Biology 1 final exam Study guide
annelids
(segmented worms) tube shaped bodies divided into sections; has a coelom, a body cavity with organs inside;simplest animals with a circulatory system; have specialized organs for digestion; earthworms the farmers friend help aerate soil and breakdown organic matter
DNA
..., (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
family
..., (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
species
..., (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
phylum
..., (biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants
diploid
..., (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
transcription
..., (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
translation
..., (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
segregation
..., (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes
Symmetry
..., (physics) the property of being isotropic
punett square
..., A tool that shows how genes can combine and is used to predict results in genetics.
endotherm
..., Animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within
pterophytes
..., Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns
kingdom
..., a basic group of natural objects
trait
..., a distinguishing feature of your personal nature
Genus
..., a general kind of something
flagellum
..., a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)
gamete
..., a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
virus
..., a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer
centromere
..., a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
chromosome
..., a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
spore
..., a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism
swim bladder
..., an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy
ectotherm
..., an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings
fruiting body
..., an organ specialized for producing spores
hybrid
..., an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock
asymmetry
..., animal that has an irregular shape
pathogen
..., any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)
coccus
..., any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria
eukaryotes
..., cells that contain nuclei
haploid DNA
..., chromosome with double strand dna
fertilization
..., creation by the physical union of male and female gametes
class
..., education imparted in a series of lessons or class meetings
dicot
..., flowering plant with two cotyledons
gametophyte
..., haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism
heterozygous
..., having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
homozygous
..., having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
homologous
..., having the same evolutionary origin but serving different functions
Radial
..., issuing in rays from a common centerXs
allele
..., one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
chromatid
..., one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
centriole
..., one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
cytokinesis
..., organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
mitosis
..., part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
interphase
..., period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
karyotype
..., photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
order
..., place in a certain order
RNA
..., ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
bacillus
..., rod shaped bacteria
lateral line
..., sense organs of fish and amphibians
gene
..., sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
cell cycle
..., series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
transfer RNA
..., short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according
principle of dominance
..., states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
vaccine
..., substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity
transformation
..., the act of changing in form or shape or appearance
genetics
..., the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
telophase
..., the final stage of mitosis
prophase
..., the first stage of mitosis
genotype
..., the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism
meosis
..., the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells
chromatin
..., the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
replication
..., the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion
metaphase
..., the second stage of mitosis
anaphase
..., the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
messenger RNA
..., the template for protein synthesis
binominal nomenclature
..., two-word naming system that gives all organisms their scientific name
ribosomal RNA
..., type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
phenotype
..., what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
flatworms
A group of often parasitical worms that have bilateral symmetry, a one opening digestive system, and the beginnings of a brain; tapeworm
sponges
Porifera
antibiotic
a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections
zygote
a fertilized egg
spirillum
any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form
bryophyte
any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta
lichen
any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes
seed
bear seeds
chitin
complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods
aliteration of generations
periods of about thirty years; from birth of parent to the birth of their child
angiosperm
plants having seeds in a closed ovary
mycorrhiza
symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi
pseudopod
temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion
conjugation
the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes
capsid
the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
ectoderm
the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue
polymerase
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
heterotroph
an organism that cannot make its own food.
notocord
firm rod like structure that runs longitudinal and dorsal to the digestive tract and it provides support
protist
free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes
arthropods
invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages
cnidarians
invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity
dorsal tubular nerve cord
is tube shaped and located above the digestive tract and develops into spinal column.
invertebrate
lacking a backbone or spinal column
gymnosperms
seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones
bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
independent assortment
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
mycelium
the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae
xylem
the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels
vascular tissue
tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants
binary fission
type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells