BIOL 3500 exam 1
In a batch culture, bacterial cultures typically exhibit four different phases of growth. In which phase are the cells rapidly synthesizing proteins, but cell numbers are not changing? A. exponential phase B. death phase C. lag phase D. stationary phase
C. lag phase
Archaea and Bacteria both use whiplike structures in similar ways for locomotion, but the structures have different origins. This is an example of convergent evolution. What are some similarities and differences between archaella and bacterial flagella? Select all that apply. A. Archaella flagella have smaller diameters than bacterial flagella. B. Archaella propel archaeans by contracting and lengthening, but flagella propel Bacteria by rotating. C. Archaella are made of proteins unrelated to the flagellin in bacterial flagella. D. Archaella are powered directly by ATP, but bacterial flagella are powered by a proton motive force. E. Archaella are always associated with greater speeds than those allowed by bacterial flagella.
A. Archaella flagella have smaller diameters than bacterial flagella. C. Archaella are made of proteins unrelated to the flagellin in bacterial flagella. D. Archaella are powered directly by ATP, but bacterial flagella are powered by a proton motive force.
The major source of carbon was _________ for early cells and the major fuel for energy was __________ for early cells. A. CO2 ; H2 B. CO2 ; N2 C. O2 ; CO2 D. N2 ; H2
A. CO2 ; H2
Which of the following are true of capsules? Select all that apply. A. Capsules retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria. B. Capsules occur in both Bacteria and Archaea. C. Capsules are considered part of the cell wall. D. Capsules help hide bacterial cells from the host immune system. E. Capsules are involved in the attachment of microorganisms to solid surfaces.
A. Capsules retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria. B. Capsules occur in both Bacteria and Archaea. D. Capsules help hide bacterial cells from the host immune system. E. Capsules are involved in the attachment of microorganisms to solid surfaces.
Which of the following are true regarding both flagella and pili? Select all that apply. A. Flagella and pili are made up of proteins B. Their functions include motility. C. Both are extracellular surface appendages. D. Flagella and pili occur in both Bacteria and Archaea. E. Both flagella and pili are hollow inside.
A. Flagella and pili are made up of proteins B. Their functions include motility. C. Both are extracellular surface appendages.
Which statement best illustrates the importance of a high surface-to-volume ratio that is found in microorganisms? A. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out. B. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, the volume of the cell will be much larger than the surface area. There would be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in and the accumulated waste out. C. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, the volume of the cell will be much larger than the surface area. There would NOT be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in and the accumulated waste out. D. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will NOT be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out.
A. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out.
What is the function of bactoprenol? A. It is a hydrophobic alcohol that transports peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane. B. It supplies the energy necessary for transpeptidation to occur. C. It is responsible for forming the peptide cross-links between muramic acid residues in adjacent glycan chains. D. It triggers the recruitment of FtsZ and the initiation of the divisome.
A. It is a hydrophobic alcohol that transports peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane.
Select all the reasons why a microbial species is difficult to define. A. Microbes don't use sexual reproduction. B. Microbes are very difficult to sequence. C. There is a very limited fossil record for microbes. D. Molecular techniques don't work on microbes. E. Microbes have limited morphological features.
A. Microbes don't use sexual reproduction. C. There is a very limited fossil record for microbes. E. Microbes have limited morphological features.
Predict the effect of greatly reduced levels of FtsZ proteins in growing E. coli cells. A. The cells will continue to elongate but will be unable to form a septum and divide, leading to very elongated cells. B. The FtsZ ring will form at the center of the cell but will be unable to depolymerize, leading to cells that form septa but are permanently attached and form long chains. C. The cells will divide uncontrollably, leading to very small, almost coccoid cells. D. The cells would stop growing and soon die.
A. The cells will continue to elongate but will be unable to form a septum and divide, leading to very elongated cells.
Which of the following is LEAST commonly associated with endospore-forming bacteria? A. They are coccus-shaped organisms. B. They are primarily soil dwellers. C. They are saprophytic. D. They can survive adverse environmental conditions.
A. They are coccus-shaped organisms.
Which statement illustrates the chemical basis for the predominant type of fatty acids in the plasma membrane of a psychrophile? A. Unsaturated fats have kinked side chains that prevent tight packing as temperatures drop. B. Unsaturated fats have straight side chains that prevent tight packing as temperatures drop. C. Saturated fats have kinked side chains that prevent tight packing as temperatures drop. D. Saturated fats have straight side chains that prevent tight packing as temperatures drop.
A. Unsaturated fats have kinked side chains that prevent tight packing as temperatures drop.
Arrange the types of microorganism in the order they evolved on Earth. A. anaerobes, anoxygenic phototrophs, oxygenic phototrophs, aerobes, multicellular organisms B. aerobes, oxygenic phototrophs, anoxygenic phototrophs, anaerobes, multicellular organisms C. anaerobes, multicellular organisms, aerobes D. anaerobes, anoxygenic phototrophs, aerobes, oxygenic phototrophs, multicellular organisms
A. anaerobes, anoxygenic phototrophs, oxygenic phototrophs, aerobes, multicellular organisms
What molecules reduce the water content of a bacterial endospore? A. dipicolinic acid and calcium B. small acid-soluble proteins and dipicolinic acid C. small acid-soluble and core proteins D. peptidoglycan and calcium E. diaminopimelic acid and calcium
A. dipicolinic acid and calcium
The Par system is necessary for A. distribution of genetic material in replicating Caulobacter. B. formation of a replication fork in Escherichia coli. C. septum formation. D. elongation of bacillus prior to cell division.
A. distribution of genetic material in replicating Caulobacter.
Predict which type of organism would be more difficult to treat with antibiotics and why. A. gram-negative organisms -- extra layer of LPS B. gram-negative organisms -- thinner peptidoglycan layer C. gram-positive organisms -- no LPS layer D. gram-positive organisms -- thicker peptidoglycan layer
A. gram-negative organisms -- extra layer of LPS
Proteins MinC, MinD, and MinE interact to A. help guide FtsZ to the cell midpoint. B. initiate peptidoglycan synthesis. C. assist chromosome segregation. D. determine cell shape.
A. help guide FtsZ to the cell midpoint.
In a culture grown in a chemostat (continuous culture), the best way to increase the yield of bacteria (numbers of cells per mL) would be to __________. A. increase the concentration of nutrients in the medium B. increase the growth rate C. increase the dilution rate (rate of addition of medium) D. increase the temperature
A. increase the concentration of nutrients in the medium
Starting from the inside of the outer membrane to the outside, what is the composition of lipopolysaccharide? A. lipid A, core polysaccharide, O-specific polysaccharide B. O-specific polysaccharide, lipid A, core polysaccharide C. O-specific polysaccharide, core polysaccharide, lipid A D. lipid A, O-specific polysaccharide, core polysaccharide
A. lipid A, core polysaccharide, O-specific polysaccharide
The ability to form endospores in bacteria within Bacillales and Clostridiales suggests the genotype/phenotype evolved A. only once in an ancestor to these two orders, due to the high number of genes required. B. either at least once and horizontal gene transfer among relatives occurred or once in a common ancestor. C. at least two separate times in these divergent orders. D. at least once, and horizontal gene transfer among relatives explains its presence in other orders.
A. only once in an ancestor to these two orders, due to the high number of genes required.
Eukaryotes have ________ in their cytoplasmic membranes, which serve to strengthen and stabilize the membrane and make it less flexible. Many bacteria have similar molecules, known as ________, in their cytoplasmic membranes that have a similar role. A. sterols / hopanoids B. phospholipids / lipopolysaccharides C. ether bonds / ester bonds D. lipids / phospholipids
A. sterols / hopanoids
Mycoplasma species are bacteria that do not possess a cell wall. What accounts for the extra strength and rigidity of a mycoplasmal cell membrane? A. the presence of sterols in their membranes B. the presence of LPS in their membranes C. the presence of hopanoids in their membranes D. the presence of ether-linked lipids in their membranes. E. the near absence of proteins in their membranes
A. the presence of sterols in their membranes
From a plate count experiment in which you spread 0.1 ml onto each of two different agar plates from a 1:100,000 dilution of a culture, you count 150 colonies on one plate and 122 colonies on a duplicate plate. How many bacteria/ml were there in the original sample? A. 1.36 × 10^5 bacteria/ml B. 1.36 × 10^8 bacteria/ml C. 1.36 × 10^6 bacteria/ml D. 136 bacteria/ml
B. 1.36 × 10^8 bacteria/ml
In which bacteria would you find MreB proteins and why? A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, because it is pleomorphic B. E. coli, because it is rod-shaped. C. Staphylococcus aureus, because it is coccus-shaped D. Neisseria gonorrhea, because it is coccus-shaped
B. E. coli, because it is rod-shaped.
Which statement shows which adaptations are necessary for hyperthermophilic proteins to stay functional at temperatures above 80°C? A. Hyperthermophiles synthesize proteins with completely unique amino acid sequences to stabilize the proteins. B. Hyperthermophiles have increased ionic bonds to stabilize the proteins. C. Hyperthermophiles have highly hydrophilic interiors to stabilize the proteins. D. Hyperthermophiles have decreased ionic bonds to stabilize the proteins.
B. Hyperthermophiles have increased ionic bonds to stabilize the proteins.
Which is/are a function(s) of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes? A. It is an anchor for many proteins involved in bioenergetic reactions and transport. B. It serves as a permeability barrier, a docking station for proteins involved in bioenergetics reactions and transport, and a site for energy conservation. C. It functions as a permeability barrier. D. It is a major site of energy conservation.
B. It serves as a permeability barrier, a docking station for proteins involved in bioenergetics reactions and transport, and a site for energy conservation.
If photosynthetic organisms were present when the earth was primarily anoxic, why was the development of cyanobacteria critical for the oxidation of the atmosphere? A. The early forms of photosynthesis were carried out in the water and there was no way for the oxygen to move into the atmosphere. B. The early forms of photosynthesis did not produce oxygen as a waste product. C. Cyanobacteria carry out anoxic photosynthesis. D. The early forms of photosynthesis did produce oxygen, but it was not enough to make a difference in the atmosphere.
B. The early forms of photosynthesis did not produce oxygen as a waste product.
If two microbes were going to be considered for the same species, what criteria would apply? (Check all that apply) A. The two microbes must be found colonizing the same environment. B. The two microbes must have phenotypic similarity. C. The two microbes must be grown in pure culture. D. There must be less than 3% divergence in rRNA gene sequences between the two microbes. E. The two microbes must have at least 70% whole genome similarity, as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization.
B. The two microbes must have phenotypic similarity. D. There must be less than 3% divergence in rRNA gene sequences between the two microbes. E. The two microbes must have at least 70% whole genome similarity, as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization.
A microbial ecologist wants to study a bacterium that is adapted to growth in lake water containing very low nutrient concentrations. Assuming that a suitable growth medium is available for this organism, which type of culture would be best to use for growing this organism in the lab? A. a batch culture using a low-nutrient medium B. a chemostat using a low-nutrient medium C. This organism cannot be grown in the lab. D. on Petri plates containing a low-nutrient medium
B. a chemostat using a low-nutrient medium
The main functions of the bacterial cell wall include all EXCEPT the following __________. A. conferring a specific shape to the cell B. actively transporting solutes against the concentration gradient C. resisting cell lysis due to osmotic forces D. limiting cell size
B. actively transporting solutes against the concentration gradient
Archaea with a plasma membrane composed of a tetraether monolayer would most likely be found ______. A. at a pH of 2 B. at a temperature of 90oC C. in the soil D. in the mammalian gut E. in an anaerobic environment
B. at a temperature of 90oC
A major function of prokaryotic gas vesicles is to A. store oxygen for aerobic growth when oxygen becomes depleted in the environment. B. confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density. C. serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxide. D. keep the cell's organelles separated during flagellar motion.
B. confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density.
Metagenomics involves the analysis of a microbial community by __________. A. sequencing all of the community RNA in an environment B. sampling and sequencing all of the genes in an environment C. generating a phylogenetic tree based on all of the versions of a gene in an environment D. generating a complete sequence of the genomes of all of the organisms in an environment
B. sampling and sequencing all of the genes in an environment
The number of colonies obtained in a plate count does NOT depend on the A. incubation time. B. size of the colonies. C. type of culture medium. D. inoculum volume.
B. size of the colonies.
Although the archaellum is distinct from the bacterial flagellum, researchers believe that it is an example of divergent evolution and related to the type IV pilus of bacteria. What are some similarities and differences between archaella and the bacterial type IV pilus? Select all that apply. A. Archaella are powered directly by ATP, but bacterial type IV pili are powered by a proton motive force. B. Archaella and type IV pili are both important in attachment to host tissues. C. Archaella and type IV pili have genetic similarities revealed by genomic studies. D. Archaella and type IV pili both act by rotating. E. Archaella are important for swimming motility, while type IV pili are important in twitching motility.
C. Archaella and type IV pili have genetic similarities revealed by genomic studies. E. Archaella are important for swimming motility, while type IV pili are important in twitching motility.
The number of organisms in a broth culture was determined using the standard plate count method (SPC) and spectrophotometry (SPEC). Which of the results below would you expect to see from each method? A. SPC = 100 cfu/ml; SPEC = 10 cfu/ml B. SPC = 12 × 10^6 cfu/ml; SPEC = 12 × 10^6 cfu/ml C. SPC = 12 × 10^6 cfu/ml; SPEC = 11 × 10^7 cfu/ml D. SPC = 12 × 10^7 cfu/ml; SPEC = 11 × 10^3 cfu/ml
C. SPC = 12 × 106 cfu/ml; SPEC = 11 × 107 cfu/ml
Explain why the presence of a capsule or slime layer would benefit a bacterial cell. A. These outer layers can help the immune system recognize foreign organisms. B. These outer layers can prevent added virulence during a bacterial infection. C. These outer layers can aid in attachment to solid surfaces. D. These outer layers prevent water from entering the cell, causing rapid dehydration.
C. These outer layers can aid in attachment to solid surfaces.
One type of archaeon, Haloquadratum walsbyi, is shaped like a postage stamp with dimensions of 2 µm x 3 µm x 0.25 µm. What likely advantage would this shape provide? A. This shape is more conducive to the formation of biofilm communities. B. This shape is difficult for phagocytic cells to attach to and engulf. C. This shape increases the surface to volume ratio enabling more efficient nutrient uptake. D. This shape enables this bacteria to float on surfaces and obtain better light exposure.
C. This shape increases the surface to volume ratio enabling more efficient nutrient uptake.
Type IV pili are involved in A. twitching motility and attachment of cells to surfaces. B. attachment of cells to surfaces. C. attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis. D. pathogenesis. E. twitching motility.
C. attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis.
The enzyme lysozyme kills bacterial cells by cleaving the beta 1,4-glycosidic bonds in the peptidoglycan. This leads to which of the following? A. lysis of the cell due to the same mechanism used by penicillin B. out of control cell growth C. breaches of the cell wall and cell lysis due to osmotic swelling D. the inability of the cell to grow and divide
C. breaches of the cell wall and cell lysis due to osmotic swelling
Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of A. carbon and nitrogen B. nitrogen. C. carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. D. sulfur. E. carbon.
C. carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Which of the following proteins is mismatched with its eukaryotic homologue? A. MreB - actin B. FtsZ - tubulin C. crescentin - tubulin D. FtsA - actin
C. crescentin - tubulin
Which choice illustrates best what occurs in the stationary phase of bacterial growth? A. balanced growth, where the number of dead cells equals the number of new cells B. unbalanced growth, where the number of dead cells increases while the number of new cells decreases C. cryptic growth, where the number of new cells equals the number of dying cells D. cryptic growth, where the number of dead cells decreases while the number of new cells increases
C. cryptic growth, where the number of new cells equals the number of dying cells
Optical density and viable cell concentration are LEAST proportional to each other during the A. exponential growth phase. B. lag phase. C. death phase. D. stationary phase.
C. death phase.
Relative to enzymes in mesophilic microorganisms, which of the following is NOT characteristic of enzymes in psychrophiles? A. less hydrogen bonds B. decreased beta sheets C. decreased alpha helices D. less ionic bonds
C. decreased alpha helices
Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because A. they are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive. B. endospores are significantly smaller than vegetative cells. C. endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens. D. endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens, and endospores are significantly smaller than vegetative cells. E. endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.
C. endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.
When you see a publication describing an enzyme from Candidatus Pseudomonas utahensis you can infer that this organism (select all that apply) A. is described in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. B. has been deposited in a culture collection. C. has not been grown in pure culture. D. has been grown in pure culture. E. has not been formally recognized as a species.
C. has not been grown in pure culture. E. has not been formally recognized as a species.
Most prokaryotic cells reside A. in lakes, rivers, and oceans. B. on Earth's surface. C. in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces. D. in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals).
C. in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
Like all forms of life on Earth, all microbial cells perform three major types of activities: __________. A. growth, genetic exchange, and evolution B. metabolism, growth, and genetic exchange C. metabolism, growth, and evolution D. growth, differentiation, and metabolism
C. metabolism, growth, and evolution
The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from A. animals. B. plants and animals together. C. microorganisms. D. plants.
C. microorganisms.
You have discovered a new coccoid-shaped microorganism with no nucleus, a rigid cell wall, and a diameter of 2 µm. Chemical tests reveal that its cell wall does NOT contain peptidoglycan. The new microorganism is A. most likely a eukaryote. B. either a bacterium or an archaeon. C. most likely an archaeon. D. most likely a bacterium.
C. most likely an archaeon.
A student has a pure culture of bacteria growing in a flask and wants to know how many living cells are in the culture at a given time. Which method should she employ to get an estimate? A. Any of these methods would work equally well in this case, assuming that standard curves are produced. B. turbidity measurements C. plate counts D. microscopic counts
C. plate counts
A microbe growing in a refrigerator is likely A. hyperthermophilic. B. mesophilic. C. psychrotolerant or psychrophilic. D. psychrophilic.
C. psychrotolerant or psychrophilic.
Fts proteins are essential for bacterial cell division because they __________. A. are involved in peptidoglycan synthesis B. are involved in the forming of the divisome C. are involved in the pulling apart the two copies of the chromosome D. All of the listed responses are correct.
D. All of the listed responses are correct.
Scientists believe life may have begun as an RNA world because __________. A. RNA can have catalytic activity B. RNA can bind small molecules C. RNA is essential to processes found in all cells D. All of the listed responses are correct.
D. All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of these statements is/are TRUE? A. Nonphototrophic organisms are able to grow at higher temperatures than phototrophic organisms. B. The most thermophilic prokaryotes are species of Archaea. C. In general, prokaryotic organisms can grow at higher temperatures than eukaryotic organisms. D. All of the statements are true.
D. All of the statements are true.
The lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria and ________ contain ester linkages, while the cytoplasmic membrane of ________ contain ether linkages. A. Eukarya / prokaryotes B. Archaea / Eukarya C. Archaea / fungi D. Eukarya / Archaea
D. Eukarya / Archaea
Penicillin inhibits which of the following molecules during cell division? A. MinE B. FtsK C. FtsA D. FtsI E. FtsZ
D. FtsI
Porins are present in ______________bacteria because, in these organisms, molecules entering the cell must pass through an extra layer of ___________. A. Gram-positive; membrane B. Gram-positive; peptidoglycan C. Gram-negative; peptidoglycan D. Gram-negative; membrane E. both Gram-negative and Gram-positive; membrane
D. Gram-negative; membrane
A bacterium does not continuously swim at one speed in one direction. Different arrangements and structures of flagella contribute to changes in speed and direction when necessary. How does motility relate to flagellation? Select all the correct answers. A. Bacteria with lophotrichously arranged flagella change direction only by changing the flagellar rotation. B. Certain flagellated prokaryotes exhibit gliding motility, a slower and smoother form of movement along the long axis of a cell. C. Peritrichously arranged flagella may only rotate counterclockwise. D. In general, organisms with polar flagella move more quickly than peritrichously flagellated organisms. E. Bacteria with amphitrichously arranged flagella change direction by periodically stopping to reorient themselves or by changing the flagellar rotation. F. Bacteria with peritrichously arranged flagella change direction by changing the flagellar rotation and "tumbling."
D. In general, organisms with polar flagella move more quickly than peritrichously flagellated organisms. E. Bacteria with amphitrichously arranged flagella change direction by periodically stopping to reorient themselves or by changing the flagellar rotation. F. Bacteria with peritrichously arranged flagella change direction by changing the flagellar rotation and "tumbling."
The major shape-determining factor in Bacteria is the protein A. FtsZ. B. MinD. C. crescentin. D. MreB.
D. MreB.
A closed system, used for bacterial growth, where nothing is added and nothing is removed is called __________. A. a chemostat B. a continuous culture C. a lag culture D. a batch culture
D. a batch culture
Explain how organisms are placed into the three major cell lineages or domains. A. physical characteristics B. metabolic characteristics C. analysis of DNA D. analysis of ribosomal RNA
D. analysis of ribosomal RNA
Which of the following regarding microcompartments is false? Microcompartments A. include carboxysomes B. consist of a virion-like protein shell encapsulating enzymes. C. are to bacteria what membrane-bound organelles are to eukaryotic cells. D. include gas vesicles
D. include gas vesicles
A new protein has been described that transports a growth factor across the plasma membrane. This protein is most likely a/an: A. cytoplasmic protein. B. peripheral membrane protein, facing the cytoplasmic side. C. peripheral membrane protein, facing outward. D. integral membrane protein.
D. integral membrane protein.
Fluorescent microscopy can be used to track the origin of replication (ori) on the chromosome during bacterial cell replication by performing all EXCEPT which of the following steps? A. performing time-lapse fluorescent photomicroscopy of labeled cells during cell replication B. introducing a sequence of DNA near the ori that will bind a fluorescent protein C. introducing a reporter gene into the chromosome that codes for a fluorescent protein that will bind to a specific DNA sequence near the ori D. introducing a reporter gene into the chromosome next to the ori
D. introducing a reporter gene into the chromosome next to the ori
The morphology of a cell influences its A. motility. B. surface-to-volume ratio. C. metabolism. D. motility and surface-to-volume ratio.
D. motility and surface-to-volume ratio.
What was LUCA? A. the last eukaryote before eukaryotes diversified B. the type of prokaryote that evolved into a eukaryote C. the first cellular organism to evolve D. the last organism prior to the divergence of bacteria and archaea
D. the last organism prior to the divergence of bacteria and archaea
An endotoxin is A. a toxin known for its primary attack on the epidermis of mammals. B. a toxin produced within archaeal cells. C. a toxin produced in the periplasm of most bacteria. D. the toxic portion of the LPS.
D. the toxic portion of the LPS.
Which of the following molecules is shared by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms? A. lipoteichoic acid B. lipopolysaccharide C. endotoxin D. lipid A E. N-acetylmuramic acid
E. N-acetylmuramic acid
In archaeal membranes, what serves the same function as the fatty acids of bacterial membranes? A. hopanoid molecules B. glycerophosphates C. phosphate groups D. glycerol E. isoprene derivatives
E. isoprene derivatives
Lophotrichous
flagella located in a tuft on one end
Amphitrichous
flagella located in tufts on both ends
Peritrichous
multiple flagella, all over the cell
