Biology 101 Chapters 6, 9, 10

What are the characteristics of the epithelium?

1. Form the protective outer layer or linings of tissues 2. Fit tightly together in single or multiple layered arrangements 3. Cell junctions form seal to prevent leaks.

What is bone?

A specialized connective tissue (cartilage) that has been strengthened by calcium salts

What is the major energy-storage compound in most cells?

ATP

Which epithelium lines your ducts and glands?

Cuboidal

Which type of connective tissue makes up the capsule surrounding organs?

Dense Irregular

The principle of entropy says:

Living things can resist the flow toward maximum entropy only because they are resupplied with energy from the sun.

_______________ direct responses to sensory inputs that bypass the brain.

Muscular reflexes

Which of the following digestive organs secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon?

Pancreas

Which epithelium is important to lining blood vessels?

Simple squamous

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?

Small intestine

Which epithelium makes up your epidermis or skin?

Stratified squamous

What part of the nerve releases a neuron transmitter?

Synapse

Where does concentrated urine pass before it is excreted?

The collecting ducts of the nephron

* Homeostasis

The maintenance of the physical and chemical aspects of the body's internal environment within a range favorable for cellular activities; a constant temp, hydration, blood sugar, pH.

What is your body's purpose?

To sustain itself, to reproduce itself, to glorify God

A(n) ____________ potential is a momentary steep electrical charge difference across a membrane that serves as the physical basis for a nerve impulse

action

Urea

breaks down amino acids.

Which of the following organs of the urinary system filters waste from the blood?

kidney

The _____________ is responsible for sensory input from the eyes.

occipital lobe

What do somatic nerves do?

sensation & movement of head, trunk & limbs

Which muscle is used for "involuntary movements"?

smooth

The ____________ is responsible for sensory input from ears and smelling.

temporal lobe

Integrator

usually the brain, receives the information and determines how best to respond

Which of the following laws of nature states that energy can never be created or destroyed in normal processes?

First Law of Thermodynamics

Which neuron carries signals to muscles?

Motor neurons

Which neuron receives signals from the various sensors?

Sensory neurons

What factors influence enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, salt concentration.

The stomach absorbs a few substances like _________.

alchohol

Organ system

an integrated selection of multi-tissue structures within the organism that cooperate in serving a common function

The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of _______________ and _______________.

autonomic nerves; somatic nerves

The ____________ is the center for muscular coordination

cerebellum

_________ tissues are a collection of cells in an extracellular matrix of supportive material that adds structural strength to other nearby collections of cells.

connective

Uric acid

is the break down of nucleotides

Effector

muscles, sweat glands, digestive system

Where are "nucleases" secreted to cut up the DNA and RNA?

pancreas

The main functions of the ______________ system are to deliver oxygen to tissues, remove CO2 from those same tissues, and regulate pH.

respiratory

The role of the renal system is:

to remove metabolic wastes from the blood, regulate water content of blood, regulate mineral & salt content of blood.

The __________ is a duct in the urinary system that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

ureter

Which transport system requires energy input, moves solutes up their concentration gradient and IS directional?

Active transport

Which type of connective tissue makes up tendons and ligaments?

Dense Regular

Where do blood cells originate?

In the bone marrow

Where does water reabsorption occur in the digestive system?

Large intestine

Which type of connective tissue lies beneath the dermis?

Loose

A(n) _____________ is a process extending away from the cell body of a neuron; carries nerve impulse away from that same cell body.

axon

Where are "nucleases" secreted which divide up the nucleotides into the "base" and "ribose" parts?

intestines

Bowman's capsule is found in which part of the urinary system?

nephron

Neuroglia

support function; form protective coatings of nerve fibers, remove neurotransmitters after nerves fire, provide the paths along which nerves grow

Which epithelium is important to lining the intestines, glands, and ducts?

Columnar

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

Consists of collagen, elastin and proteoglycans which are secreted by fibroblasts; these vary from loose and stretchy to tough and resilient.

Where is bile stored in the digestive system?

Gallbladder

The ______________ absorbs the most nutrients and has very high surface area due to folding. Also is covered in villi and micro villi.

Small intestine

The _____________ relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex.

Thalamus

Which muscle is found only in the heart?

cardiac

Neurons

have cellular extensions that can extend a few millimeters to several feet

The ______________ is responsible for visual and balance reflexes

midbrain

Nervous tissue is made up of ______________

neurons and neuroglia

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the ___________.

spinal cord

What type of specialized connective tissue has large yellow-white cells, stores fats, and is found under the skins/around the heart and abdominal cavity?

Adipose

What connective tissues are in your nose, trachea, and the end of long bone?

Cartilage

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

contain cytoskeletal protein fibers called actin arranged with myosin which pull on each other to shorten the length of the cells

Receptors

detect sight, sound, taste, hot cold, motion

Plants trap ________ _________ from the sun and convert it into ________ _________.

electromagnetic energy; chemical energy

A(n) _____________ is a type of protein molecule that serves as an organic catalyst in solution.

enzyme

The ____________ is a long tubular organ that receives indigestible chyme residue from the small intestine; water reabsorption and some vitamin absorption occurs here.

large intestine

The ________ is responsible for sensory inputs from the body.

parietal lobe

Which transport system requires no energy input, carries solutes down their concentration gradient, and is non-directional?

Passive transport

The _______________ is a control center in the forebrain that regulates body temperature and responses to hunger and thirst; generates pituitary hormones.

hypothalamus

Which of the following laws of nature states that systems that convert energy from one form to another are not 100% efficient?

Second Law of Thermodynamics

_______________ energy is the amount of energy necessary to break bonds in a reactant thus getting a chemical reaction started.

activation

Which part of the nerve receives signals from other nerves?

dendrites

____________ tissues are layers or groups of animal cells that cover body surfaces and line body cavities.

epithelial

The __________ lobe of the cerebrum is involved in certain aspects of memory and the inhibition of unsuitable behaviors.

frontal

Where does urine concentration begin in the nephron?

loop of Henle

What portion of the brain is closest to the spinal cord and functions in control of involuntary processes such as heart rate and breathing intensity?

medulla oblongata

The main functions of the ___________________ system are to sense internal and external stimuli, coordinate responses to those stimuli, and control the other organ systems.

nervous

A(n) ___________________ is a cell designed to transmit a nerve impulse from one location within the body to another.

neuron

The ____________ nerves create a decrease in heart rate/blood flow/awareness, restores resting state, and stimulates basic functions like digestion.

parasympathetic

The _____________ is an endocrine gland at the base of the brain that produces, stores, and secretes hormones controlling growth and sexual processes as well as secretions of other glands.

pituitary gland

What muscle is used to move the bones of the body relative to each other?

skeletal

Types of epithelium:

stratified squamous, simple squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

What do autonomic nerves do?

subconscious controls of internal organs & structures (parasympathetic and sympathetic systems)

The ______________ nerves are responsible for "fight or flight" reactions, and increase in awareness, heart rate, blood flow.

sympathetic