BIOL 2420 final
Endosymbiont theory postulates that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when prokaryotes began to live in close association with each other. Which of the following is NOT among the lines of evidence for this theory? 1) both of these organelles contain their own nuclei. 2) both of these organelles contain their own ribosomes. 3) both of these organelles are surrounded by double membranes. 4) both of these organelles divide independently within eukaryotic cells
1
Prions: 1) are proteins that can take an infectious or a noninfectious form. 2) is RNA that can take an infectious or noninfectious form. 3) are tiny cells. 4)can both infect both plants and animals. 5)none of the above is correct.
1
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs a word with an example? 1) each of the above is a correct pairing of a word with an example 2)commensalism - mites living inside your hair follicles without causing any harm 3) mutualism - E. coli living inside your intestines 4) infection - cold viruses multiplying inside the cells of your respiratory tract 5) disease - exposure to Entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery
1
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs an epidemiological term with an example? Question 41 options: 1)zoonosis - canine distemper, a disease that occurs in dogs but never humans. 2) mechanical vector - a fly's feet carry bacteria from Salmonella-infested devilled eggs to a wedding cake. 3) parenteral - rabies viruses deposited directly beneath the skin by a dog bite. 4) portal of exit - body fluid such as semen carries infectious HIV particles. 5) vehicle - water carries Vibrio cholerae (the bacterium that causes cholera).
1
Which of the following is NOT considered a virulence factor? 1)flagellin 2)adhesins 3)endotoxin 4)exotoxin 5)collagenase
1
Which of the following is NOT correct? 1) Plasmodium - apicomplexan that causes malaria. 2) Paramecium - causes PAM. 3) Candida - causes vaginal yeast infections and thrush. 4) Giardia - flagellated protozoan that causes diarrhea. 5) Trypanosoma - hemoflagellate that causes sleeping sickness and Chaga's disease.
2
Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? 1) Viruses need attachment sites to infect a living cell. 2) Viruses multiply inside living cells using viral mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes. 3)Viruses can infect only certain types of cells in certain host species. 4) Viruses contain DNA or RNA. 5)The nucleic acid of a virus is surrounded by a protein coat.
2
What are the overall (net) products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: 1. Endosome fuses with lysozome 2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell
2,1,4,3,5
Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: 1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3. The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell
2,4,1,3
•_____ _____defenses kick in when first-line defenses are breached and include leukocytes and various molecular factors
2nd line
Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? 1) Autotrophs have no need for respiration because they can carry out photosynthesis. 2) Respiration is the exact reversal of all the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis. 3) Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose and respiration releases it. 4) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. 5) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic
3
Which of the following statements about the immune system is FALSE? Question 37 options: 1) T cells are activated when they detect a macrophage that is presenting antigens on its surface, triggering a series of effects including stimulating B cells to make antibodies. 2) In clonal deletion, maturing B cells that react with your own molecules are destroyed before they can be released to patrol the body. 3) The primary immune response to a pathogen is always faster and more substantial than the secondary immune response. 4) In clonal selection, a B cell that binds an antigen begins to divide, producing effector cells and memory B cells. 5) Antibodies bind to specific sites (antigenic determinants) on antigens.
3
Which of the following statements is FALSE? 1) Pasteurization uses heat to kill some but not all of the microbes in food. 2) Heat kills microbes by denaturing their proteins. 3) Freezing kills the pathogens present in food and water. 4) Desiccation deprives microbes of moisture. 5) An example of filtration is health care providers wearing surgical masks
3
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides ONLY to the ________ end of a DNA strand.
3'
Koch's postulates are the rules by which scientists prove that a particular organism causes a particular disease. Which of the following does NOT belong with Koch's postulates? 1)the suspected pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host. 2)the suspected pathogen must be present in diseased organisms but not healthy organisms. 3)when a healthy host is inoculated with the suspected pathogen, the host becomes diseased. 4)the suspected pathogen must be grown in the presence of oxygen. 5)the suspected pathogen must be reisolated from a newly inoculated but diseased host.
4
Viruses: Question 4 options: 1) are tiny cells. 2) always include genetic material, a capsid, and an envelope. 3) must enter a cell's nucleus for their genetic material to be replicated. 4) may be released from a cell by either lysis or budding. 5) none of the above is correct.
4
Which of the following is NOT considered a nonspecific defense against pathogens? 1) normal microbiota 2) inflammation 3)fever 4)cell-mediated immunity 5)intact skin
4
Animals are important to microbiologists for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: 1) they can be used as models to help us understand the progression of many (but not all) diseases. 2) they can be reservoirs of diseases to humans. 3) they can vector diseases to humans. 4) they can act as pathogens and cause infectious disease. 5) all of the above are reasons animals are important to microbiologists.
5
The main difference between archaea and bacteria is: 1) archaea have mitochondria; bacteria do not. 2) archaea are all eukaryotic; bacteria are all prokaryotic. 3) archaea are all heterotrophs; bacteria are all autotrophs. 4) archaea all have a cell wall; bacteria never have a cell wall. 5) none of the above is correct.
5
Which of the following statements about DNA is FALSE? 1) When DNA replicates, the two resulting double-stranded DNA molecules each contain one strand from the original DNA molecule. 2) DNA polymerase is required for DNA replication. 3) The two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions ("antiparallel"). 4) The lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. 5) The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by covalent bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
5
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Question 19 options: 1)The ATP produced in respiration comes mostly from chemiosmosis. 2) NADH and FADH2 function as electron carriers in metabolism. 3) Some organisms can carry out respiration in the absence of O2. 4) Fermenters may reduce pyruvate to ethanol + CO2, lactic acid, or other acids. 5)The CO2 produced in respiration comes from glycolysis
5
•DNA polymerases replicate DNA only __ to __ -Why? - Can only add to a pre-existing __-OH -Because parental strands are _____________, new daughter strands are synthesized differently
5' to 3' 3' antiparallel
How would the DNA sequence 3'-TCGGCAATATC-5' be transcribed?
5'-AGCCGUUAUAG-3'
Visible genital warts are caused by HPV serotypes
6 and 11
Classical pasteurization heats the fluid to about ___∘∘С for a time of about___
63/30 minutes
The endosymbiotic theory explains the presence of what two things within mitochondria?
70S ribosomes and circular DNA
What is an endemic disease?
A disease that occurs continually within a population or geographical area
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Where are class II MHC found, and what cells recognize it?
APCs; T helper cells
start codon in prokaryotes
AUG (fmet)
Start codon in eukaryotes
AUG (methionine)
Transcribe this sequence: 5' TACGGG 3'
AUGCCC
•________________ attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes, forming a pore
Amphotericin B
If someone is injected with tetanus toxoid, what type of immunity results?
Artificial active immunity
Which of the following scientists laid the foundations for the field of environmental microbiology?
Beijerinck, Winogradsky
Based on its Gram status, why are penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram positive organism and does not have an outer membrane.
Why may some bacteria use extracellular enzymes to form blood clots?
Blood clot can hide bacteria from the immune system.
This infectious disease primarily infects tissues of the central nervous system and is transmitted by contact with infected nervous tissue
CJD
What purpose does clonal deletion serve?
Clonal deletion destroys T cells with receptors complementary to the body's normal autoantigens
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?
Clonal selection of B cells
HHV-5 or Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus; Congenital CMV (TORCH); Cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients
•Anabolic reactions consume ATP and include: -Lipid, amino acid, and nucleic acid synthesis -___ synthesis -____ synthesis -Protein synthesis -Calvin-Benson Cycle or ______________ reactions of photosynthesis
DNA RNA light-independent
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Enveloped dsDNA virus Hepatitis B; cirrhosis, liver cancer, jaundice
coronavirus
Enveloped ssRNA virus "Common cold" (2nd most common); SARS; MERS; COVID-19
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Enveloped ssRNA virus Hepatitis C; cirrhosis, liver cancer main cause of viral hepatitis various cofactors
mumps
Enveloped ssRNA virus Mumps salivary glands
rubella
Enveloped ssRNA virus Rubella; Congenital rubella syndrome (TORCH) german measles no koplik spots
measles
Enveloped ssRNA virus Rubeola (measles) with macular rash and koplik spots most contagious human virus
influenza a and b
Enveloped ssRNA viruses with a segmented genome; H and N glycoprotein spikes Influenza ("the flu"): high fever
What are the benefits of the ether linkages in archaeal cytoplasmic membranes, compared to the ester linkages in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes?
Ether linkages are stronger, more stable at high temperatures, and more salt tolerant.
Simplexvirus; Predominantly HHV-2, but also HHV-1
Genital herpes simplex; Same complications as HHV-1 Congenital herpes TORCH
In the light reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis, ___ is the electron source
H2O
azt treats
HIV
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells
acyclovir treats
Herpes virus
Which of the following classes of antibodies is most likely to be made by the oldest plasma cell in a population of B cells?
IgA
Which type of antibody is produced first and in greater amounts upon subsequent exposures to an antigen (weeks, months, years, or decades after the initial exposure)?
IgG
The FIRST antibody B cells make during primary response to an antigen is
IgM
Activation of which type of lymphocytes results in the production of memory cells?
Immature B and cytotoxic T cells
What is the difference between the terms infection and disease?
Infection refers to the invasion of a pathogen into the body, while disease means that the body's normal function is disrupted.
A bacterial cell stains positive with the acid-fast stain. Which of the following is false? It has a cell wall that contains waxy lipids. It will be difficult to stain this cell with the Gram stain. It has a cell wall that contains endotoxin. It may be a member of the genus Mycobacterium.
It has a cell wall that contains endotoxin.
Who was the first person to use a microscope to look at microorganisms?
Leeuwenhoek
Which drying method of microbial control can also be used to preserve microbial cultures?
Lyophilization
t cells recognize epitopes only when they are bound to __________.
MHC
all body cells have
MHC 1
t cytotoxic cells
MHC I CD8
T helper cells
MHC II CD4
What is the purpose of an MHC class I protein?
MHC class I proteins display epitopes from endogenous antigen.
HHV-4 or Epstein-Barr virus
Mononucleosis; Burkitt's lymphoma
Which of these chemicals is in peptidoglycan? N-acetylglucosamine Lipid A Lipopolysaccharide Lipoteichoic acid
N-acetylglucosamine
fermentation pathways reoxidize ____ so that glycolysis can continue
NAD+
Papillomavirus
Naked ds DNA viruses Common and plantar warts; Genital warts; cervical/penile cancer
rhinovirus
Naked ssRNA virus "Common cold" (most common), no fever
norovirus
Naked ssRNA virus Viral gastroenteritis ("stomach flu")
HHV-1, but also HHV-2
Orofacial herpes simplex (cold sores, fever blisters) congenital herpes
•1908: ____ __________ hypothesized about "magic bullets" and began the field of chemotherapy, developing a treatment for syphilis
Paul ehrlich
how do phagocytes distinguish between invading pathogens and the body's own healthy cells?
Phagocytes have receptors on their cell membrane that bind pathogens.
Capsules of pathogenic bacteria are virulence factors because they
Protect the bacteria from phagocytosis and antibodies
Biofilms consist of several different organisms working in complex relationships. These organisms communicate with each other using what sort of chemicals?
Quorum sensing molecules
transcription (___ synthesis) •Similarities to DNA replication: -Anabolic -Monomers are nucleoside triphosphates (exception: U for T) -Chain growth is __ to __ •Key Differences: -Involves _______ units of DNA: only gene of interest will be transcribed to RNA -Only one of 2 strands of DNA used as -Carried out by ___ ___________ -No primer or helicase required
RNA 5' to 3' smaller RNA polymerase
Lentivirus; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Retroviridae Family: enveloped; 2 strands of ssRNA; reverse transcriptase AIDS
How do archaeal ribosomes differ from bacterial ribosomes?
The proteins in archaeal ribosomes differ from those in bacterial ribosomes
Which part of an antibody is responsible for recognizing a specific antigen?
The variable regions of the light and heavy chains
The majority of T cells that leave the thymus will have which of the following characteristics?
They are able to recognize MHC and do not recognize autoantigens.
How do aldehydes denature proteins to control microbes?
They cross-link organic functional groups.
HHV-3 or Varicella-Zoster virus
Varicella (chickenpox); Herpes Zoster (shingles)
Which of the following statements is true? a. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. b. Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly. c. Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. d.Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen.
a
an example of a mechanical vector is:
a housefly at a picnic
Which of the following types of microscopes can magnify more than 2000X?
a transmission electron microscope
Viruses are ultramicroscopic, ______________, infectious agents Viruses have either DNA or RNA but never ____ -Genome can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA -May be linear and segmented or single and circular Dependent on hosts' organelles and enzymes to _________ -Lack genes for all enzymes needed for replication -Lack _____________
acellular both replicate ribsomes
IL-2 is involved in __________ .
activation of Tc cells
•_____________ regulatory proteins that bind to DNA binding sites, increasing transcription of the operon
activators
Which of the following is a disease that develops rapidly and runs its course quickly?
acute
Remembers antigen and amplifies response upon later exposure
adaptive immunity
Vaccine manufacturers add alum, which is a common name for a variety of aluminum salts, to some vaccines. Alum enhances the ability of the vaccine to activate an adaptive immune response. Alum in such a vaccine acts as
adjuvant
You have a culture of bacteria that grows slowly but equally well throughout the culture of media. In regards to oxygen tolerance, this indicates that these bacteria are
aerotolerant
Protein synthesis inhibitors
aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, teracycline and doxycycline, chloramphenicol
metabolic pathways •Synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules linked through common metabolic pathways -Same precursor metabolites used -Many pathways are ________ •Metabolic pathways are regulated -More energy-efficient choice used ____ -If metabolite present in environment, synthesis halts -Enzyme regulation
amphibiolic first
antifungals that target ergosterol synthesis
amphotericin B and azoles (fluconazole)
Measles vaccine is to a modified live vaccine what rabies vaccine is to ______________ vaccine.
an inactivated (killed), whole agent
•DNA replication is _____________
anabolic
-Purple & green sulfur bacteria utilize
anoxygenic photosynthesis
why are biofilms are problematic in disease treatment?
antibiotic resistant staying dormant
Which cells possess MHC class II proteins?
antigen presenting cells
•____________ _______ (AMPs) are proteins that destroy a wide spectrum of viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi •Present in skin, mucous membranes, and neutrophils •_________ are an important class of mammalian AMPs that rapidly kill invaders by inserting themselves into target cell membranes
antimicrobial peptides defensins
joseph lister
antiseptic technique
•Methanogens are the largest group of ________ -they are ____________
archaea anaerobic
•Spontaneous generation: ____________ hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life
aristotles
A physician wants to stimulate immunological memory in a patient. Which of the following types of immunity would be the most useful?
artificially acquired active immunity
lister is associated with
aseptic surgery
A researcher who wants to produce contact immunity in a population would probably use which of the following types of vaccines?
attenuated
Seasonal flu nasal spray vaccines contain weakened viruses. Such vaccines are called __________ vaccines.
attenuated
_______ (fluconazole) are also anti-fungal because they inhibit ergosterol synthesis
azoles
Which of the following is a true statement concerning bacteria and archaea? a. Bacteria are found only in extreme environments. b. While some bacteria are pathogenic to humans, no archaea are known to cause human diseases. c. Bacteria and archaea have identical types of cell walls. d.Bacteria reproduce asexually, while archaea reproduce sexually.
b
What microbial structures are the most resilient forms of life?
bacterial endospores
lytic replication of bacteriophages ______________(phage) are viruses that only infect bacteria -Attach to host cell via _____ fibers -Have phage ________ to break cell wall -Viral enzymes degrade bacterial DNA Sometimes, capsomeres assemble incorrectly around leftover pieces of random bacterial DNA, resulting in ___________
bacteriophage tail lysozyme transduction
You have isolated a microorganism that is green, photosynthetic, has a cell wall, and does not possess a nucleus. This organism is a(n) _____
bacterium
•Replication is amazingly fast and accurate •DNA replication is ____________ -In prokaryotes, one origin but 2 replication forks that move in opposite directions
bidirectional
bacteria divide by
binary fission
Which of the following techniques uses selective and differential media to identify bacteria?
biochemical testing
•________: slimy community of microbes growing on a surface -Adhere via _________ and ___________ -Many bacteria in nature exist in biofilms -Important because biofilms play a role in ________: •2⁄3 of human bacterial diseases •Dental ________ •Medical catheters •Low [__] reduces effectiveness of biofilms
biofilms fimbriae, glycocalyx disease plaque O2
A patient with West Nile viral encephalitis asks his nurse practitioner how he could have contracted the disease. The NP explains that the causative virus is carried by infected mosquitoes from birds to people. This is an example of disease transmission through
biological vector
___________ uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
bioremediation
Some parts of your body normally harbor a thriving community of bacteria (your resident microflora), but some parts are normally bacteria-free. Therefore, you should be concerned if your doctor finds bacteria thriving:
blood
•site for blood cell production and B cell maturation
bone marrow
Which of the following methods used to count microbes is correctly identified as direct or indirect? a. turbidity--direct method b. dry weight--direct measurement c. plate count--direct measurement d. cell count--indirect method
c
Which of the following statements comparing electron microscopy and light microscopy is FALSE? a. The electron microscope has greater magnification that the light microscope. b. The electron microscope has greater resolution than the light microscope. c. Both the electron microscope and the light microscope use the same wavelengths for illumination. d. Electron microscopes can allow examination of viruses and internal cell structures e. Images produced by light microscopes can be in color, whereas electron microscope images are black and white unless they are artificially colored.
c
Which of the following toxic forms of oxygen is IMPROPERLY paired with the detoxifying enzyme or molecule? a. peroxide anion: peroxidase b. superoxide radical: superoxide dismutase c. hydroxyl radical: peroxidase d. peroxide anion: catalase
c
Virulence factors allow microbes to be pathogens. This means that a bacterium with more virulence factors _____
can more easily infect hosts and cause disease
Which of the following staining techniques uses an anionic (negative) stain?
capsular stain
In cells, the function of tRNA is to:
carry amino acids to mRNA.
Bacteria stain differently in the Gram stain due to differences in the
cell wall
You can use a microscope to observe a difference between a gram-negative and a gram-positive cell because of chemical differences in their:
cell walls
prion replication Given that prions lack RNA or DNA genes, how can they replicate themselves? Amino acid sequence of protein can fold into 2 stable tertiary structures: -________ ___ (c-PrP) is normal cytoplasmic membrane protein made by all mammals -______ ___ or (p-PrP) is disease-causing abnormal form that can cause normal form to refold into prion PrP: templating
cellular PrP Prion PrP
Oxidation of pyruvate and synthesis of acetyl-CoA
cellular respiration stage 1
The Citric Acid Cycle completes the oxidation of glucose and transfers stored energy to electron carriers
cellular respiration step 2
Electron Transport Chain: final series of redox reactions
cellular respiration step 3
In the following sections, we discuss nine major categories of antimicrobial __________ __________ used as antiseptics and disinfectants: phenols, alcohols, halogens, oxidizing agents, surfactants, heavy metals, aldehydes, gaseous agents, and enzymes.
chemical controls
What category of organisms acquire both energy and carbon from complex organic compounds?
chemoheterotrophs
the use of chemicals to control microbial growth within a host without harming host cells is called
chemotherapy
Primary atypical pneumonia is probably the most common form of pneumonia in which of the following groups?
children 5-15 years old
fungi: eukaryotic •Have cell walls made of _____ •Can be _________ or _________: -Molds and mushrooms are multicellular and reproduce by ____ -Yeasts are unicellular and reproduce by ________ •Feed by __________, many are decomposers (saprobes), some are pathogens - have important roles as ___________, can help make ___________ and can cause diseases
chitin multicellular or unicellular spores budding absorption decomposers, antibiotics
Which of the following is a structure NOT found in prokaryotic cells? cell membranes cilia ribosomes fimbriae
cilia
•Quinolones and fluoroquinolones (______________) inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase needed to replicate DNA
ciprofloxacin
The _______________________________ completes the oxidation of glucose and transfers stored energy to electron carriers
citric acid cycle
Which taxon is more inclusive than Order?
class
what genus is endospores found in?
clostridium and bacillus
•_________ (three nucleotides) of mRNA are "read" 5'--->3' by the ribosome •Sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids that will be in the synthesized protein -Translation of mRNA begins at _______ codon: sets up reading frame -61 sense codons on mRNA encode __ amino acids •Genetic code is _____________ - allows for misreading or mutations -Translation ends at ____________ codons
codons start 20 degenerate nonsense
-genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells •F factor and pilus required
conjugation
The horizontal gene transfer which requires cell-to-cell contact and a particular type of plasmid is called
conjugation
gram negative bacteria 1. proteobacteria 2. nonproteobacteria: ___________, _____________,_________
cyanobacteria, chlamydiae, spirochetes
Patients often become ill as a result of a hospital stay. Such illnesses: a) may spread via the hospital's ventilation system or when patients contact contaminated hospital staff, equipment, or insects. b) are especially likely to occur in patients with weakened immune systems. c) are often caused by antibiotic-resistant, opportunistic, gram-negative bacteria. d) only two of the above are correct. e) a, b, and c are correct.
d
Which of the following would be the best microscope to use to view/study the size and shape of living specimens that are difficult to stain?
darkfield
Environmental microbiology •Microbes function as _____________: breaking down organic matter and recycling chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur •Bacteria capable of _________ _______ are essential to all life •Convert ___ from air (unusable) to _____ (usable)
decomposers nitrogen fixation N2, NH3
As you change objective lenses and magnification increases, the numerical value for resolving power ___________________
decreases
A nurse preparing a section of skin for an injection is an example of __________.
degerming
The three Domain system is classified on what evidence?
differences in genes for rRNA
Carbohydrate utilization broths, which are fermentation broths, are primarily in a category of culture media called
differential media
fleming
discovered penicillin
phylum proteobacteria •Largest and most _________ phyla of Gram-Negative bacteria •Ancestors believed to be origin of ____________: endosymbiotic theory •Many are important in the environment: -Purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria are primary phototrophs in hot springs and stagnant waters -___________ species form root nodules in plants and fix nitrogen (Ch 1)
diverse mitochondria rhizodom
•Eukaryotes -Simultaneous transcription and transcription _____ ____ occur because processes separated by nucleus -RNA transcript (pre-RNA) must be processed before leaving the nucleus to begin translation as mRNA •Capping •Polyadenylation •Splicing -Starting amino acid is ____________
does not methionine
By comparing genes for rRNA, Carl Woese proposed a new taxon called _______________ to classify organisms based on three types of ribosomes
domain
Antigenic _____ occurs every two or three years when a single strain mutates within a local population. Antigenic ______ occurs about every 10 years and results in reassortment of genomes from different strains of animal and human viruses infecting a common cell.
drift, shift
All fungi: a)have cell walls of chitin b)are heterotrophs c)absorb their food after digesting it externally d) a and b are correct. e) a, b, and c are correct.
e
Genetic mutations: a) generally affect a cell more if they occur close the promoter region. b) can make a bacterial cell resistant to antibiotics. c) can be caused by radiation, chemicals, or random errors during DNA replication. d) two of the above are correct. e) a, b, and c are correct.
e
Most sexually reproducing organisms are divided into species based on whether or not they have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This criterion doesn't work for asexually reproducing organisms such as bacteria. By what criteria, then, are bacteria classified into species? a) morphology and cellular structures b) the ability to carry out certain biochemical reactions c) genetic similarities d) only a and c e) a, b, and c
e
•1796: ______ _____ tested hypothesis that cowpox provided protection against smallpox
edward jenner
•Phylum Spirochaetes -Flexible helical cells with ____________ for motility (Ch 3) -Some are pathogens: Borrelia(______ _________) and Treponema(_______)
endoflagella lyme disease, syphillis
A student is trying to grow a fastidious microbe in her lab. She should be using
enriched media
Which leukocytes function to produce toxins against helminth parasites?
eosinophils
Which of the following is a membranous organelle within a eukaryotic cell? endoplasmic reticulum centrosome cytoskeleton ribosome
er
NASA wants to prevent the possibility of contaminating other planets or items in space with microbes from Earth. Which of the following would best be used to sterilize spacecraft being sent to space?
ethylene oxide
Bacteria predominantly use pili for ____________, whereas fimbriae are used for ____________.
exchange of genes, attachment
Thymus cells are specialized to participate in clonal deletion because they have the ability to __________
express all of the body's autoantigens
archaea: prokaryotic •Archaeans are known for being _______________, but many are found in "normal environments" •Archaeans are similar to bacteria: -Prokaryotes -Have cell membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm with _______ ds DNA molecule and ____ ribosomes -Can have a glycocalyx, flagella, and fimbriae •But they are also similar to eukaryotic cells: -Different ribosomal proteins that are similar to eukaryote ribosomal proteins -_______ _____ more similar to eukaryotes
extremophiles circular 70s genetic code
What form of diffusion is used by large molecules that must use a passageway provided by integral proteins?
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is an organism that grows with or without oxygen?
facultative anaerobe
A plasmid is a small portion of a cell's membrane that can enter a cell and alter its genetic characteristics. true or false
false
All prokaryotic cells have DNA, a plasma membrane, flagella, and endospores. true or false
false
In DNA, the number of cytosine bases is always exactly the same as the number of adenine bases. true or false
false
In photosynthesis, light is the direct energy source for the reactions of carbon fixation. True or False
false
Overall, the current best way to prevent disease is to be vaccinated against all known pathogens. true or false
false
The part of an antibody that binds to an antigen is called the constant region. true or false
false
In a Linnaean taxonomic scheme, closely related genera are placed in a larger grouping called the _____.
family
Glycolysis plus extra reactions that regenerate NAD+
fermentation
Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of the common cold?
fever
The release of lipid A may lead to _____
fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock
To sterilize heat-sensitive solutions such as culture media, enzymes, and vaccines, one should use
filtration
Which of the following could be used to sterilize a heat-sensitive liquid such as urea broth?
filtration
gram positive bacteria: 1. low guanine and cytosine: __________ 2. high guanine and cytosine: ____________
firmicutes actinobactreia
•___ _____defenses attempt to prevent pathogen entry
first line
Proteins that distinguish among H serovars of gram-negative bacteria are found in which structures?
flagella
•Sulfonamides and trimethoprim utilize competitive inhibition to inhibit ______ _____ _________ •Often used together as ________
folic acid synthesis bactrim
A microorganism has the following characteristics: Its cells have a nucleus and cell walls, it is multicellular, and it grows in long filaments. What is its general classification?
fungi
Which of the following is a eukaryotic group with single-celled and multicellular organisms?
fungi
•Some antivirals inhibit _____ of HIV viral envelop with host cell membrane, blocking entry Ex: ____________(Fuzeon)
fusion enfuvirtide
What clostridial disease can be treated with oxygen applied under pressure?
gas gangrene
•_____ ____________ is the process of turning genes on and off due to various stimuli
gene regulation
•Operon = _______+ ___________ 1.Multiple __________ genes coding for proteins that work together in some process 2.A regulatory DNA sequence, or____________, that regulates these genes •Control of the operon involves different __________ __________coded by regulatory DNA sequences that are NOT part of the operon
genes, promoter structural promoter regulatory proteins
•__________ _____________: combining of DNA from two sources, contributes to diversity -In eukaryotes happens during ____!
genetic recombination sex
what did Robert Koch prove?
germ theory
•Robert Koch was successful at proving _____ ______ •Determined the etiology of ________
germ theory anthrax
In the Kreb's cycle,
glucose is fully oxidized
A periplasmic space is found in which of the following?
gram-negative cells only
-Methanogens living in colons of animals are one of the primary sources of environmental methane, a _________ ____
greenhouse gas
What are the grappling-hook-like structures used by archaea to attach to surfaces in their environment?
hami
•Ignaz Semmelweis
hand washing
•Bacterial chromosome: ___loid, ______, ______ that contains the cell's genetic information -Coiled in dense area of the cell: ____________
haploid, circular, dsDNA nucleoid
Spallanzani's experiments concerning spontaneous generation were not universally accepted because __________.
he eliminated air from his flasks by sealing them
________ "unzips" 2 strands, exposing bases in a replication fork in DNA replication -Strands held open by __________ __________
helicase stabilizing proteins
helminths: eukaryotic •__________: multicellular parasitic flatworms and roundworms •Animals: possess body systems •Specialized to live inside host(s) •___________ reproduction with ______ life cycles: -____________ ("one housed"): male and female reproductive systems in one animal -__________ ("two housed"): separate male and female sexes •Adults are ____________, eggs and immature larval stages are _______________
helminths sexual, complex monoecious dioecious macroscopic, microscopic
The bodily fluids of a patient with jaundice contain copious amounts of Dane particles, spherical particles, and filamentous particles. What is this patient infected with?
hep b
Which of the following hepatitis viruses does not have a (+)ssRNA genome?
hep b
phylum actinobacterium •____ G+C percentage (greater than 50%) •Gram __________ ___________, ____________, ________________
high positive corynebacterium, mycobacterium, streptomyces
Which of the following will improve resolution?
higher numerical aperture
What chemical present in mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation in response to injury?
histamine
B cells are the only cells directly involved in the ___ immune response
humoral
B cells are the only cells directly involved in the ____ immune response.
humoral
A ____________ solution of sugar or salt can preserve honey, jerky, jams, and pickles.
hypertonic
Which type of solution would cause a bacterium to undergo plasmolysis?
hypertonic
What term describes an aqueous solution in which animal cells swell and burst?
hypotonic
•disinfection: reduction in number of potential pathogens on ______ ______ -Ex: use of ______ to disinfect lab benchtops -_____________: use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce food spoilage microorganisms -_______________: removal of pathogens, urine, and feces from objects to meet public health standards
inaminate objects Lysol pasteurization sanitaization
john snow
infection control and epidemiology
To prevent this disease, you need to be vaccinated every year because antigens on this pathogen change frequently.
influenza
The mode of action of rifampin is to
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
the process of translation: •Protein synthesis is anabolic and occurs in 3 stages: ________, ___________, ___________ •Translation occurs in the ____________ on ribosomes (eukaryotes also have ribosomes attached to organelles) Ribosome structure: -Smaller subunit shaped to accommodate 3 codons at once -The larger subunit acts as a _________ -Each ribosome has __ tRNA-binding sites
initiation, elongation, termination cytoplasm ribozyme 3
•Final electron acceptor is always an _________ molecule -Aerobic cellular respiration: ___ is final electron acceptor -Anaerobic cellular respiration: another _____________ molecule is final electron acceptor
inorganic O2 inorganic
Hyaluronidase and collagenase both allow bacteria to _____.
invade a hosts tissues
__________ and _____________ disrupts mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species
isoniazid and ethambutol
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
jaundice Naked ssRNA virus Hepatitis A
inclusive to exclusive
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Who was the first to grow bacteria in pure culture and to identify Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax?
koch
Which of the following organisms plays an important role in human health through the process of microbial antagonism?
lactobacillus
•_________________ -Began making simple microscopes -Visualized microorganisms and probably bacteria -Called them "animalcules" or "beasties"
leewenhoek
Which of the following is a component of a B cell receptor but NOT a T cell receptor?
light chains
•Do not require light directly, but requires the ATP and NADPH generated by the light-dependent reactions •Key reaction is carbon fixation by Calvin-Benson cycle which reduces inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic sugars
light-independent photosynthesis
•____________ developed a system for naming and grouping similar organisms together
linneaus
lipid catabolism •Fats are made up of a 3C molecule called glycerol, plus three fatty acid tails 1.Cellular enzymes: ________ break glycerol apart from the fatty acids 2.Glycerol converted to G3P which enters glycolysis 3.Fatty acids are broken down through ___________ into 2C pairs that are attached to coenzyme A
lipases B-oxidation
•antisepsis: reduction in the number of potential pathogens on _______ _____ -Can be the same agents as disinfectants whose strength has been reduced to make them safe for living tissues -Ex: __________, iodine -____________: removal of microbes by mechanical means ▪Chemicals play a secondary role ▪Ex: handwashing; swabbing pre-injection with alcohol
living tissue mouthwash degerming
•1861: ______ _______ finally discredited the idea of spontaneous generation •Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and were the "parents" of Needham's microorganisms •Formed basis for ________ __________
louis pasteur aseptic techniques
phylum firmicutes •____ G+C percentage (less than 50%) •Gram _________ •Important genera in environmental, industrial, and healthcare settings
low positive
Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent the phagocytic digestion of a bacterium by interfering with the fusion of _____ to the phagosome.
lysosome
Which enzyme is used to reduce the number of bacteria in some cheeses and wine?
lysozyme
Viral replication in animal viruses is usually _____, results in cell death, and has 5 stages Differences result from: §Some viruses are __________ §Animal cells have nuclei and no ____ ____ §Synthesis varies with viral nucleic acid
lytic enveloped cell wall
In protein synthesis, the codon, which is part of the ____ molecule, binds with the anticodon, which is part of the ___ molecule.
mRNA, tRNA
Which of the following cells is included as an antigen-presenting cell?
macrophage
All poxviruses produce lesions that progress through a series of stages. Reddened, flat lesions are called
macules
Which of the following reagents is the primary stain in endospore stain?
malachite green
Koplik's spots are oral lesions associated with
measles
The presence of Koplik's spots are used for the diagnosis of
measles
•Most drugs that target parasitic protozoa or helminths are antimetabolic agents •Heavy metals inactivate enzymes •Mostly antiprotozoal, ex: ___________ (As), toxic to active cells •________________, ex: chloroquine, inhibit metabolism of malarial parasite •Agents that disrupt tubulin polymerization and glucose uptake by many parasitic worms: mebendazole and albendazole
melarsoprol quinolones
transcription RNA types transcribed from DNA: -_________ ________ carries DNA gene information to the ribosome -__________ _______delivers correct sequence of amino acids to the ribosome •Has ____________ that is complementary to a codon on mRNA -___________ ________ combines with proteins to form ribosomes -RNA primers -Regulatory RNA -Ribozymes
messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Which of the following reagents is the counterstain in the acid fast stain?
methylene blue
•________________ (Flagyl) is inactive until anaerobic metabolism converts to active form; broad spectrum
metronidazole
Microbiota can benefit the host by preventing overgrowth of pathogens. This is called
microbial antagonism
The endosymbiotic theory is based on the somewhat independent nature of two organelles within eukaryotic cells. What are those organelles?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
The endosymbiotic theory explains why ________ and ___________ have ____ ribosomes and two membranes, and why mitochondria have _________ DNA. The theory states that the ancestors of these organelles were prokaryotic cells that were internalized by other prokaryotes and then lost the ability to exist outside their host—thus forming early eukaryotes
mitochondria and chloroplasts 70s, circular
Plasmodium is transmitted to humans via
mosquitos
algae: eukaryotic •Can be _________ or ____________ -Ex: diatoms vs. "seaweeds" •Photosynthetic •Categorized based on ____________ and composition of ____ ____ •Can reproduce _________ or ___________ cell walls are made of __________, _____, algin, silica -contribute to streak plates
multicellular or unicellular pigmentation and cell walls asexually or sexually cellulose, agar
•____________: any change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome (genotype) -Bacterial chromosome is haploid, no backup -Rare event -Almost always_________, sometimes neutral -If beneficial, may lead to ____________ (evolution through natural selection in action)
mutations harmful adaptation
Babies that are fed formula instead of being breastfed partially lack which of the following types of immunity?
naturally acquired passive immunity
1745: _________: experiments with broth infusions "reinforced" this idea
needham
Whose experiments supported the existence of a "life force" that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life?
needham
phylum cyanobacteria •Gram _______ •Major primary producers in aquatic ecosystems •Ancestors believed to be origin of ______________: endosymbiotic theory •Exist as unicellular, filamentous, or colonial forms -Some have specialized cells called heterocysts that reduce N2 to NH4+ via ______ ______
negative chloroplasts nitrogen fixation
domain bacteria 1. gram _________ 2. gram _________
negative positive
Which of the following conditions is caused by HHV-2?
neonatal herpes
•__________ inhibitors prevent influenzavirus from attaching to or exiting cells •___________(Tamiflu)
neuradiminase oseltamivir
All organisms require this element, but only bacteria can convert it from its gaseous form into a useable form.
nitrogen
Which of the following microbial control procedures creates pyrimidine dimers in DNA?
nonionizing radiation
prions: Proteinaceous infectious particles; no ______ _____! Prion diseases: -Spongiform encephalopathies (large vacuoles form in brain) •BSE, scrapie, ___, vCJD, kuru Inherited or transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments •No standard treatment •Normal sterilization procedures do not _________!
nucleic acid CJD deactivate
According to the ICTV scheme of classification, viruses are classified only by their type of ______ _____, the presence of an _________, their ______, and their _____.
nucleic acid, envelope, shape, size
-___________ _________ resemble nucleotides but have different H-bonding properties •Incorporates into DNA or RNA in place of a normal base; causes mistakes in base pairing •Antiviral and anticancer drugs
nucleoside analogs
DNA viruses usually assemble in ________ RNA viruses usually develop in _________ Release: -Enveloped viruses are released via __________ •Virus passes through membrane •Infected host cell isn't killed immediately, may result in persistent infections -Naked viruses are released by __________ or ______
nucleus cytoplasm budding exocytosis or lysis
eukaryotic cells •Do have a ________ •Do have membrane-bound organelles •________: 10-100 µm in diameter •May or may not have _____ ______ -Chemically _______ if present •Divide by _________(asexual) or ________ (sexual) •Make up domain ________ and include algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants
nucleus larger cell wall simple meiosis or mitosis eukarya
Which of the following is an organism that must have abundant oxygen?
obligate aerobe
•Simultaneous transcription and translation
only in prokaryotes
In prokaryotes, gene regulation occurs through ________
operons
Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating
oseltamivir (tamiflu) enfuvirtide (fuzeon)
In epidemiology, a(n) ____ typically results when many people have contact with a single contaminated substance (such as eating Salmonella-infested devilled eggs at a wedding reception).
outbreak
-Plants, algae, & cyanobacteria utilize
oxygenic photosynthesis
mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Which scientist used a "swan-necked flask" to show that microbes do not arise by spontaneous generation?
pasteur
•Pasteur's experiments led to the development of _____________ -Process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria -Began the field of ___________ __________(biotechnology)
pasteurization industrial microbiology
The first true antibiotic was __________, which was discovered by __________.
penicillin; Alexander Fleming
B-lactams
penicillins and cephalosporins
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin, isoniazid, ethambutol
•Archaeans also differ from bacteria: -Lack ______________ in their cell walls -Have ______ linkages instead of ester in their cell membranes -Some have membrane monolayers -Some have _____
peptidoglycan ether hami
•Bacteria -Cell walls composed of ______________ -Examples: pathogens and food spoilers, decomposers, photosynthetic bacteria •Some cells have a _________ surrounding exterior -Functions: •Protects against ___________ •Allows for attachment to other cells and surfaces •Some prokaryotes have __________ for motility •Fimbriae -Used by bacteria to _____ to one another and to substances in environment -Along with glycocalyces, serve an important function in _______ •Pili -Special type of __________ -Bacteria typically have only 1-2/cell -Transfer DNA from one cell to another via _________
peptidoglycan glycocalyx desiccation flagella adhere biofilms fimbriae conjugation
•Phylum Chlamydiae -Extremely small, lack ______________ -All intracellular parasites with poor metabolic capacities -Can only be cultivated in _____ -Ex: Chlamydia trachomatis causes chlamydia
peptidoglycan vivo
What term describes the flagellar arrangement where flagella cover the entire surface of a bacterial cell?
peritrichous
An organism that uses an organic carbon source and obtains energy from light would be called a __________
photoheterotroph
Which of the following does NOT use an inorganic source of carbon as its sole source?
photoheterotroph
•Photosystems: pigment molecules arranged to form light-harvesting systems •Embedded in cellular membranes called thylakoids -Infoldings of cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes form _____________ ____________ -Thylakoids are membrane-bound in eukaryotes (____________)
photosynthetic lamellae chloroplasts
_______ ________ of microbial control include exposure of the microbes to extremes of heat and cold, desiccation, filtration, osmotic pressure, and radiation.
physical methods
A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are ___
physically part of the bacterial structure
_____ _ ____ die within a few days because of their intense antibody synthesis; ________ __ _____, on the other hand, are extremely long-living cells.
plasma b cells, memory B cells
__________ are small, circular ds DNA molecules found in many prokaryotic cells
plasmids
•Types of mutations: -______ mutations affect a single base pair through a nucleotide substitution -____________ mutations result from deletion or insertions of nucleotides and displace nucleotide triplets after the mutation
point frameshit
___________ is a cyclic polypeptide that inserts into cell membrane of bacterial cells forming a channel
polymyxin
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
polymyxin, amp B, azoles (fluconazole), praziquantel, ivermectin
parasitic drugs that act against cytoplasmic membranes
praziquantel and ivermectin
Which of the following is the stage of disease in which the symptoms first become apparent?
prodromal
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the
promoter
transcription: Each gene has a ________ and a ____________
promoter, terminator
protein catabolism •Proteins are first hydrolyzed by ___________ into amino acids •Most amino acids are recycled by cells -Amine group is removed: ___________ -Amine group can be excreted as waste or transferred to make new amino acids that cell needs -Remaining carbon skeleton can be broken down in citric acid cycle
proteases deamination
Bacterial capsules work by _____.
protecting the bacterium from engulfment
Nitrogen is a growth-limiting nutrient because cells need it to manufacture __________.
proteins and nucleotides
Which of the following types of microbial cells are most similar to animal cells in terms of their structure and nutrition?
protozoa
Some eukaryotic cells bring solid materials inside the cell by extending portions of the cell membrane. What is the term for those elongated extensions?
pseudopods
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
quinolones: ciprofloxacin rifampin metronidazole (flagyl) nucleoside analogs reverse transcriptase inhibitors
•Pasteur later developed other vaccines for ________ and __________-
rabies and anthrax
•1668: _____ demonstrated that maggots did not arise from decaying meat
redi
Which of the following statements accurately describes the culture medium necessary for growing an anaerobe like Clostridium tetani?
reducing media
•____________: regulatory proteins that bind to pieces of DNA called operators, reducing or stopping transcription
repressors
Binary fission __________. occurs in all prokaryotes results in the disappearance of the parental cell is a sexual mode of reproduction ends with the replication of the cell's DNA
results in the disappearance of the parental cell
Which features of eukaryotic cells are NOT explained by endosymbiotic theory? endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria ribosomes nucleus
ribosomes
___________ binds to prokaryotic RNA polymerase, preventing transcription of RNA
rifampin
Which of the following bacteria causes a type of food poisoning? Streptococcus pyogenes Clostridium tetani Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium difficile
s aureus
Which of the following microscopes would provide the best magnification and resolution to study the flagella on the exterior of a bacterial cell?
scanning electron
Some researchers develop a new bacterial medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Such a medium would be primarily classified as
selective
DNA Replication is _______________: new DNA composed of one original and one daughter strand
semiconservative
Stress, aging, or immune suppression may cause VSV to reactivate and produce an extremely painful skin rash near the distal end of the nerve known as
shingles or herpes zoster
What is the name of the process that uses a single dye such as crystal violet or methylene blue to color a microscope specimen?
simple staining
Iodophors and chloramines are similar in that they are both halogen-containing compounds that __________.
slowly release their active ingredients
Which of the following have little value as antiseptics, but are used to mechanically remove microbes?
soaps
•1765: ___________ repeated Needham's experiments •Conclusions •Needham's failings •Air contains microbes •All living things arise from other living things
spallananzi
Which of the following is NOT part of MALT? the appendix lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract the spleen Peyer's patches
spleen
If using a basic stain, cells would appear ___________ when viewed under a compound microscope.
stained on a clear background
•Catabolic reactions that generate ATP for anabolism: -Aerobic and anaerobic respiration via _____________and _____________ phosphorylation -___________ (fermentation) via substrate-level phosphorylation -Light-dependent reactions of ________________ via oxidative phosphorylation
substrate-level, oxidative glycolysis photosynthesis
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways
sulfonamides, trimethoprim
The botanist Carolus Linnaeus is remembered for his development of a(n) ______________ system
taxonomic
Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages ___________ ("patient") phages: insert themselves into host cell's chromosome as prophages and become inactive Lysogenic or phage conversion: presence of the phage may alter the ____________ of the bacterium and the host cell exhibits new properties -Some bacteria are less virulent in the absence of the _________ -Ex: toxin genes of Vibrio cholerae and Clostridium botulinum
temperate phenotype prophage
E. coli was incubated with aeration in a nutrient medium containing two carbon sources, and the growth curve below was made from this culture. What happened at the time marked X?
the cells are preparing to eat their "least favorite" of the two carbon sources.
Gram-negative bacteria are relatively more resistant to antibiotics because
their porins prevent entry of the drug
The lowest temp. when ALL microorganisms in a culture will be killed in 10 minutes is
thermal death point
In reference to clonal deletion, what are the clones?
they are the offspring or potential offspring of lymphocytes.
How are the bacteria and the archaea different from all the other cellular microbes?
they have no nucleus
Clonal deletion occurs in the __________.
thymus
site of T cell maturation
thymus
Bioremediation is the use of microbes
to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes
•Dmitri Ivanovsky (1892) and Martinus Beijerinck (1898) were studying disease of __________- plants when they discovered the first virus
tobacco
•Action of helicase introduces supercoils ahead of the replication fork -____________ and DNA _________(top II) remove supercoil tension in DNA molecule so that replication can continue
topoisomerase and gyrase
Shiga toxins cause human cell damage and kill patients. If some scientists are making a vaccine using deactivated Shiga toxin, what category of vaccine would it be?
toxoid
Which of the following is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by a bacteriophage?
transduction
movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages
transduction
Which of the following is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell as naked DNA?
transformation
cell takes up and incorporates foreign/ naked DNA from the surrounding environment
transformation
The Genetic Code: __________ of mRNA to Amino Acids
translation
If you needed to look at the fine details of the interior of a virus, which microscope would you use?
transmission electron
Which of the following organisms causes an STI? Trypanosoma Entamoeba Trichomonas Pediculus
trichomonas
The purpose of a vaccine is to:
trigger the production of memory cells that can respond quickly to a pathogen.
An organism is either a pathogen or it isn't, but its degree of virulence may vary. true or false
true
Antiseptics and disinfectants usually work by damaging the proteins or plasma membranes of microorganisms. true or false
true
Chemiosmosis requires that a cell generate a H+ gradient as part of an electron transport chain. True or False
true
Exotoxins are proteins released by actively growing cells, whereas endotoxins form the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls. true or false
true
Hepatitis B virus is the only DNA virus that causes hepatitis.
true
Heterocysts are important for nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. t or f
true
In a lysogenic infection, a bacteriophage infects a host cell without immediately producing progeny. true or false
true
Operons, which are clusters of related genes under the control of a single promoter, are a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells true or false
true
cell-mediated immune response
type I helper t cells
humoral response (antibody-mediated response)
type II helper T cells antibody production by plasma cells
Prokaryotic cells •___cellular •Typically ____ cells (≤ 1.0 µm in diameter) •No _______ •No membrane-bound ____________ •Have chemically complex ____ _____ •Divide by ______ ______ •Make up 2 domains: _________ and ___________ •_________: found everywhere if enough moisture
uni small nucleus organelles cell walls binary fission bacteria and archaea ubiquitous
Protozoa: eukaryotic •___cellular and lack a ____ ____ •Like animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure •Most reproduce _________ •Live freely in water; some live inside animal hosts (may or may not be ___________) •Most are ______ by means of cilia, flagella, and/or pseudopods
uni, cell wall asexually pathogenic motile
Jerica takes her young son to the pediatrician for regular childhood immunizations. While there, they wait in a room full of sneezing, sniffling, coughing youngsters. Despite making sure that her son stays at least six feet (two meters) from the other children and doesn't touch any play toys in the waiting room, microbes could still spread to her son by
vehicle transmission
Extracellular state is called the ______(or nucleocapsid) -__________ (protein coat) surrounding nucleic acid -Some virions have phospholipid ____________ -Outermost virion layer provides protection and allows virion to attach to host cells Intracellular state -Capsid ____________ -Virus exists as nucleic acid
virion capsid envelope removed
florence nightengale
•hygiene, hospital reform, nursing education