Biological Anthropology - Exam 3

The genetic diversity of humans is fairly low. This may be accounted for by

-The eruption of Mt. Toba 70,000 years ago -The resulting volcanic (nuclear) winter and instant Ice Age -Genetic bottleneck -Genetic drift and local adaptations

What date is associated with the Acheulian tools?

1.5 mya

A good date for Homo erectus

1.8 mya

What is the date associated with Homo erectus?

1.8 mya

What dates are associated with the origin and dispersal of Homo erectus?

1.8-.8 mya

Our species emerged approximately

150 kya

What date is associated with the Mousterian tools?

150 kya

What dates are associated with the origin of modern humans from archaic Homo sapiens?

150-30 kya

What is the date associated with Paranthropus robustus?

2 mya

What is the date associated with Australopithecus bahrelghazali

2.5 mya

What is the date associated with Australopithecus garhi?

2.5 mya

What is the date associated with Homo habilis?

2.5 mya

What is the date associated with Paranthropus aethiopicus?

2.5 mya

What is the date associated with Paranthropus boisei?

2.5 mya

What dates are associated with the Oldowan tools?

2.5-1.5 mya

When did the adaptive radiation of Miocene apes take place?

25-7 mya

What is the date associated with Australopithecus afarensis?

3 mya

A good date for Australopithecus afarensis

3.6 mya

What date is associated with the Châtelperronian tools?

35 kya. Châtelperronian tools are considered modern human tools.

What is the date associated with Australopithecus anamensis?

4 mya

What is the date associated with Ardipithecus ramidus?

4.4 mya

What is the date associated with Ardipithecus kadabba?

5.5 mya

What is the date associated with Orrorin tugenensis

6 mya

What dates are associated with the control of fire by early humans?

600-500 kya

What are the dates associated with the origin of primates?

65-70 mya

What is the date associated with Sahelanthropus tchadensis?

7 mya

What are the dates associated with the emergence of australopithecines/Paranthropus?

7-1 mya

When did the adaptive radiation of primates take place?

70-25 mya

What dates are associated with the transition of Homo erectus to archaic Homo sapiens?

800-200 kya

What dates are associated with archaic Homo sapiens?

800-300 kya

What is the specimen number of Lucy?

AL288-1

What is the process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms?

Adaptive ratiation

The archaic Homo sapiens who gradually became most similar to modern humans were located in

Africa

Which of the following describes Neanderthals? -Archaic Homo sapiens -Larger brained than modern humans -Adapted to cold environments

All of the above

What is a natural endocast?

An internal cast left by soft tissue; e.g. the brain upon the cranial vault.

Non-honing chewing is something which

Apes have, but humans lack. Apes have a honing canine to shred their food during chewing. Humans developed non-honing chewing because they gained the ability to make and use tools that could preprocess their food.

AL-288-1 is the catalog number of a specimen from which species?

Australopithecus afarensis

What species is associated with the Laetoli footprints found in Tanzania?

Australopithecus afarensis

Mrs. Ples is associated with which species?

Australopithecus africanus

Which species is associated with the sites at Sterkfontein and Markapansgat, South Africa?

Australopithecus africanus

What is the the ancestor species of Australopithecus afarensis?

Australopithecus anamensis

Piltdown Man was a hoax, but it was a carefully constructed hoax to "prove" that

Brain size was the leading trait in human evolution

Where was the oldest known hominid, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, discovered?

Chad

What are healed fractures found in some Homo fossils indicative of?

Cooperative social organization

Who discovered Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)?

Don Johanson

Who discover Homo erectus?

Eugene Dart

Who found and named Pithecanthropus?

Eugene Dubois

Australopithecus africanus is older (earlier) than Australopithecus afarensis.

FALSE

Don Johansson found the skull of Lucy at Hadar in Ethiopia.

FALSE

Homo erectus may have numbered as few as 5,000-10,000 individuals following the eruption of Mt. Toba.

FALSE

Hunter-gatherers live at greater densities than elephants.

FALSE

Relative to australopithecines, Homo has thick dental enamel.

FALSE

Robust australopithecines were about twice the body weight of gracile australopithecines.

FALSE

The Shanidar Caves in Iraq are the sites of some impressive neandertal cave paintings.

FALSE

The emergence of our ancestors' use of fire occured around 1.8 million years ago.

FALSE

True or False - Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus are always found in the same deposits.

FALSE

Homo ergaster is an early African neandertal.

FALSE. Homo ergaster is an African Homo erectus.

Homo erectus was the only hominin species to disperse from Africa.

FALSE. Homo sapiens as well.

True or False? There is strong evidence that archaic Homo sapiens migrated to the Americas.

FALSE. Moderns only.

The presence of Australopithecus in East Africa, South Africa, and Chad is evidence supporting the Multiregional Hypothesis.

FALSE. The MRH has nothing to do with australopithecines..

The discovery of the first Homo erectus was based on the evaluation of two specimens. One was a skullcap and the other was a

Femur

The multiregional hypothesis emphasizes ___ and is associated with ___

Gene flow, Milford Wolpoff

Following a revision, Sinanthropus pekinensis became known as

Homo erectus

Which recently discovered species of Homo has been nicknamed the "Hobbit"?

Homo floresiensis

The type specimen for Homo habilis is

Homo habilis (sensu stricto)

What is the genus species of Neanderthals?

Homo neanderthalensis

The most likely (and most accepted) explanation for the extinction of neandertals is

Inability to adapt to changing environment

Which of the following specimens had the largest brain? KNM-ER 1813 KNM-ER 1470 AL-288-1 OH5 WT-17000

KNM-ER 1470

What is a specimen number of Homo habilis?

KNM-ER 1813

What is the specimen number of the Turkana Boy (juvenile Homo ergaster)?

KNM-WT 15000

What is the specimen number of the "Black Skull" (Paranthropus aethiopicus)?

KNM-WT 17000

Where were Neanderthals first discovered?

Kleine Feldhofer Grotte (Small Feldhofer Grotto), Neandertal Valley, Düsseldorf, Germany.

The Piltdown skull had

Large brain and ape teeth

Who discovered Homo habilis?

Louis Leakey

The traits of archaic Homo sapiens in Africa anticipated

Modern humans

What does the assimilation model contend, and who is associated with it?

Modern humans evolved in Africa , then spread to Asia and Europe. Fred Smith, Erik Trinkaus

The traits of archaic Homo sapiens in Europe anticipated

Neanderthals

Which species is best associated with an occipital bun?

Neanderthals

Is the Single Species Hypothesis an accurate account of human evolution?

No

Which of the following species has a brain size of about 750-900 cc? -Australopithecus africanus -Homo habilis -Neandertals -Homo floresiensis

None of the above

What is a specimen number of Paranthropus boisei?

OH5

The earliest stone tool technology

Oldowan

Which tool technology is possibly associated with Australopithecus garhi?

Oldowan

The Single Species Hypothesis states that

Only one species of large bodied bipedal hominins could be alive at the same time

Which species was referred to by Dr. Graham as "the ultimate in robusticity"?

Paranthropus aethiopicus, descended from Paranthropus boisei

Which species is associated with the sites at Kromdraai and Swartkrans, South Africa?

Paranthropus robustus

The time stretching from the emergence of Homo erectus until the dawn of human agriculture is called

Pleistocene

Australopithecines often died of

Predation

Who discovered the famous Taung child?

Richard Dart

Sometimes, Paranthropus is instead referred to as a

Robust australopithecine

The oldest known fossil(s)

Sahelanthropus

The out of Africa (African replacement) model emphasizes ___ and is associated with ___

Speciation, Chris Stringer

Australopithecis anamensis is a good direct ancestor for Australopithecus afarensis.

TRUE

Chris Stringer believes that the transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens takes place without gene flow and occurs only in Africa

TRUE

True or False? Human brains today are about three times the size of the brains of the earliest hominids.

TRUE

True or false? Dental remains from australopithecines suggest that they had a diet similar to that of modern chimpanzees.

TRUE

What is the term given to the sudden flowering of fine toolmaking, sophisticated weaponry, sculpture, cave painting, body ornaments, and long-distance trade?

The Great Leap Forward

A type specimen refers to

The specimen(s) used to name a species

What is unusual about human babies?

They are precocial and behaviorally altricial.

Humans have a brain size that is

Three times larger than would be expected for a primate of our size (seven times larger than similar sized mammals, more generally).

The type specimen for Homo erectus was found at which site?

Trinil, East Java Province, Indonesia. Because of this, Homo erectus is an "Asian" species.

What was the geographical range of Neanderthals?

Western Europe to the Middle East

Which species is associated with Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania?

Zinjanthropus boisei (Now known as Paranthropus boisei or Australopithecus boisei)