biol1107 unit 3: cell division

Cytokinesis differs in plants and animals due to the presence of which structures in plants? A. vacuoles B. chloroplasts C. cell membranes D. mitochondria E. cell walls

E

Diploid plants with somatic cells that contain 18 chromosomes are used to produce triploid plants (3n). How many chromosomes will be found in the somatic cells of a triploid plant? A. 18 B. 36 C. 9 D. 54 E. 27

E

If a diploid organism has somatic cells with 14 chromosomes, how many different gametes can the organism produce without recombination? A) 256 B) 512 C) 32 D) 64 E) 128

E

If a person goes outside without sunscreen and UV radiation from the sun mutates the DNA in their skin cells, who will inherit the mutations? A. all children B. daughters but not sons C. some random children D. sons but not daughters E. no children

E

Which of the following are associated with mitotic division in animals (select all that apply)? A) cellpate B) recombination C) synapsis D) ploidy reduction E)contractile ring F) kinetochores

E, F

Eukaryotic cells replicate their DNA during mitosis and meiosis. T/F

F

Independent assortment can occur in diploid cells with two chromosomes. T/F

F

telophase

Nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes.

prometaphase

Spindle attaches to chromatids at centromeres.

Eukaryotic cells replicate their DNA before mitosis and meiosis. T/F

T

Independent assortment can occur in diploid cells with four chromosomes. T/F

T

what happens during G2?

cell growth and preparation for division

what happens in G0?

cells that don't divide (brain or some muscle cells) enter here and stay here forever

animal lifecycle

diploid animal haploid gamete diploid zygote mitotic to animal

plant lifecycle

diploid sporophyte haploid spores haploid gametophyte haploid gametes diploid zygote diploid sporophyte

If the somatic cells of an adult animal are tetraploid (4n), what is the ploidy of its gametes?

diploid, 2n

what occurs during G1?

growth and prep for replication

alternation of generations

life cycle that has two alternating phases—a haploid (N) phase and diploid (2N) phase; plants

function of G2 checkpoint

looking for DNA damage and fully replicated chromosomes

function of G1 checkpoint

looking for size, external signals, and DNA damage

male gametogenesis

meiosis 1:secondary spermatocyte → meiosis II:spermatids → mature sperm

sporophyte to spores process

meiotic

zygote to animal process

mitosis

two parts of mitotic phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

gametophyte to gamete process

mitotic

spores to gametophyte process

mitotic

zygote to sporophyte process

mitotic

mitosis meaning

nuclear division

options for a cell if a checkpoint fails

stop and fix the problem of apoptosis

contractile ring

structure made of actin and myosin filaments that forms a belt around a dividing cell, pinching it in two

synapsis

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

what is the kineticore?

where microtubules attach

function of M checkpoint

"spindle check" making sure chromosomes are correctly attached to spindles in order to ensure all chromosomes are in the right spots

what occurs during anaphase?

-chromatids come apart and pulled towards opposite poles *are then called CHROMOSOMES

what occurs during prophase?

-chromosomes condense for division -spindles start to form

what occurs during metaphase?

-chromosomes line up in middle

functions of mitosis

-growth -regeneration -reproduction (asexual)

what occurs during telophase?

-new nuclear envelope forms -spindle disappears -chromosomes decondense

what occurs during prometaphase?

-nuclear envelope disappears -spindle begins to attach to chromosomes at centromeres

Nondisjunction can occur during which of the following processes (select all that apply)? A) meiosis II B) mitosis C) replication D) meiosis I E) transcription

A, B, D

Which of the following are associated with meiotic division in animals (select all that apply)? A) Recombination B) Contractile ring C) Cell plate D) Kinetochores E) Ploidy reduction F) Synapsis

A, B, D, E, F

When are chromatids separated from each other during cell division (select all that apply)? A) meiosis II B) meiosis I C) mitosis D) interphase E) replication

A, C

Which normal human cells could contain 22 autosomes and a single X chromosome (select all that apply)? A) sperm B) somatic cells C) eggs

A, C

Which of the following contribute to genetic variation for sexual reproduction (select all that apply)? A) recombination B) mitosis C) mutation D) fertilization E) independent assortment

A, C, D, E

Which of these statements about homologous chromosomes are accurate (select all that apply)? A) Homologous chromosomes are maternal and paternal in origin. B) Homologous chromosomes pair with each other during mitosis. C) Homologous chromosomes exchange chromatin during meiosis. D) Homologous chromosomes contain an identical DNA sequence. E) Homologous chromosomes can have different alleles of a gene.

A, C, E

Cells go through the cell cycle twice, and the graph below indicates the amount of DNA in a cell at different time points. Which section of the graph corresponds to a mitotic phase? A. I B. III C. IV D. II

B

Fertilization (gamete fusion) also generates an incredible amount of genetic variation. Due to independent assortment and fertilization, how many different kids can two humans produce? A. 4.2 million B. 70.4 trillion C. 16.8 million D. 35.2 trillion E. 8.4 million

B

How many chromosomes does a cell with 40 chromosomes during the G1 phase have during telophase of mitosis? A) 20 B) 80 C) 60 D) 40 E) 10

B

If a fruit fly zygote goes through mitosis four times but never undergoes cytokinesis, which of the following outcomes would be observed? A. eight cells that each contain a nucleus B. one cell that has sixteen identical nuclei C. sixteen cells that each contain a nucleus D. one cell that has eight identical nuclei

B

Jacobs or XYY syndrome is a condition where men have two Y chromosomes. This syndrome is likely due to an error during which process? A. meiosis I in father B. meiosis II in father C. meiosis II in mother D. meiosis I in mother E. mitosis in embryo

B

Jumper ants have a single pair of chromosomes yet produce offspring with a significant amount of genetic variation. Which of the following will contribute the most to variation in this species? A. mutation B. recombination C. independent assortment D. fertilization

B

Which checkpoint likely failed if a eukaryotic cell divides when its DNA is not completely replicated? A) G1 checkpoint B) G2 checkpoint C) M checkpoint

B

Which of these statements about homologous chromosomes are accurate (select all that apply)? A) Homologous chromosomes contain an identical DNA sequence. B) Homologous chromosomes pair with each other during meiosis. C) Homologous chromosomes are maternal and paternal in origin. D) Homologous chromosomes can have different alleles of a gene. E) Homologous chromosomes exchange chromatin during mitosis

B, C, D

female gametogenesis

Before birth: Oogonium --> primary oocyte Childhood to puberty: primary oocyte arrested in prophase 1 of meiosis 1 Monthly from puberty to menopause: Primary oocyte --> meiosis I --> secondary oocyte + first polar body --> ovulation --> secondary oocyte arrest in metaphase 2 of meiosis 2 --> meiosis 2 completed when fertilization

How many chromosomes does a cell with 64 chromosomes during the G1 phase of the cell cycle have during prometaphase of mitosis? A. 32 B. 128 C. 64 D. 256 E. none

C

If a diploid cell has four chromosomes before meiotic division, how many chromosomes will daughter cells receive if a nondisjunction that affects one chromosome occurs in meiosis II? A. 2, 2, 4, 0 B. 3, 3, 1, 1 C. 2, 2, 3, 1 D. 3, 3, 2, 0

C

If the gametes of an adult animal are tetraploid (4n), what is the ploidy of its somatic cells? A) tetraploid (4n) B) dodecaploid (12n) C) octoploid (8n) D) triploid (3n) E) diploid (2n)

C

When is the ploidy reduced during meiosis? A. middle of meiosis I B. middle of meiosis II C. end of meiosis I D. end of meiosis II

C

A diploid cell contains one pair of homologous chromosomes. Which figures shown below are depicting an event that occurs during meiosis? A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

C, A, D, E (in order)

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Which process is directly responsible for producing a zygote during alternation of generations? A) fertilization B) mitotic division C) alternative splicing D) translation E) meiotic division

A

Which of the following is the original source of genetic variation for sexual reproduction? A. mutation B. recombination C. independent assortment D. fertilization

A

If a diploid plant produces gametes with 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be found in somatic cells of a triploid (3n) variety?

30

If a diploid organism has somatic cells with 12 chromosomes, how many different gametes can the organism produce without recombination?

64

If a diploid plant produces gametes with 30 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be found in somatic cells of a triploid (3n) variety?

90

HBA is a gene on chromosome 16 in humans that codes for part of hemoglobin. This gene was duplicated during our evolutionary past into HBA1 and HBA2. How many copies are found in a somatic cell during the G1 phase? A. 4 B. 2 C. 6 D. 1 E. 8

A

If a diploid cell contains 8 picograms of DNA during the G1 phase, how many picograms ofDNA will a cell have at the end of meiosis II? A. 4 B. 8 C. 6 D. 2

A

Somatic cells of a diploid organism contain 8 chromosomes during the G1 phase. Assuming no recombination during meiosis, how many different gametes can the organism produce? A. 16 B. 128 C. 32 D. 256 E. 8

A

Two parents have a child with Down syndrome.When did the nondisjunction likely happen? A. meiosis I in parent #1 B. meiosis II in parent #2 C. meiosis II in parent #1 D. meiosis I in parent #2

A

Which checkpoint likely failed if a eukaryotic cell divides when external signals should stop division? A) G1 checkpoint B) G2 checkpoint C) M checkpoint

A

Which normal human cells could contain 22 autosomes and a single Y chromosome (select all that apply)? A) sperm B) somatic cells C) eggs

A

anaphase

Chromatids separate to become chromosomes.

prophase

Chromatin begins to condense for cell division.

cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides to make two daughter cells.

How many chromosomes does a cell with 20 chromosomes during the G1 phase have during telophase of mitosis? A) 60 B) 80 C) 20 D) 40 E) 10

D

If colchicine disrupts formation of the spindle, how would this substance affect the cell cycle? A. Cell will not commit to DNA replication. B. Cell cycle will stop before mitotic phase. C. Colchicine will not impact the cell cycle. D. Cell cycle would stop during metaphase. E. Cell will exit the cycle into the G0 phase.

D

If cultivated strawberry plants are octoploid (8n), what is the ploidy of the gametophytes? A. diploid (2n) B. octoploid (8n) C. hexadecaploid (16n) D. tetraploid (4n) E. haploid (n)

D

Somatic cells of a diploid organism contain 40 chromosomes during the G1 phase. How many chromosomes and chromatids does a cell contain at the beginning of meiosis II? A. 20 chromosomes, no chromatids B. 40 chromosomes, 80 chromatids C. 40 chromosomes, no chromatids D. 20 chromosomes, 40 chromatids

D

When are homologous chromosomes attached to each other in cells (select all that apply)? A) interphase B) replication C) mitosis D) meiosis I E) meiosis II

D

Which process is directly responsible for producing gametes during alternation of generations? A) fertilization B) alternative splicing C) translation D) mitotic division E) meiotic division

D

which processes make up interphase?

G1, DNA replication, G2

where are the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

G1, G2, metaphase