biolec- exam 1: energy drinks

Harvesting electrons from our nutrients is the main job of which two steps are shown below? -Glycolysis -The Citric Acid Cycle -The Electron Transport Chain

-Glycolysis -The Citric Acid Cycle

what are nucleic acids monomers and polymers

Monomer: Nucleotides Polymer: DNA and RNA

_____ do no provide energy -soft drinks -proteins -ATP -energy drinks -carbohydrates

energy drinks

-the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate -occurs in the cytoplasm

glycolysis

Not stored in the body for long periods fat-soluble water-soluble

water-soluble

Vitamins are one of the main ingredients of energy drinks. -Through the manufacturing of coenzymes, they assist enzymes in chemical reactions. -They act as an organic energy nutrient. -They act as hormones to direct the organs of the body to perform specific functions. -They act as antioxidants to protect our cells from the effects of damaging compounds.

-Through the manufacturing of coenzymes, they assist enzymes in chemical reactions. -They act as hormones to direct the organs of the body to perform specific functions. -They act as antioxidants to protect our cells from the effects of damaging compounds.

Which of the following ingredients of an energy drink have the role of a stimulant. -caffeine -citicoline -niacin -phenylalanine

-caffeine -citicoline

Select all of the following that are characteristics of the plasma membrane. -All living cells have an intact plasma membrane that separates the internal cellular components of the cell from its external environment. -The membrane is composed of phospholipids, large organic molecules with hydrophilic, fatty acid tails connected to a hydrophobic, phosphate head that serves as a barrier blocking the movement of most molecules. -The selective permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane is also altered based on the presence of proteins embedded in the membrane. -The plasma membrane is able to regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell because of its composition.

-All living cells have an intact plasma membrane that separates the internal cellular components of the cell from its external environment. -The selective permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane is also altered based on the presence of proteins embedded in the membrane. -The plasma membrane is able to regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell because of its composition.

Select all of the following that are characteristics of energy drinks. -Energy drinks contain high levels of energy nutrients and not stimulants, food additives, and vitamins. -An energy drink is a beverage promoted to enhance energy levels and mental awareness -Energy drinks act as a dietary supplement for nutrients that are known to interact with energy pathways of the cells in a human body. -Energy drinks supply energy to the body the same way a soft drink containing sugar would.

-An energy drink is a beverage promoted to enhance energy levels and mental awareness. -Energy drinks act as a dietary supplement for nutrients that are known to interact with energy pathways of the cells in a human body.

Select all of the following statements that are true concerning caffeine and how it influences physiological processes. -Caffeine is an extreme diuretic and causes large quantities of water loss. -Caffeine is considered to be a psychoactive drug because it creates changes in brain function. -Caffeine increases metabolic rate. -Caffeine decreases the blood glucose levels. -Caffeine releases proteins into the bloodstream. -Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.

-Caffeine is considered to be a psychoactive drug because it creates changes in brain function. -Caffeine increases metabolic rate. -Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.

Select all of the following that are characteristics of cellular respiration. -For one molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle, two molecules of ATP are produced. -Two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis will undergo a modification as they enter the mitochondria. -By the end of the citric acid cycle, all C-C bonds associated with the remaining sugar molecule have been broken. -The breaking of the C-C bonds release electrons, and the following energy molecules are generated: FAD and NAD+ -To rid the body of the excess carbon, the carbon atoms leave the body via the citric acid cycle as carbon dioxide.

-Two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis will undergo a modification as they enter the mitochondria. -By the end of the citric acid cycle, all C-C bonds associated with the remaining sugar molecule have been broken. -To rid the body of the excess carbon, the carbon atoms leave the body via the citric acid cycle as carbon dioxide.

Which of the following prompts are correct regarding a mitochondrion? -Creates carbon dioxide -Only organelle to use oxygen -Site of photosynthesis -Energy is released when C-C bonds of nutrients are broken -Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells will contain mitochondria -Uses CO2 from the air

-creates carbon dioxide -only organelle to use oxygen -energy is released when C-C bonds of nutrients are broken

Proteins are processed in which of the following locations? Choose the best answer. -Mouth -Stomach -Small intestine -Large intestine

-stomach -small intestine large intestine

Correctly identify the TWO functions of lipids within a cell listed below. -Store and transmit genetic information -Form the major framework of biological membranes -Have various levels of structure once folded -Function as long-term energy storage molecules

-store and transmit genetic information -function as long-term energy storage molecules -acts as antibodies and fight off infections

digestive system to cells order

1. The daily food consumption of an organism provides fuel and building blocks for the body. 2. Food is broken down via the digestive system. 3. With the assistance of the circulatory system, the digestive system supplies nutrients and water to the cells. 4. Within a cell, fuel molecules are further broken down during the following steps: glycolysis, the prep reaction, and the citric acid cycle. 5. Large quantities of ATP are produced when electron carriers travel to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

How are molecules other than glucose used as energy sources? -Fats, proteins, and other carbohydrates are not energy sources; cellular respiration is limited to only extracting energy from glucose. -Fats, proteins, and other carbohydrates are similar enough to the carbohydrate, glucose, in that they utilize the same steps of the metabolic pathway without any modifications. -Fats, proteins, and other carbohydrates do not use cellular respiration to break C-C bonds. They have their own unique metabolic pathways to extract energy from the breaking of C-C bonds. -Fats, proteins, and other carbohydrates are modified into intermediate products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. After modification, these molecules enter the same metabolic pathway as glucose and complete the remaining steps.

Fats, proteins, and other carbohydrates are modified into intermediate products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. After modification, these molecules enter the same metabolic pathway as glucose and complete the remaining steps.

what are proteins monomers and polymers

Monomer: amino acid Polymer: peptides, proteins

what are fat/lipids monomers and polymers

Monomer: glycerol, fatty acids Polymer: triglycerides

what are carbohydrates monomers and polymers

Monomer: monosaccharide Polymer: polysaccharide

Carrot cells are about 88% water (12% solute). The carrots in your fridge have become floppy becasue they have lost water through evaporation. You have three solutions that you can soak your carrots in to make them soak up water and become crisp again. Which of the solutions do you choose? -A solution of 70% water and 30% salt. -A solution with 88% water and 12% salt. -A solution with 95% water and 5% salt.

a solution with 95% water and 5% salt

Which of the following best describes a water-soluble vitamin? -A vitamin circulating through the body and excreted in the urine if there is an excess -A vitamin that is stored in the body's liver and fatty tissue if there is an excess -A vitamin that does not need to be replenished frequently -A vitamin that is able to build up to toxic levels very quickly because it is stored in the body

a vitamin circulating through the body and excreted in the urine if there is an excess

which of the following ingredient provides energy in soft drinks -soft drinks -potential energy -kinetic energy -proteins -carbohydrates

carbohydrates

Correctly identify the role of carbohydrates in living organisms. -Carbohydrates act as short-term energetic molecules. -Carbohydrates participate in nearly every chemical reaction in living systems. -Carbohydrates speed chemical reactions. -Carbohydrates are used to create steroid molecules like cholesterol.

carbohydrates act as short-term energetic molecules

Energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is: Mechanical Energy Chemical Energy Solar Energy

chemical energy

completes the breakdown of the carbon molecule to carbon dioxide

citric acid cycle

Thiamine (vitamin B1) binds to an enzyme activating the enzyme and allowing the enzyme to now bind to its substrate pyruvate. Therefore, thiamine would be classified as a/an: -food additive -amino acid -coenzyme -stimulant

coenzyme

In low levels of adenosine and high levels of adrenaline, there typically is a/an ____ in drowsiness and reaction time and a/an _____ ability of the brain to coordinate responses to the muscles of the body. -increase, decrease -decrease, increase

decrease, increase

Phenylalanine -interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy -does not facilitate the generation of energy

does not facilitate the generation of energy

Water -interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy -does not facilitate the generation of energy

does not facilitate the generation of energy

vitamin C -interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy -does not facilitate the generation of energy

does not facilitate the generation of energy

-accounts for most of the ATP generated -strips high electron from electron carriers to generate an electrical gradient across the membrane -water is synthesized

electron chain transport

Which of the following organelles are used for the transport and processing of nutrients? -Mitochondria -Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes -Nucleus and ribosomes -Cell wall

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosome

True or False: All accessory organs interact directly with the small intestines.

false

True or False: During the chemical reaction, enzymes are destroyed and can never be used again in a later reaction.

false

True or False: Energy drinks are a great source of energy nutrients because the main ingredients are organic nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

false

True or False: The consumption of caffeine will decrease the amount fatty acids and glucose in the blood.

false

Stored in adipose tissue when not used fat-soluble water-soluble

fat-soluble

Vitamins A, D, E, and K fat-soluble water-soluble

fat-soluble

The Theory of Endosymbiosis explains: -how the chemical bonds of glucose can be broken to release stored energy to power cells. - how eukaryotic cells evolved their mitochondria and chloroplasts through swallowing up smaller cells and maintaining those cells as new compartments, instead of digesting the swallowed cell and using it as nutrients. -how different organisms in the ecosystem interact in a complex food web. -how prokaryotic cells evolved a cell wall.

how eukaryotic cells evolved their mitochondria and chloroplasts through swallowing up smaller sells and maintaining those cells as new compartments, instead of digesting the swallowed cell and using it as nutrients

energy drinks instead _____ the rate of chemical reactions by interacting with the metabolic pathways that provide energy -increase -decrease

increase

B vitamins -interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy -does not facilitate the generation of energy

interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy

Caffeine -interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy -does not facilitate the generation of energy

interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy

Citicoline -interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy -does not facilitate the generation of energy

interacts with the energy pathways and facilitates the generation of energy

There are two types of digestion. ___________ digestion is the process that increases the surface area of the foods you eat for further digestion. __________ digestion is the breakdown of the nutrients using enzymes into smaller units that can be readily absorbed into the circulatory system for distribution. -Mechanical, Chemical -Chemical, Mechanical

mechanical, chemical

_____ such as fats, carbohydrates, and lipids, play an important role in providing cells with energy. -Inorganic nutrients -Organic nutrients -Vitamins -Minerals

organic nutrients

describe the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration _____ (gas from the air) + _____ (food consumed) _____ (gas released into atmosphere) + H2O + energy

oxygen (gas from the air) + glucose (food consumed) + carbon dioxide (gas released into the atmosphere) + H2O + energy

Once our cells run out of ___, they will start using fermentation to continue making ATP. Fermentation occurs after the process of ____. -oxygen, the Electron Transport Chain -carbon dioxide, the Citric Acid Cycle -glucose, Glycolysis -oxygen, Glycolysis

oxygen, glycolysis

carbohydrates are molecules used in the metabolic pathways of the cell. Cells harvest the _____ in the chemical bonds of the carbon-to-carbon bonds of the carbohydrate to synthesize_____

potential energy, ATP

-two pyruvate molecules undergo modification producing two molecules of acetyl CoA

prepatory reaction

what is the simplest protein structure

primary structure

_____ are a type of organic molecules that have a wide variety of functions in the body. From enzymes in our digestive system to signal molecules in our nervous systems, these molecules perform most of the work in cells.

proteins

_____ of the cell (plasma) membrane help(s) to transmit signals from outside the cell to the inside and vice versa. -Carbohydrates -Proteins -Phospholipids -Cholesterol

proteins

what is the most complex protein structure

quaternary structure

Organs of the digestive system

salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,

Based on the structure of the enzyme, molecules known as __________ bind to the enzyme's ____________. -substrates, active site -active sites, substrates -carbohydrates, active site -active sites, carbohydrates

substrates, active site

Of the ingredients in an energy drink, _____ is/are known to interact with coenzymes that play an important role in many of the steps of cellular respiration. -amino acids -caffeine -the B vitamins -malic acid

the B vitamins

The following are characteristics of ATP EXCEPT: -An immediate source of energy for cells -Composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups -A nucleic acid -The bond between the sugar and nitrogenous base are what give ATP its energy

the bond between the sugar and nitrogenous base are what give ATP its energy

How does ATP release energy that is utilized by living cells for cellular functions or physiological activities?

the breaking of a bond between the phosphates

Of the steps of aerobic respiration, which step produces the majority of the ATP for the cell? -Glycolysis -The Citric Acid Cycle -The Electron Transport Chain -The preparatory step before the Citric Acid Cycle

the electron transport chain

True or False: As food passes through our digestive tract, the amount of nutrients remaining as it reaches the large intestines is low.

true

True or False: Caffeine is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic and therefore can both enter the bloodstream and cross the cell membranes quickly.

true

True or False: Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction.

true

True or False: Some B vitamins act in the metabolism of fats and proteins.

true

True or False: The set of all chemical reactions in an organism that sustains life is referred to as the organism's metabolism.

true

B vitamins and vitamin C fat-soluble water-soluble

water-soluble

High doses excreted in the urine fat-soluble water-soluble

water-soluble

Need to be replenished regularly fat-soluble water-soluble

water-soluble