Biological Anthropology - Exam 3
The genetic diversity of humans is fairly low. This may be accounted for by
-The eruption of Mt. Toba 70,000 years ago -The resulting volcanic (nuclear) winter and instant Ice Age -Genetic bottleneck -Genetic drift and local adaptations
What date is associated with the Acheulian tools?
1.5 mya
A good date for Homo erectus
1.8 mya
What is the date associated with Homo erectus?
1.8 mya
What dates are associated with the origin and dispersal of Homo erectus?
1.8-.8 mya
Our species emerged approximately
150 kya
What date is associated with the Mousterian tools?
150 kya
What dates are associated with the origin of modern humans from archaic Homo sapiens?
150-30 kya
What is the date associated with Paranthropus robustus?
2 mya
What is the date associated with Australopithecus bahrelghazali
2.5 mya
What is the date associated with Australopithecus garhi?
2.5 mya
What is the date associated with Homo habilis?
2.5 mya
What is the date associated with Paranthropus aethiopicus?
2.5 mya
What is the date associated with Paranthropus boisei?
2.5 mya
What dates are associated with the Oldowan tools?
2.5-1.5 mya
When did the adaptive radiation of Miocene apes take place?
25-7 mya
What is the date associated with Australopithecus afarensis?
3 mya
A good date for Australopithecus afarensis
3.6 mya
What date is associated with the Châtelperronian tools?
35 kya. Châtelperronian tools are considered modern human tools.
What is the date associated with Australopithecus anamensis?
4 mya
What is the date associated with Ardipithecus ramidus?
4.4 mya
What is the date associated with Ardipithecus kadabba?
5.5 mya
What is the date associated with Orrorin tugenensis
6 mya
What dates are associated with the control of fire by early humans?
600-500 kya
What are the dates associated with the origin of primates?
65-70 mya
What is the date associated with Sahelanthropus tchadensis?
7 mya
What are the dates associated with the emergence of australopithecines/Paranthropus?
7-1 mya
When did the adaptive radiation of primates take place?
70-25 mya
What dates are associated with the transition of Homo erectus to archaic Homo sapiens?
800-200 kya
What dates are associated with archaic Homo sapiens?
800-300 kya
What is the specimen number of Lucy?
AL288-1
What is the process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms?
Adaptive ratiation
The archaic Homo sapiens who gradually became most similar to modern humans were located in
Africa
Which of the following describes Neanderthals? -Archaic Homo sapiens -Larger brained than modern humans -Adapted to cold environments
All of the above
What is a natural endocast?
An internal cast left by soft tissue; e.g. the brain upon the cranial vault.
Non-honing chewing is something which
Apes have, but humans lack. Apes have a honing canine to shred their food during chewing. Humans developed non-honing chewing because they gained the ability to make and use tools that could preprocess their food.
AL-288-1 is the catalog number of a specimen from which species?
Australopithecus afarensis
What species is associated with the Laetoli footprints found in Tanzania?
Australopithecus afarensis
Mrs. Ples is associated with which species?
Australopithecus africanus
Which species is associated with the sites at Sterkfontein and Markapansgat, South Africa?
Australopithecus africanus
What is the the ancestor species of Australopithecus afarensis?
Australopithecus anamensis
Piltdown Man was a hoax, but it was a carefully constructed hoax to "prove" that
Brain size was the leading trait in human evolution
Where was the oldest known hominid, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, discovered?
Chad
What are healed fractures found in some Homo fossils indicative of?
Cooperative social organization
Who discovered Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)?
Don Johanson
Who discover Homo erectus?
Eugene Dart
Who found and named Pithecanthropus?
Eugene Dubois
Australopithecus africanus is older (earlier) than Australopithecus afarensis.
FALSE
Don Johansson found the skull of Lucy at Hadar in Ethiopia.
FALSE
Homo erectus may have numbered as few as 5,000-10,000 individuals following the eruption of Mt. Toba.
FALSE
Hunter-gatherers live at greater densities than elephants.
FALSE
Relative to australopithecines, Homo has thick dental enamel.
FALSE
Robust australopithecines were about twice the body weight of gracile australopithecines.
FALSE
The Shanidar Caves in Iraq are the sites of some impressive neandertal cave paintings.
FALSE
The emergence of our ancestors' use of fire occured around 1.8 million years ago.
FALSE
True or False - Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus are always found in the same deposits.
FALSE
Homo ergaster is an early African neandertal.
FALSE. Homo ergaster is an African Homo erectus.
Homo erectus was the only hominin species to disperse from Africa.
FALSE. Homo sapiens as well.
True or False? There is strong evidence that archaic Homo sapiens migrated to the Americas.
FALSE. Moderns only.
The presence of Australopithecus in East Africa, South Africa, and Chad is evidence supporting the Multiregional Hypothesis.
FALSE. The MRH has nothing to do with australopithecines..
The discovery of the first Homo erectus was based on the evaluation of two specimens. One was a skullcap and the other was a
Femur
The multiregional hypothesis emphasizes ___ and is associated with ___
Gene flow, Milford Wolpoff
Following a revision, Sinanthropus pekinensis became known as
Homo erectus
Which recently discovered species of Homo has been nicknamed the "Hobbit"?
Homo floresiensis
The type specimen for Homo habilis is
Homo habilis (sensu stricto)
What is the genus species of Neanderthals?
Homo neanderthalensis
The most likely (and most accepted) explanation for the extinction of neandertals is
Inability to adapt to changing environment
Which of the following specimens had the largest brain? KNM-ER 1813 KNM-ER 1470 AL-288-1 OH5 WT-17000
KNM-ER 1470
What is a specimen number of Homo habilis?
KNM-ER 1813
What is the specimen number of the Turkana Boy (juvenile Homo ergaster)?
KNM-WT 15000
What is the specimen number of the "Black Skull" (Paranthropus aethiopicus)?
KNM-WT 17000
Where were Neanderthals first discovered?
Kleine Feldhofer Grotte (Small Feldhofer Grotto), Neandertal Valley, Düsseldorf, Germany.
The Piltdown skull had
Large brain and ape teeth
Who discovered Homo habilis?
Louis Leakey
The traits of archaic Homo sapiens in Africa anticipated
Modern humans
What does the assimilation model contend, and who is associated with it?
Modern humans evolved in Africa , then spread to Asia and Europe. Fred Smith, Erik Trinkaus
The traits of archaic Homo sapiens in Europe anticipated
Neanderthals
Which species is best associated with an occipital bun?
Neanderthals
Is the Single Species Hypothesis an accurate account of human evolution?
No
Which of the following species has a brain size of about 750-900 cc? -Australopithecus africanus -Homo habilis -Neandertals -Homo floresiensis
None of the above
What is a specimen number of Paranthropus boisei?
OH5
The earliest stone tool technology
Oldowan
Which tool technology is possibly associated with Australopithecus garhi?
Oldowan
The Single Species Hypothesis states that
Only one species of large bodied bipedal hominins could be alive at the same time
Which species was referred to by Dr. Graham as "the ultimate in robusticity"?
Paranthropus aethiopicus, descended from Paranthropus boisei
Which species is associated with the sites at Kromdraai and Swartkrans, South Africa?
Paranthropus robustus
The time stretching from the emergence of Homo erectus until the dawn of human agriculture is called
Pleistocene
Australopithecines often died of
Predation
Who discovered the famous Taung child?
Richard Dart
Sometimes, Paranthropus is instead referred to as a
Robust australopithecine
The oldest known fossil(s)
Sahelanthropus
The out of Africa (African replacement) model emphasizes ___ and is associated with ___
Speciation, Chris Stringer
Australopithecis anamensis is a good direct ancestor for Australopithecus afarensis.
TRUE
Chris Stringer believes that the transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens takes place without gene flow and occurs only in Africa
TRUE
True or False? Human brains today are about three times the size of the brains of the earliest hominids.
TRUE
True or false? Dental remains from australopithecines suggest that they had a diet similar to that of modern chimpanzees.
TRUE
What is the term given to the sudden flowering of fine toolmaking, sophisticated weaponry, sculpture, cave painting, body ornaments, and long-distance trade?
The Great Leap Forward
A type specimen refers to
The specimen(s) used to name a species
What is unusual about human babies?
They are precocial and behaviorally altricial.
Humans have a brain size that is
Three times larger than would be expected for a primate of our size (seven times larger than similar sized mammals, more generally).
The type specimen for Homo erectus was found at which site?
Trinil, East Java Province, Indonesia. Because of this, Homo erectus is an "Asian" species.
What was the geographical range of Neanderthals?
Western Europe to the Middle East
Which species is associated with Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania?
Zinjanthropus boisei (Now known as Paranthropus boisei or Australopithecus boisei)