BIOL1322- CH5 (CARBS)
salivary amylase in carb digestion:
begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth
if a person's diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood. Ketone bodies form as a result of the partial breakdown of ________________.
fat
what are other names for sugar that may be listed on food products?
maltodextrin, lactose, and raw sugar
what American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?
native Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, and African Americans
diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for _______.
type 2 diabetes
diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for _________.
type 2 diabetes
aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _________ (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.
amino
digestible carbohydrates
amylopectin and glycogen
which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid?
aspartame
sucrase
breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose
lactase
breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose
maltase
breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose
what are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?
calcium and phosphorus; protein
choose all of the following foods that are sources of refined carbohydrates.
candy, apple pie, and donut
(glycemic index x grams of ________)/100= glycemic load
carbohydrates
individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing ________.
cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
scientific studies demonstrate that eating sugary foods or drinks do not _________.
cause ADHD; have negative effects on behavior; increase physical activity levels in children
nondigestible carbohydrates
cellulose, gums, pectins, and mucilages
what is another name for polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrates
lactose-containing foods fall into which food category?
dairy
what are the main sources of added sugars in Americans' diets?
desserts and snacks with added sugars, and sugar-sweetened beverages
if blood glucose levels drop too low, a person can _________.
die; lose consciousness; develop seizures
what is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called ____________.
hypoglycemia
the hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering blood sugar is ___________.
insulin
hypoglycemia is ________ blood glucose level.
low
losing excess body fat and increasing physical activity can ________.
lower the risk for a stroke; lower the risk for heart disease; prevent or delay type 2 diabetes
people gain body fat when their total intake of kilocalories from _______ and the nonnutrient ________ exceeds their energy needs.
macronutrients and alcohol
an excellent source of protein, many vitamins, calcium, and phosphorus is __________.
milk and milk products
stevia leaf extracts, sucralose, and _____ ______ are examples of non-nutritive sweeteners because they supply zero kilocalories per serving.
monk fruit and non-nutritive
simple carbohydrates include _______, which contain only one sugar unit, and ________, which are compounds of two sugar units.
mono and disaccharides
enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into _________.
monosaccharides
aspartame consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid and is best known by the trade names _________.
nutrasweet and equal
sugars supply 4 kcal/gram, classifying them as _______ sweeteners.
nutritive
the pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is ________ _________.
pancreatic amylase
losing excess body fat and increasing physical activity can _______.
prevent or delay type 2 diabetes; lower the risk for heart disease; lower the risk for a stroke
the primary role of glucose is to ________ _________ for muscles and other cells.
provide energy
sweetening beverages, cookies, chips, and processed snack foods are all examples of _______.
refined carbohydrates
which of the following is true about sugar and hyperactivity?
research does not indicate that sugar increases a child's risk for hyperactivity (ADHD)
which behavior is most likely to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
sedentary life style
the two major kinds of carbohydrates in human diets are ________.
simple and complex carbohydrates
what is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?
tooth decay
which nutrients must be listed on a food label?
total fat, protein, sodium, and total carbohydrate
put the foods in order from greatest fiber content per serving (1) to least fiber content per serving (5).
1 cup of black beans, 1 cup of blackberries, 6 oz of apple with skin, 1 cup of romaine lettuce, and 1 slice of white bread
sugar alcohols provide about _________ kcal/g.
2
according to the food and nutrition board, carbohydrates should provide ______% to ______% of total calories in the diet.
45-65%
T or F: a diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity.
T
T or F: the main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.
T
most dietary ________ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.
fibers
what are probable causes of hyperactivity?
genetic factors and environmental factors
What is the type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy?
gestational
the hormone secreted by the pancreas when your blood sugar is low and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is __________.
glucagon
the body converts some of the monosaccharide ______ into fat, but much of the excess is burned for energy.
glucose
what is the major monosaccharide in the body?
glucose
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
which measurement provides the most realistic way to determine how foods may raise the blood glucose level?
glycemic load
clusters of small rectal veins that can become swollen and inflamed causing bleeding, are called ________.
hemorrhoids
the sweetening agent in sweetened beverages that is thought to contribute to obesity is ________.
high fructose corn syrup
agave syrup, brown sugar, and ______ are examples of _____ _______ that manufacturers may add to foods during processing and preparation.
honey and added sugars
food labels are not required to provide information about which of the following?
soluble fiber
examples of complex carbohydrates include_________.
starch, fiber, and glycogen
nonnutritive sweeteners
sucralose and acesulfame-K
glucose and fructose bonded together form the disaccharide _____.
sucrose
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
what is added to food to improve the food's tenderness, contribute to browning, and serve as a preservative?
sugar
nutritive sweeteners
sugar, fructose, sorbitol, dextrose, and corn syrup
identify names of sugars that may be found in foods.
sugar, honey, and molasses
sugar alcohols are use in _________.
sugar-free gum, diabetic candy, and breath mints
primary sources of added sugars in the typical American diet include _______-________ _________.
sugar-sweetened beverages
both sugars and sugar alcohols provide ______.
sweetness
what does the term starch mean?
the storage form of carbohydrates in plants
what is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
to provide energy for the body
T or F: Type 1 diabetes only begins during childhood.
F