BIOL1322- CH5 (CARBS)

salivary amylase in carb digestion:

begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth

if a person's diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood. Ketone bodies form as a result of the partial breakdown of ________________.

fat

what are other names for sugar that may be listed on food products?

maltodextrin, lactose, and raw sugar

what American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?

native Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, and African Americans

diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for _______.

type 2 diabetes

diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for _________.

type 2 diabetes

aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _________ (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

amino

digestible carbohydrates

amylopectin and glycogen

which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid?

aspartame

sucrase

breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

lactase

breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose

maltase

breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose

what are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

calcium and phosphorus; protein

choose all of the following foods that are sources of refined carbohydrates.

candy, apple pie, and donut

(glycemic index x grams of ________)/100= glycemic load

carbohydrates

individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing ________.

cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

scientific studies demonstrate that eating sugary foods or drinks do not _________.

cause ADHD; have negative effects on behavior; increase physical activity levels in children

nondigestible carbohydrates

cellulose, gums, pectins, and mucilages

what is another name for polysaccharides?

complex carbohydrates

lactose-containing foods fall into which food category?

dairy

what are the main sources of added sugars in Americans' diets?

desserts and snacks with added sugars, and sugar-sweetened beverages

if blood glucose levels drop too low, a person can _________.

die; lose consciousness; develop seizures

what is the technical term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called ____________.

hypoglycemia

the hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering blood sugar is ___________.

insulin

hypoglycemia is ________ blood glucose level.

low

losing excess body fat and increasing physical activity can ________.

lower the risk for a stroke; lower the risk for heart disease; prevent or delay type 2 diabetes

people gain body fat when their total intake of kilocalories from _______ and the nonnutrient ________ exceeds their energy needs.

macronutrients and alcohol

an excellent source of protein, many vitamins, calcium, and phosphorus is __________.

milk and milk products

stevia leaf extracts, sucralose, and _____ ______ are examples of non-nutritive sweeteners because they supply zero kilocalories per serving.

monk fruit and non-nutritive

simple carbohydrates include _______, which contain only one sugar unit, and ________, which are compounds of two sugar units.

mono and disaccharides

enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into _________.

monosaccharides

aspartame consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid and is best known by the trade names _________.

nutrasweet and equal

sugars supply 4 kcal/gram, classifying them as _______ sweeteners.

nutritive

the pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is ________ _________.

pancreatic amylase

losing excess body fat and increasing physical activity can _______.

prevent or delay type 2 diabetes; lower the risk for heart disease; lower the risk for a stroke

the primary role of glucose is to ________ _________ for muscles and other cells.

provide energy

sweetening beverages, cookies, chips, and processed snack foods are all examples of _______.

refined carbohydrates

which of the following is true about sugar and hyperactivity?

research does not indicate that sugar increases a child's risk for hyperactivity (ADHD)

which behavior is most likely to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

sedentary life style

the two major kinds of carbohydrates in human diets are ________.

simple and complex carbohydrates

what is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?

tooth decay

which nutrients must be listed on a food label?

total fat, protein, sodium, and total carbohydrate

put the foods in order from greatest fiber content per serving (1) to least fiber content per serving (5).

1 cup of black beans, 1 cup of blackberries, 6 oz of apple with skin, 1 cup of romaine lettuce, and 1 slice of white bread

sugar alcohols provide about _________ kcal/g.

2

according to the food and nutrition board, carbohydrates should provide ______% to ______% of total calories in the diet.

45-65%

T or F: a diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity.

T

T or F: the main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

T

most dietary ________ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

what are probable causes of hyperactivity?

genetic factors and environmental factors

What is the type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy?

gestational

the hormone secreted by the pancreas when your blood sugar is low and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is __________.

glucagon

the body converts some of the monosaccharide ______ into fat, but much of the excess is burned for energy.

glucose

what is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose

which measurement provides the most realistic way to determine how foods may raise the blood glucose level?

glycemic load

clusters of small rectal veins that can become swollen and inflamed causing bleeding, are called ________.

hemorrhoids

the sweetening agent in sweetened beverages that is thought to contribute to obesity is ________.

high fructose corn syrup

agave syrup, brown sugar, and ______ are examples of _____ _______ that manufacturers may add to foods during processing and preparation.

honey and added sugars

food labels are not required to provide information about which of the following?

soluble fiber

examples of complex carbohydrates include_________.

starch, fiber, and glycogen

nonnutritive sweeteners

sucralose and acesulfame-K

glucose and fructose bonded together form the disaccharide _____.

sucrose

disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

what is added to food to improve the food's tenderness, contribute to browning, and serve as a preservative?

sugar

nutritive sweeteners

sugar, fructose, sorbitol, dextrose, and corn syrup

identify names of sugars that may be found in foods.

sugar, honey, and molasses

sugar alcohols are use in _________.

sugar-free gum, diabetic candy, and breath mints

primary sources of added sugars in the typical American diet include _______-________ _________.

sugar-sweetened beverages

both sugars and sugar alcohols provide ______.

sweetness

what does the term starch mean?

the storage form of carbohydrates in plants

what is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

to provide energy for the body

T or F: Type 1 diabetes only begins during childhood.

F