Biology 1 final exam Study guide

annelids

(segmented worms) tube shaped bodies divided into sections; has a coelom, a body cavity with organs inside;simplest animals with a circulatory system; have specialized organs for digestion; earthworms the farmers friend help aerate soil and breakdown organic matter

DNA

..., (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix

family

..., (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera

species

..., (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

phylum

..., (biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants

diploid

..., (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

transcription

..., (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

translation

..., (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

segregation

..., (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes

Symmetry

..., (physics) the property of being isotropic

punett square

..., A tool that shows how genes can combine and is used to predict results in genetics.

endotherm

..., Animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within

pterophytes

..., Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns

kingdom

..., a basic group of natural objects

trait

..., a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

Genus

..., a general kind of something

flagellum

..., a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)

gamete

..., a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

virus

..., a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer

centromere

..., a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape

chromosome

..., a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order

spore

..., a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism

swim bladder

..., an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy

ectotherm

..., an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings

fruiting body

..., an organ specialized for producing spores

hybrid

..., an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock

asymmetry

..., animal that has an irregular shape

pathogen

..., any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

coccus

..., any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria

eukaryotes

..., cells that contain nuclei

haploid DNA

..., chromosome with double strand dna

fertilization

..., creation by the physical union of male and female gametes

class

..., education imparted in a series of lessons or class meetings

dicot

..., flowering plant with two cotyledons

gametophyte

..., haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism

heterozygous

..., having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

homozygous

..., having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

homologous

..., having the same evolutionary origin but serving different functions

Radial

..., issuing in rays from a common centerXs

allele

..., one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color

chromatid

..., one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis

centriole

..., one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

cytokinesis

..., organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

mitosis

..., part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

interphase

..., period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

karyotype

..., photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs

order

..., place in a certain order

RNA

..., ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

bacillus

..., rod shaped bacteria

lateral line

..., sense organs of fish and amphibians

gene

..., sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

cell cycle

..., series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

transfer RNA

..., short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according

principle of dominance

..., states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

vaccine

..., substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity

transformation

..., the act of changing in form or shape or appearance

genetics

..., the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

telophase

..., the final stage of mitosis

prophase

..., the first stage of mitosis

genotype

..., the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism

meosis

..., the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells

chromatin

..., the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins

replication

..., the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion

metaphase

..., the second stage of mitosis

anaphase

..., the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

messenger RNA

..., the template for protein synthesis

binominal nomenclature

..., two-word naming system that gives all organisms their scientific name

ribosomal RNA

..., type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

phenotype

..., what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype

flatworms

A group of often parasitical worms that have bilateral symmetry, a one opening digestive system, and the beginnings of a brain; tapeworm

sponges

Porifera

antibiotic

a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections

zygote

a fertilized egg

spirillum

any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form

bryophyte

any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta

lichen

any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes

seed

bear seeds

chitin

complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods

aliteration of generations

periods of about thirty years; from birth of parent to the birth of their child

angiosperm

plants having seeds in a closed ovary

mycorrhiza

symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

pseudopod

temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion

conjugation

the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes

capsid

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

ectoderm

the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue

polymerase

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA

heterotroph

an organism that cannot make its own food.

notocord

firm rod like structure that runs longitudinal and dorsal to the digestive tract and it provides support

protist

free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes

arthropods

invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages

cnidarians

invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity

dorsal tubular nerve cord

is tube shaped and located above the digestive tract and develops into spinal column.

invertebrate

lacking a backbone or spinal column

gymnosperms

seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones

bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

independent assortment

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

mycelium

the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae

xylem

the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels

vascular tissue

tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants

binary fission

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells