glycoprotein spikes Influenza ("the flu"): high fever

What are the benefits of the ether linkages in archaeal cytoplasmic membranes, compared to the ester linkages in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes?

Ether linkages are stronger, more stable at high temperatures, and more salt tolerant.

Simplexvirus; Predominantly HHV-2, but also HHV-1

Genital herpes simplex; Same complications as HHV-1 Congenital herpes TORCH

In the light reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis, ___ is the electron source

H2O

azt treats

HIV

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells

acyclovir treats

Herpes virus

Which of the following classes of antibodies is most likely to be made by the oldest plasma cell in a population of B cells?

IgA

Which type of antibody is produced first and in greater amounts upon subsequent exposures to an antigen (weeks, months, years, or decades after the initial exposure)?

IgG

The FIRST antibody B cells make during primary response to an antigen is

IgM

Activation of which type of lymphocytes results in the production of memory cells?

Immature B and cytotoxic T cells

What is the difference between the terms infection and disease?

Infection refers to the invasion of a pathogen into the body, while disease means that the body's normal function is disrupted.

A bacterial cell stains positive with the acid-fast stain. Which of the following is false? It has a cell wall that contains waxy lipids. It will be difficult to stain this cell with the Gram stain. It has a cell wall that contains endotoxin. It may be a member of the genus Mycobacterium.

It has a cell wall that contains endotoxin.

Who was the first person to use a microscope to look at microorganisms?

Leeuwenhoek

Which drying method of microbial control can also be used to preserve microbial cultures?

Lyophilization

t cells recognize epitopes only when they are bound to __________.

MHC

all body cells have

MHC 1

t cytotoxic cells

MHC I CD8

T helper cells

MHC II CD4

What is the purpose of an MHC class I protein?

MHC class I proteins display epitopes from endogenous antigen.

HHV-4 or Epstein-Barr virus

Mononucleosis; Burkitt's lymphoma

Which of these chemicals is in peptidoglycan? N-acetylglucosamine Lipid A Lipopolysaccharide Lipoteichoic acid

N-acetylglucosamine

fermentation pathways reoxidize ____ so that glycolysis can continue

NAD+

Papillomavirus

Naked ds DNA viruses Common and plantar warts; Genital warts; cervical/penile cancer

rhinovirus

Naked ssRNA virus "Common cold" (most common), no fever

norovirus

Naked ssRNA virus Viral gastroenteritis ("stomach flu")

HHV-1, but also HHV-2

Orofacial herpes simplex (cold sores, fever blisters) congenital herpes

•1908: ____ __________ hypothesized about "magic bullets" and began the field of chemotherapy, developing a treatment for syphilis

Paul ehrlich

how do phagocytes distinguish between invading pathogens and the body's own healthy cells?

Phagocytes have receptors on their cell membrane that bind pathogens.

Capsules of pathogenic bacteria are virulence factors because they

Protect the bacteria from phagocytosis and antibodies

Biofilms consist of several different organisms working in complex relationships. These organisms communicate with each other using what sort of chemicals?

Quorum sensing molecules

transcription (___ synthesis) •Similarities to DNA replication: -Anabolic -Monomers are nucleoside triphosphates (exception: U for T) -Chain growth is __ to __ •Key Differences: -Involves _______ units of DNA: only gene of interest will be transcribed to RNA -Only one of 2 strands of DNA used as -Carried out by ___ ___________ -No primer or helicase required

RNA 5' to 3' smaller RNA polymerase

Lentivirus; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Retroviridae Family: enveloped; 2 strands of ssRNA; reverse transcriptase AIDS

How do archaeal ribosomes differ from bacterial ribosomes?

The proteins in archaeal ribosomes differ from those in bacterial ribosomes

Which part of an antibody is responsible for recognizing a specific antigen?

The variable regions of the light and heavy chains

The majority of T cells that leave the thymus will have which of the following characteristics?

They are able to recognize MHC and do not recognize autoantigens.

How do aldehydes denature proteins to control microbes?

They cross-link organic functional groups.

HHV-3 or Varicella-Zoster virus

Varicella (chickenpox); Herpes Zoster (shingles)

Which of the following statements is true? a. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. b. Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly. c. Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. d.Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen.

a

an example of a mechanical vector is:

a housefly at a picnic

Which of the following types of microscopes can magnify more than 2000X?

a transmission electron microscope

Viruses are ultramicroscopic, ______________, infectious agents Viruses have either DNA or RNA but never ____ -Genome can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA -May be linear and segmented or single and circular Dependent on hosts' organelles and enzymes to _________ -Lack genes for all enzymes needed for replication -Lack _____________

acellular both replicate ribsomes

IL-2 is involved in __________ .

activation of Tc cells

•_____________ regulatory proteins that bind to DNA binding sites, increasing transcription of the operon

activators

Which of the following is a disease that develops rapidly and runs its course quickly?

acute

Remembers antigen and amplifies response upon later exposure

adaptive immunity

Vaccine manufacturers add alum, which is a common name for a variety of aluminum salts, to some vaccines. Alum enhances the ability of the vaccine to activate an adaptive immune response. Alum in such a vaccine acts as

adjuvant

You have a culture of bacteria that grows slowly but equally well throughout the culture of media. In regards to oxygen tolerance, this indicates that these bacteria are

aerotolerant

Protein synthesis inhibitors

aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, teracycline and doxycycline, chloramphenicol

metabolic pathways •Synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules linked through common metabolic pathways -Same precursor metabolites used -Many pathways are ________ •Metabolic pathways are regulated -More energy-efficient choice used ____ -If metabolite present in environment, synthesis halts -Enzyme regulation

amphibiolic first

antifungals that target ergosterol synthesis

amphotericin B and azoles (fluconazole)

Measles vaccine is to a modified live vaccine what rabies vaccine is to ______________ vaccine.

an inactivated (killed), whole agent

•DNA replication is _____________

anabolic

-Purple & green sulfur bacteria utilize

anoxygenic photosynthesis

why are biofilms are problematic in disease treatment?

antibiotic resistant staying dormant

Which cells possess MHC class II proteins?

antigen presenting cells

•____________ _______ (AMPs) are proteins that destroy a wide spectrum of viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi •Present in skin, mucous membranes, and neutrophils •_________ are an important class of mammalian AMPs that rapidly kill invaders by inserting themselves into target cell membranes

antimicrobial peptides defensins

joseph lister

antiseptic technique

•Methanogens are the largest group of ________ -they are ____________

archaea anaerobic

•Spontaneous generation: ____________ hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life

aristotles

A physician wants to stimulate immunological memory in a patient. Which of the following types of immunity would be the most useful?

artificially acquired active immunity

lister is associated with

aseptic surgery

A researcher who wants to produce contact immunity in a population would probably use which of the following types of vaccines?

attenuated

Seasonal flu nasal spray vaccines contain weakened viruses. Such vaccines are called __________ vaccines.

attenuated

_______ (fluconazole) are also anti-fungal because they inhibit ergosterol synthesis

azoles

Which of the following is a true statement concerning bacteria and archaea? a. Bacteria are found only in extreme environments. b. While some bacteria are pathogenic to humans, no archaea are known to cause human diseases. c. Bacteria and archaea have identical types of cell walls. d.Bacteria reproduce asexually, while archaea reproduce sexually.

b

What microbial structures are the most resilient forms of life?

bacterial endospores

lytic replication of bacteriophages ______________(phage) are viruses that only infect bacteria -Attach to host cell via _____ fibers -Have phage ________ to break cell wall -Viral enzymes degrade bacterial DNA Sometimes, capsomeres assemble incorrectly around leftover pieces of random bacterial DNA, resulting in ___________

bacteriophage tail lysozyme transduction

You have isolated a microorganism that is green, photosynthetic, has a cell wall, and does not possess a nucleus. This organism is a(n) _____

bacterium

•Replication is amazingly fast and accurate •DNA replication is ____________ -In prokaryotes, one origin but 2 replication forks that move in opposite directions

bidirectional

bacteria divide by

binary fission

Which of the following techniques uses selective and differential media to identify bacteria?

biochemical testing

•________: slimy community of microbes growing on a surface -Adhere via _________ and ___________ -Many bacteria in nature exist in biofilms -Important because biofilms play a role in ________: •2⁄3 of human bacterial diseases •Dental ________ •Medical catheters •Low [__] reduces effectiveness of biofilms

biofilms fimbriae, glycocalyx disease plaque O2

A patient with West Nile viral encephalitis asks his nurse practitioner how he could have contracted the disease. The NP explains that the causative virus is carried by infected mosquitoes from birds to people. This is an example of disease transmission through

biological vector

___________ uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments

bioremediation

Some parts of your body normally harbor a thriving community of bacteria (your resident microflora), but some parts are normally bacteria-free. Therefore, you should be concerned if your doctor finds bacteria thriving:

blood

•site for blood cell production and B cell maturation

bone marrow

Which of the following methods used to count microbes is correctly identified as direct or indirect? a. turbidity--direct method b. dry weight--direct measurement c. plate count--direct measurement d. cell count--indirect method

c

Which of the following statements comparing electron microscopy and light microscopy is FALSE? a. The electron microscope has greater magnification that the light microscope. b. The electron microscope has greater resolution than the light microscope. c. Both the electron microscope and the light microscope use the same wavelengths for illumination. d. Electron microscopes can allow examination of viruses and internal cell structures e. Images produced by light microscopes can be in color, whereas electron microscope images are black and white unless they are artificially colored.

c

Which of the following toxic forms of oxygen is IMPROPERLY paired with the detoxifying enzyme or molecule? a. peroxide anion: peroxidase b. superoxide radical: superoxide dismutase c. hydroxyl radical: peroxidase d. peroxide anion: catalase

c

Virulence factors allow microbes to be pathogens. This means that a bacterium with more virulence factors _____

can more easily infect hosts and cause disease

Which of the following staining techniques uses an anionic (negative) stain?

capsular stain

In cells, the function of tRNA is to:

carry amino acids to mRNA.

Bacteria stain differently in the Gram stain due to differences in the

cell wall

You can use a microscope to observe a difference between a gram-negative and a gram-positive cell because of chemical differences in their:

cell walls

prion replication Given that prions lack RNA or DNA genes, how can they replicate themselves? Amino acid sequence of protein can fold into 2 stable tertiary structures: -________ ___ (c-PrP) is normal cytoplasmic membrane protein made by all mammals -______ ___ or (p-PrP) is disease-causing abnormal form that can cause normal form to refold into prion PrP: templating

cellular PrP Prion PrP

Oxidation of pyruvate and synthesis of acetyl-CoA

cellular respiration stage 1

The Citric Acid Cycle completes the oxidation of glucose and transfers stored energy to electron carriers

cellular respiration step 2

Electron Transport Chain: final series of redox reactions

cellular respiration step 3

In the following sections, we discuss nine major categories of antimicrobial __________ __________ used as antiseptics and disinfectants: phenols, alcohols, halogens, oxidizing agents, surfactants, heavy metals, aldehydes, gaseous agents, and enzymes.

chemical controls

What category of organisms acquire both energy and carbon from complex organic compounds?

chemoheterotrophs

the use of chemicals to control microbial growth within a host without harming host cells is called

chemotherapy

Primary atypical pneumonia is probably the most common form of pneumonia in which of the following groups?

children 5-15 years old

fungi: eukaryotic •Have cell walls made of _____ •Can be _________ or _________: -Molds and mushrooms are multicellular and reproduce by ____ -Yeasts are unicellular and reproduce by ________ •Feed by __________, many are decomposers (saprobes), some are pathogens - have important roles as ___________, can help make ___________ and can cause diseases

chitin multicellular or unicellular spores budding absorption decomposers, antibiotics

Which of the following is a structure NOT found in prokaryotic cells? cell membranes cilia ribosomes fimbriae

cilia

•Quinolones and fluoroquinolones (______________) inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase needed to replicate DNA

ciprofloxacin

The _______________________________ completes the oxidation of glucose and transfers stored energy to electron carriers

citric acid cycle

Which taxon is more inclusive than Order?

class

what genus is endospores found in?

clostridium and bacillus

•_________ (three nucleotides) of mRNA are "read" 5'--->3' by the ribosome •Sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids that will be in the synthesized protein -Translation of mRNA begins at _______ codon: sets up reading frame -61 sense codons on mRNA encode __ amino acids •Genetic code is _____________ - allows for misreading or mutations -Translation ends at ____________ codons

codons start 20 degenerate nonsense

-genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells •F factor and pilus required

conjugation

The horizontal gene transfer which requires cell-to-cell contact and a particular type of plasmid is called

conjugation

gram negative bacteria 1. proteobacteria 2. nonproteobacteria: ___________, _____________,_________

cyanobacteria, chlamydiae, spirochetes

Patients often become ill as a result of a hospital stay. Such illnesses: a) may spread via the hospital's ventilation system or when patients contact contaminated hospital staff, equipment, or insects. b) are especially likely to occur in patients with weakened immune systems. c) are often caused by antibiotic-resistant, opportunistic, gram-negative bacteria. d) only two of the above are correct. e) a, b, and c are correct.

d

Which of the following would be the best microscope to use to view/study the size and shape of living specimens that are difficult to stain?

darkfield

Environmental microbiology •Microbes function as _____________: breaking down organic matter and recycling chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur •Bacteria capable of _________ _______ are essential to all life •Convert ___ from air (unusable) to _____ (usable)

decomposers nitrogen fixation N2, NH3

As you change objective lenses and magnification increases, the numerical value for resolving power ___________________

decreases

A nurse preparing a section of skin for an injection is an example of __________.

degerming

The three Domain system is classified on what evidence?

differences in genes for rRNA

Carbohydrate utilization broths, which are fermentation broths, are primarily in a category of culture media called

differential media

fleming

discovered penicillin

phylum proteobacteria •Largest and most _________ phyla of Gram-Negative bacteria •Ancestors believed to be origin of ____________: endosymbiotic theory •Many are important in the environment: -Purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria are primary phototrophs in hot springs and stagnant waters -___________ species form root nodules in plants and fix nitrogen (Ch 1)

diverse mitochondria rhizodom

•Eukaryotes -Simultaneous transcription and transcription _____ ____ occur because processes separated by nucleus -RNA transcript (pre-RNA) must be processed before leaving the nucleus to begin translation as mRNA •Capping •Polyadenylation •Splicing -Starting amino acid is ____________

does not methionine

By comparing genes for rRNA, Carl Woese proposed a new taxon called _______________ to classify organisms based on three types of ribosomes

domain

Antigenic _____ occurs every two or three years when a single strain mutates within a local population. Antigenic ______ occurs about every 10 years and results in reassortment of genomes from different strains of animal and human viruses infecting a common cell.

drift, shift

All fungi: a)have cell walls of chitin b)are heterotrophs c)absorb their food after digesting it externally d) a and b are correct. e) a, b, and c are correct.

e

Genetic mutations: a) generally affect a cell more if they occur close the promoter region. b) can make a bacterial cell resistant to antibiotics. c) can be caused by radiation, chemicals, or random errors during DNA replication. d) two of the above are correct. e) a, b, and c are correct.

e

Most sexually reproducing organisms are divided into species based on whether or not they have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This criterion doesn't work for asexually reproducing organisms such as bacteria. By what criteria, then, are bacteria classified into species? a) morphology and cellular structures b) the ability to carry out certain biochemical reactions c) genetic similarities d) only a and c e) a, b, and c

e

•1796: ______ _____ tested hypothesis that cowpox provided protection against smallpox

edward jenner

•Phylum Spirochaetes -Flexible helical cells with ____________ for motility (Ch 3) -Some are pathogens: Borrelia(______ _________) and Treponema(_______)

endoflagella lyme disease, syphillis

A student is trying to grow a fastidious microbe in her lab. She should be using

enriched media

Which leukocytes function to produce toxins against helminth parasites?

eosinophils

Which of the following is a membranous organelle within a eukaryotic cell? endoplasmic reticulum centrosome cytoskeleton ribosome

er

NASA wants to prevent the possibility of contaminating other planets or items in space with microbes from Earth. Which of the following would best be used to sterilize spacecraft being sent to space?

ethylene oxide

Bacteria predominantly use pili for ____________, whereas fimbriae are used for ____________.

exchange of genes, attachment

Thymus cells are specialized to participate in clonal deletion because they have the ability to __________

express all of the body's autoantigens

archaea: prokaryotic •Archaeans are known for being _______________, but many are found in "normal environments" •Archaeans are similar to bacteria: -Prokaryotes -Have cell membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm with _______ ds DNA molecule and ____ ribosomes -Can have a glycocalyx, flagella, and fimbriae •But they are also similar to eukaryotic cells: -Different ribosomal proteins that are similar to eukaryote ribosomal proteins -_______ _____ more similar to eukaryotes

extremophiles circular 70s genetic code

What form of diffusion is used by large molecules that must use a passageway provided by integral proteins?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is an organism that grows with or without oxygen?

facultative anaerobe

A plasmid is a small portion of a cell's membrane that can enter a cell and alter its genetic characteristics. true or false

false

All prokaryotic cells have DNA, a plasma membrane, flagella, and endospores. true or false

false

In DNA, the number of cytosine bases is always exactly the same as the number of adenine bases. true or false

false

In photosynthesis, light is the direct energy source for the reactions of carbon fixation. True or False

false

Overall, the current best way to prevent disease is to be vaccinated against all known pathogens. true or false

false

The part of an antibody that binds to an antigen is called the constant region. true or false

false

In a Linnaean taxonomic scheme, closely related genera are placed in a larger grouping called the _____.

family

Glycolysis plus extra reactions that regenerate NAD+

fermentation

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of the common cold?

fever

The release of lipid A may lead to _____

fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock

To sterilize heat-sensitive solutions such as culture media, enzymes, and vaccines, one should use

filtration

Which of the following could be used to sterilize a heat-sensitive liquid such as urea broth?

filtration

gram positive bacteria: 1. low guanine and cytosine: __________ 2. high guanine and cytosine: ____________

firmicutes actinobactreia

•___ _____defenses attempt to prevent pathogen entry

first line

Proteins that distinguish among H serovars of gram-negative bacteria are found in which structures?

flagella

•Sulfonamides and trimethoprim utilize competitive inhibition to inhibit ______ _____ _________ •Often used together as ________

folic acid synthesis bactrim

A microorganism has the following characteristics: Its cells have a nucleus and cell walls, it is multicellular, and it grows in long filaments. What is its general classification?

fungi

Which of the following is a eukaryotic group with single-celled and multicellular organisms?

fungi

•Some antivirals inhibit _____ of HIV viral envelop with host cell membrane, blocking entry Ex: ____________(Fuzeon)

fusion enfuvirtide

What clostridial disease can be treated with oxygen applied under pressure?

gas gangrene

•_____ ____________ is the process of turning genes on and off due to various stimuli

gene regulation

•Operon = _______+ ___________ 1.Multiple __________ genes coding for proteins that work together in some process 2.A regulatory DNA sequence, or____________, that regulates these genes •Control of the operon involves different __________ __________coded by regulatory DNA sequences that are NOT part of the operon

genes, promoter structural promoter regulatory proteins

•__________ _____________: combining of DNA from two sources, contributes to diversity -In eukaryotes happens during ____!

genetic recombination sex

what did Robert Koch prove?

germ theory

•Robert Koch was successful at proving _____ ______ •Determined the etiology of ________

germ theory anthrax

In the Kreb's cycle,

glucose is fully oxidized

A periplasmic space is found in which of the following?

gram-negative cells only

-Methanogens living in colons of animals are one of the primary sources of environmental methane, a _________ ____

greenhouse gas

What are the grappling-hook-like structures used by archaea to attach to surfaces in their environment?

hami

•Ignaz Semmelweis

hand washing

•Bacterial chromosome: ___loid, ______, ______ that contains the cell's genetic information -Coiled in dense area of the cell: ____________

haploid, circular, dsDNA nucleoid

Spallanzani's experiments concerning spontaneous generation were not universally accepted because __________.

he eliminated air from his flasks by sealing them

________ "unzips" 2 strands, exposing bases in a replication fork in DNA replication -Strands held open by __________ __________

helicase stabilizing proteins

helminths: eukaryotic •__________: multicellular parasitic flatworms and roundworms •Animals: possess body systems •Specialized to live inside host(s) •___________ reproduction with ______ life cycles: -____________ ("one housed"): male and female reproductive systems in one animal -__________ ("two housed"): separate male and female sexes •Adults are ____________, eggs and immature larval stages are _______________

helminths sexual, complex monoecious dioecious macroscopic, microscopic

The bodily fluids of a patient with jaundice contain copious amounts of Dane particles, spherical particles, and filamentous particles. What is this patient infected with?

hep b

Which of the following hepatitis viruses does not have a (+)ssRNA genome?

hep b

phylum actinobacterium •____ G+C percentage (greater than 50%) •Gram __________ ___________, ____________, ________________

high positive corynebacterium, mycobacterium, streptomyces

Which of the following will improve resolution?

higher numerical aperture

What chemical present in mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation in response to injury?

histamine

B cells are the only cells directly involved in the ___ immune response

humoral

B cells are the only cells directly involved in the ____ immune response.

humoral

A ____________ solution of sugar or salt can preserve honey, jerky, jams, and pickles.

hypertonic

Which type of solution would cause a bacterium to undergo plasmolysis?

hypertonic

What term describes an aqueous solution in which animal cells swell and burst?

hypotonic

•disinfection: reduction in number of potential pathogens on ______ ______ -Ex: use of ______ to disinfect lab benchtops -_____________: use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce food spoilage microorganisms -_______________: removal of pathogens, urine, and feces from objects to meet public health standards

inaminate objects Lysol pasteurization sanitaization

john snow

infection control and epidemiology

To prevent this disease, you need to be vaccinated every year because antigens on this pathogen change frequently.

influenza

The mode of action of rifampin is to

inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

the process of translation: •Protein synthesis is anabolic and occurs in 3 stages: ________, ___________, ___________ •Translation occurs in the ____________ on ribosomes (eukaryotes also have ribosomes attached to organelles) Ribosome structure: -Smaller subunit shaped to accommodate 3 codons at once -The larger subunit acts as a _________ -Each ribosome has __ tRNA-binding sites

initiation, elongation, termination cytoplasm ribozyme 3

•Final electron acceptor is always an _________ molecule -Aerobic cellular respiration: ___ is final electron acceptor -Anaerobic cellular respiration: another _____________ molecule is final electron acceptor

inorganic O2 inorganic

Hyaluronidase and collagenase both allow bacteria to _____.

invade a hosts tissues

__________ and _____________ disrupts mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species

isoniazid and ethambutol

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

jaundice Naked ssRNA virus Hepatitis A

inclusive to exclusive

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Who was the first to grow bacteria in pure culture and to identify Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax?

koch

Which of the following organisms plays an important role in human health through the process of microbial antagonism?

lactobacillus

•_________________ -Began making simple microscopes -Visualized microorganisms and probably bacteria -Called them "animalcules" or "beasties"

leewenhoek

Which of the following is a component of a B cell receptor but NOT a T cell receptor?

light chains

•Do not require light directly, but requires the ATP and NADPH generated by the light-dependent reactions •Key reaction is carbon fixation by Calvin-Benson cycle which reduces inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic sugars

light-independent photosynthesis

•____________ developed a system for naming and grouping similar organisms together

linneaus

lipid catabolism •Fats are made up of a 3C molecule called glycerol, plus three fatty acid tails 1.Cellular enzymes: ________ break glycerol apart from the fatty acids 2.Glycerol converted to G3P which enters glycolysis 3.Fatty acids are broken down through ___________ into 2C pairs that are attached to coenzyme A

lipases B-oxidation

•antisepsis: reduction in the number of potential pathogens on _______ _____ -Can be the same agents as disinfectants whose strength has been reduced to make them safe for living tissues -Ex: __________, iodine -____________: removal of microbes by mechanical means ▪Chemicals play a secondary role ▪Ex: handwashing; swabbing pre-injection with alcohol

living tissue mouthwash degerming

•1861: ______ _______ finally discredited the idea of spontaneous generation •Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and were the "parents" of Needham's microorganisms •Formed basis for ________ __________

louis pasteur aseptic techniques

phylum firmicutes •____ G+C percentage (less than 50%) •Gram _________ •Important genera in environmental, industrial, and healthcare settings

low positive

Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent the phagocytic digestion of a bacterium by interfering with the fusion of _____ to the phagosome.

lysosome

Which enzyme is used to reduce the number of bacteria in some cheeses and wine?

lysozyme

Viral replication in animal viruses is usually _____, results in cell death, and has 5 stages Differences result from: §Some viruses are __________ §Animal cells have nuclei and no ____ ____ §Synthesis varies with viral nucleic acid

lytic enveloped cell wall

In protein synthesis, the codon, which is part of the ____ molecule, binds with the anticodon, which is part of the ___ molecule.

mRNA, tRNA

Which of the following cells is included as an antigen-presenting cell?

macrophage

All poxviruses produce lesions that progress through a series of stages. Reddened, flat lesions are called

macules

Which of the following reagents is the primary stain in endospore stain?

malachite green

Koplik's spots are oral lesions associated with

measles

The presence of Koplik's spots are used for the diagnosis of

measles

•Most drugs that target parasitic protozoa or helminths are antimetabolic agents •Heavy metals inactivate enzymes •Mostly antiprotozoal, ex: ___________ (As), toxic to active cells •________________, ex: chloroquine, inhibit metabolism of malarial parasite •Agents that disrupt tubulin polymerization and glucose uptake by many parasitic worms: mebendazole and albendazole

melarsoprol quinolones

transcription RNA types transcribed from DNA: -_________ ________ carries DNA gene information to the ribosome -__________ _______delivers correct sequence of amino acids to the ribosome •Has ____________ that is complementary to a codon on mRNA -___________ ________ combines with proteins to form ribosomes -RNA primers -Regulatory RNA -Ribozymes

messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Which of the following reagents is the counterstain in the acid fast stain?

methylene blue

•________________ (Flagyl) is inactive until anaerobic metabolism converts to active form; broad spectrum

metronidazole

Microbiota can benefit the host by preventing overgrowth of pathogens. This is called

microbial antagonism

The endosymbiotic theory is based on the somewhat independent nature of two organelles within eukaryotic cells. What are those organelles?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

The endosymbiotic theory explains why ________ and ___________ have ____ ribosomes and two membranes, and why mitochondria have _________ DNA. The theory states that the ancestors of these organelles were prokaryotic cells that were internalized by other prokaryotes and then lost the ability to exist outside their host—thus forming early eukaryotes

mitochondria and chloroplasts 70s, circular

Plasmodium is transmitted to humans via

mosquitos

algae: eukaryotic •Can be _________ or ____________ -Ex: diatoms vs. "seaweeds" •Photosynthetic •Categorized based on ____________ and composition of ____ ____ •Can reproduce _________ or ___________ cell walls are made of __________, _____, algin, silica -contribute to streak plates

multicellular or unicellular pigmentation and cell walls asexually or sexually cellulose, agar

•____________: any change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome (genotype) -Bacterial chromosome is haploid, no backup -Rare event -Almost always_________, sometimes neutral -If beneficial, may lead to ____________ (evolution through natural selection in action)

mutations harmful adaptation

Babies that are fed formula instead of being breastfed partially lack which of the following types of immunity?

naturally acquired passive immunity

1745: _________: experiments with broth infusions "reinforced" this idea

needham

Whose experiments supported the existence of a "life force" that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life?

needham

phylum cyanobacteria •Gram _______ •Major primary producers in aquatic ecosystems •Ancestors believed to be origin of ______________: endosymbiotic theory •Exist as unicellular, filamentous, or colonial forms -Some have specialized cells called heterocysts that reduce N2 to NH4+ via ______ ______

negative chloroplasts nitrogen fixation

domain bacteria 1. gram _________ 2. gram _________

negative positive

Which of the following conditions is caused by HHV-2?

neonatal herpes

•__________ inhibitors prevent influenzavirus from attaching to or exiting cells •___________(Tamiflu)

neuradiminase oseltamivir

All organisms require this element, but only bacteria can convert it from its gaseous form into a useable form.

nitrogen

Which of the following microbial control procedures creates pyrimidine dimers in DNA?

nonionizing radiation

prions: Proteinaceous infectious particles; no ______ _____! Prion diseases: -Spongiform encephalopathies (large vacuoles form in brain) •BSE, scrapie, ___, vCJD, kuru Inherited or transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments •No standard treatment •Normal sterilization procedures do not _________!

nucleic acid CJD deactivate

According to the ICTV scheme of classification, viruses are classified only by their type of ______ _____, the presence of an _________, their ______, and their _____.

nucleic acid, envelope, shape, size

-___________ _________ resemble nucleotides but have different H-bonding properties •Incorporates into DNA or RNA in place of a normal base; causes mistakes in base pairing •Antiviral and anticancer drugs

nucleoside analogs

DNA viruses usually assemble in ________ RNA viruses usually develop in _________ Release: -Enveloped viruses are released via __________ •Virus passes through membrane •Infected host cell isn't killed immediately, may result in persistent infections -Naked viruses are released by __________ or ______

nucleus cytoplasm budding exocytosis or lysis

eukaryotic cells •Do have a ________ •Do have membrane-bound organelles •________: 10-100 µm in diameter •May or may not have _____ ______ -Chemically _______ if present •Divide by _________(asexual) or ________ (sexual) •Make up domain ________ and include algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants

nucleus larger cell wall simple meiosis or mitosis eukarya

Which of the following is an organism that must have abundant oxygen?

obligate aerobe

•Simultaneous transcription and translation

only in prokaryotes

In prokaryotes, gene regulation occurs through ________

operons

Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating

oseltamivir (tamiflu) enfuvirtide (fuzeon)

In epidemiology, a(n) ____ typically results when many people have contact with a single contaminated substance (such as eating Salmonella-infested devilled eggs at a wedding reception).

outbreak

-Plants, algae, & cyanobacteria utilize

oxygenic photosynthesis

mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Which scientist used a "swan-necked flask" to show that microbes do not arise by spontaneous generation?

pasteur

•Pasteur's experiments led to the development of _____________ -Process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria -Began the field of ___________ __________(biotechnology)

pasteurization industrial microbiology

The first true antibiotic was __________, which was discovered by __________.

penicillin; Alexander Fleming

B-lactams

penicillins and cephalosporins

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin, isoniazid, ethambutol

•Archaeans also differ from bacteria: -Lack ______________ in their cell walls -Have ______ linkages instead of ester in their cell membranes -Some have membrane monolayers -Some have _____

peptidoglycan ether hami

•Bacteria -Cell walls composed of ______________ -Examples: pathogens and food spoilers, decomposers, photosynthetic bacteria •Some cells have a _________ surrounding exterior -Functions: •Protects against ___________ •Allows for attachment to other cells and surfaces •Some prokaryotes have __________ for motility •Fimbriae -Used by bacteria to _____ to one another and to substances in environment -Along with glycocalyces, serve an important function in _______ •Pili -Special type of __________ -Bacteria typically have only 1-2/cell -Transfer DNA from one cell to another via _________

peptidoglycan glycocalyx desiccation flagella adhere biofilms fimbriae conjugation

•Phylum Chlamydiae -Extremely small, lack ______________ -All intracellular parasites with poor metabolic capacities -Can only be cultivated in _____ -Ex: Chlamydia trachomatis causes chlamydia

peptidoglycan vivo

What term describes the flagellar arrangement where flagella cover the entire surface of a bacterial cell?

peritrichous

An organism that uses an organic carbon source and obtains energy from light would be called a __________

photoheterotroph

Which of the following does NOT use an inorganic source of carbon as its sole source?

photoheterotroph

•Photosystems: pigment molecules arranged to form light-harvesting systems •Embedded in cellular membranes called thylakoids -Infoldings of cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes form _____________ ____________ -Thylakoids are membrane-bound in eukaryotes (____________)

photosynthetic lamellae chloroplasts

_______ ________ of microbial control include exposure of the microbes to extremes of heat and cold, desiccation, filtration, osmotic pressure, and radiation.

physical methods

A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are ___

physically part of the bacterial structure

_____ _ ____ die within a few days because of their intense antibody synthesis; ________ __ _____, on the other hand, are extremely long-living cells.

plasma b cells, memory B cells

__________ are small, circular ds DNA molecules found in many prokaryotic cells

plasmids

•Types of mutations: -______ mutations affect a single base pair through a nucleotide substitution -____________ mutations result from deletion or insertions of nucleotides and displace nucleotide triplets after the mutation

point frameshit

___________ is a cyclic polypeptide that inserts into cell membrane of bacterial cells forming a channel

polymyxin

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

polymyxin, amp B, azoles (fluconazole), praziquantel, ivermectin

parasitic drugs that act against cytoplasmic membranes

praziquantel and ivermectin

Which of the following is the stage of disease in which the symptoms first become apparent?

prodromal

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the

promoter

transcription: Each gene has a ________ and a ____________

promoter, terminator

protein catabolism •Proteins are first hydrolyzed by ___________ into amino acids •Most amino acids are recycled by cells -Amine group is removed: ___________ -Amine group can be excreted as waste or transferred to make new amino acids that cell needs -Remaining carbon skeleton can be broken down in citric acid cycle

proteases deamination

Bacterial capsules work by _____.

protecting the bacterium from engulfment

Nitrogen is a growth-limiting nutrient because cells need it to manufacture __________.

proteins and nucleotides

Which of the following types of microbial cells are most similar to animal cells in terms of their structure and nutrition?

protozoa

Some eukaryotic cells bring solid materials inside the cell by extending portions of the cell membrane. What is the term for those elongated extensions?

pseudopods

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

quinolones: ciprofloxacin rifampin metronidazole (flagyl) nucleoside analogs reverse transcriptase inhibitors

•Pasteur later developed other vaccines for ________ and __________-

rabies and anthrax

•1668: _____ demonstrated that maggots did not arise from decaying meat

redi

Which of the following statements accurately describes the culture medium necessary for growing an anaerobe like Clostridium tetani?

reducing media

•____________: regulatory proteins that bind to pieces of DNA called operators, reducing or stopping transcription

repressors

Binary fission __________. occurs in all prokaryotes results in the disappearance of the parental cell is a sexual mode of reproduction ends with the replication of the cell's DNA

results in the disappearance of the parental cell

Which features of eukaryotic cells are NOT explained by endosymbiotic theory? endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria ribosomes nucleus

ribosomes

___________ binds to prokaryotic RNA polymerase, preventing transcription of RNA

rifampin

Which of the following bacteria causes a type of food poisoning? Streptococcus pyogenes Clostridium tetani Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium difficile

s aureus

Which of the following microscopes would provide the best magnification and resolution to study the flagella on the exterior of a bacterial cell?

scanning electron

Some researchers develop a new bacterial medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Such a medium would be primarily classified as

selective

DNA Replication is _______________: new DNA composed of one original and one daughter strand

semiconservative

Stress, aging, or immune suppression may cause VSV to reactivate and produce an extremely painful skin rash near the distal end of the nerve known as

shingles or herpes zoster

What is the name of the process that uses a single dye such as crystal violet or methylene blue to color a microscope specimen?

simple staining

Iodophors and chloramines are similar in that they are both halogen-containing compounds that __________.

slowly release their active ingredients

Which of the following have little value as antiseptics, but are used to mechanically remove microbes?

soaps

•1765: ___________ repeated Needham's experiments •Conclusions •Needham's failings •Air contains microbes •All living things arise from other living things

spallananzi

Which of the following is NOT part of MALT? the appendix lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract the spleen Peyer's patches

spleen

If using a basic stain, cells would appear ___________ when viewed under a compound microscope.

stained on a clear background

•Catabolic reactions that generate ATP for anabolism: -Aerobic and anaerobic respiration via _____________and _____________ phosphorylation -___________ (fermentation) via substrate-level phosphorylation -Light-dependent reactions of ________________ via oxidative phosphorylation

substrate-level, oxidative glycolysis photosynthesis

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

sulfonamides, trimethoprim

The botanist Carolus Linnaeus is remembered for his development of a(n) ______________ system

taxonomic

Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages ___________ ("patient") phages: insert themselves into host cell's chromosome as prophages and become inactive Lysogenic or phage conversion: presence of the phage may alter the ____________ of the bacterium and the host cell exhibits new properties -Some bacteria are less virulent in the absence of the _________ -Ex: toxin genes of Vibrio cholerae and Clostridium botulinum

temperate phenotype prophage

E. coli was incubated with aeration in a nutrient medium containing two carbon sources, and the growth curve below was made from this culture. What happened at the time marked X?

the cells are preparing to eat their "least favorite" of the two carbon sources.

Gram-negative bacteria are relatively more resistant to antibiotics because

their porins prevent entry of the drug

The lowest temp. when ALL microorganisms in a culture will be killed in 10 minutes is

thermal death point

In reference to clonal deletion, what are the clones?

they are the offspring or potential offspring of lymphocytes.

How are the bacteria and the archaea different from all the other cellular microbes?

they have no nucleus

Clonal deletion occurs in the __________.

thymus

site of T cell maturation

thymus

Bioremediation is the use of microbes

to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes

•Dmitri Ivanovsky (1892) and Martinus Beijerinck (1898) were studying disease of __________- plants when they discovered the first virus

tobacco

•Action of helicase introduces supercoils ahead of the replication fork -____________ and DNA _________(top II) remove supercoil tension in DNA molecule so that replication can continue

topoisomerase and gyrase

Shiga toxins cause human cell damage and kill patients. If some scientists are making a vaccine using deactivated Shiga toxin, what category of vaccine would it be?

toxoid

Which of the following is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by a bacteriophage?

transduction

movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages

transduction

Which of the following is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell as naked DNA?

transformation

cell takes up and incorporates foreign/ naked DNA from the surrounding environment

transformation

The Genetic Code: __________ of mRNA to Amino Acids

translation

If you needed to look at the fine details of the interior of a virus, which microscope would you use?

transmission electron

Which of the following organisms causes an STI? Trypanosoma Entamoeba Trichomonas Pediculus

trichomonas

The purpose of a vaccine is to:

trigger the production of memory cells that can respond quickly to a pathogen.

An organism is either a pathogen or it isn't, but its degree of virulence may vary. true or false

true

Antiseptics and disinfectants usually work by damaging the proteins or plasma membranes of microorganisms. true or false

true

Chemiosmosis requires that a cell generate a H+ gradient as part of an electron transport chain. True or False

true

Exotoxins are proteins released by actively growing cells, whereas endotoxins form the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls. true or false

true

Hepatitis B virus is the only DNA virus that causes hepatitis.

true

Heterocysts are important for nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. t or f

true

In a lysogenic infection, a bacteriophage infects a host cell without immediately producing progeny. true or false

true

Operons, which are clusters of related genes under the control of a single promoter, are a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells true or false

true

cell-mediated immune response

type I helper t cells

humoral response (antibody-mediated response)

type II helper T cells antibody production by plasma cells

Prokaryotic cells •___cellular •Typically ____ cells (≤ 1.0 µm in diameter) •No _______ •No membrane-bound ____________ •Have chemically complex ____ _____ •Divide by ______ ______ •Make up 2 domains: _________ and ___________ •_________: found everywhere if enough moisture

uni small nucleus organelles cell walls binary fission bacteria and archaea ubiquitous

Protozoa: eukaryotic •___cellular and lack a ____ ____ •Like animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure •Most reproduce _________ •Live freely in water; some live inside animal hosts (may or may not be ___________) •Most are ______ by means of cilia, flagella, and/or pseudopods

uni, cell wall asexually pathogenic motile

Jerica takes her young son to the pediatrician for regular childhood immunizations. While there, they wait in a room full of sneezing, sniffling, coughing youngsters. Despite making sure that her son stays at least six feet (two meters) from the other children and doesn't touch any play toys in the waiting room, microbes could still spread to her son by

vehicle transmission

Extracellular state is called the ______(or nucleocapsid) -__________ (protein coat) surrounding nucleic acid -Some virions have phospholipid ____________ -Outermost virion layer provides protection and allows virion to attach to host cells Intracellular state -Capsid ____________ -Virus exists as nucleic acid

virion capsid envelope removed

florence nightengale

•hygiene, hospital reform, nursing education