BIOL STUDY GUIDE

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs

A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended

The information contained in genes is expressed

By translating the mRNA into polypeptide. By folding the polypeptide into a structural protein Though transcribing the DNA segment into mRNA

Sickle-cell disease has a physiological impact on the body because it

Can cause anemia to develop. Changes the shape of red blood cells, which decreases the oxygen supply to the tissue. decreases the amount of oxygen picked up by red blood cells from the alveoli.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand

DNA Polymerase

Linear DNA in the human genome is package at several levels, Which of the following represents the levels from least packaged to the most packaged?

DNA strand nucleosomes, chromosomes

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo theraphy

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo therapy occurs inside the body

Sickle-cell anemia limits its effects within the the body to the respiratory and circulatory system,

False

To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, if the original is DNA, the Transcribed copy is also a DNA

False

Red blood cells are responsible for

Gas exchange throughout the body

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

Genetic information that produces a product, either protein or RNA

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which of the following statement best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I. This occurs when

Homologous chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs

____ contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ____ contain identical alleles combinations.

Homologous chromosomes; Sister chromatids

PCR is important because it allows scientist to

Identify criminals in forensic studies track ancestry of organism mimic DNA replication to copy a specific segment of DNA to study

There are two main forms of non-Mendelian inheritance. In ______. as observed in familial hypercholesterolemia, the allele does not completely mask the recessive allele. in _____ . as observed in AB blood type. two dominant alleles are expressed for the same phenotype.

Incomplete dominance; Codominance

which of the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease

It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next

Select all the characteristics that make sickle-cell a good candidate to study genetic diseases

It is easily identifiable by a physical characteristic. It results from a single change in a single gene. The sickle-cell inheritance pattern is not influenced by other genes.

What is the role of the enzyme ligase in DNA replication

It links the gaps between Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand

Select all the techniques used to analyze DNA for mutation

Karotypes, Microarray

Image of unreplicated chromosomes that allow researchers to organized and identify each chromosomes, as well as missing or extra chromosomes are called

Karyotypes

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into the red blood cells and carbon dioxides diffuses out of the red blood cells and into the lungs

the F1 generation results from the fertilization of

P gametes

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an

Promoter

The hemoglobin molecule is a

Protein

In gene expression, the goal of translation is to

Read codon and incorporate corresponding amino acids into a growing polypetide chain

For the expression of a recessive trait, a person needs to inherit a

Recessive allele from both of their parents

DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end products consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Semiconservative

Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes

Some phenotypes, can be influenced by the environment. The genotypes still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variation in the resulting phenotype.

In humans, male gametes are called _______, while females gametes are called _______

Sperm; eggs

In DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously, and the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. The synthesis of the lagging strand relies on the formation of Okasaki fragments

TRUE

In genome editing the mutated gene is either replaced with the correct gene or completely removed

TRUE

select all the following that are components of DNA

The nitrogenous bases thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine Phosphate group A deoxyribose sugar

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the percentage of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that

The percent of adenine is equal of the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal of the percent of guanin

Which of the following statement describes the orientation of the two strands of DnA?

The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'

which of the following is the goal of PCR

To create several copies of a segment of DNA in a tube

Which of the following best explains the role of a transcription in a cell

To produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instruction outside the nucleus

Which of the following plays the role of interpreting the genetic information, from the mRNA, into the structural protein that is used by the cells

Translation

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

Two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed

Two parents with Type A and Type B have a child with type AB. How is this possible?

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally

For traits to be transmitted and expressed in the next generation

Will depend on the characteristic of the inherited alleles being dominant of recessive.

The overall goal of gene expression is to make

a structural protein that can be used in a cell.

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

eye color

CRISPR may work to treat sickle-cell disease bu targeting

faulty portions of the hemoglobin genome of the cells and removing and replacing those portions with normal sequence of nucleotides

Hemoglobin function in _____ cells and carries____ to all cell of the body

red blood; oxygen

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

During DNA replication, the _____ strand is the one being used by the DNA polymerase to polymerase to provide the new _______strand of DNA

template; daughter

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits. which law of inheritance best describes why this happens

the law of independent assortments

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a ________. and if one strand has a guanin the other has a/an ________

thymine; Cytosine

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of _____. and all other cells are formed through the process of _____

meiosis; mirosis

Which of the following statements best describes how a mutation changes the shape of a protein?

If a mutation occurs during DNA replication, the affected gene may produce a protein that is misfolded.

You are given an assignment to identify a pair of human sex chromosomes from a karotype. How would you differentiate the sex chromosomes from the autosomal chromosomes

the sex chromosomes will be labeled XX or XY

Sickle crisis require immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized

Anemia, A decrease in gas exchange between alveoli and the capillaries, chest pain and shortness of breath

____ are the basic unit of inheritance that can be passed on from one generation to the next

Genes

Steps of DNA replication

1. DNA helicase binds to the origin of replication. 2. single stranded binding protein keeps the double helix separated. 3. Primase lays down a segment of nucleotides. 4. DNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary strand.

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis results in

Four haploid daughter cells that are generically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two haploid daugther cells that are generically identical

DNA is packaged into chromosomes to

Keep the DNA organized and accessible to the cell compact the large amount of DNA inton each cell fit within the nucleus of the cell

Mendel's experiments led him to the conclusion that individuals have two factors for each trait, which that separate during gamete formation, resulting in gametes with one factor for each trait. In addition fertilization results in a new individual with two factors for each trait again. He refers this as teh

Law of segregation

What is/are the main goal(s) of obtaining and testing DNA?

To test the presence of alleles associated with genetic diseases before birth To study the number of alleles that are present in an unborn child To determine if the exact alleles for a disease are present in an individual.