Biology 1023 - Final Exam

What feature enables the paramecium to move?

cilia

Your skeleton is a(n)

endoskeleton

what is not a type of taste?

hot

The ____ of a virus is enclosed by a ____ capsid.

nucleic acid; protein

What cell is diploid (2n)?

primary oocyte

Dendrites

recieve signals from sensory receptors or other neurons

A nerve impulse travels down a myelinated axon by

saltatory conduction

Vessel elements are to xylem as ______ are to phloem.

sieve-tube members

Skeletal muscles do not

store fat

Process of muscle contraction

1) ATP binds to myosin head, break cross-bridge that holds actin & myosin together 2) energy from ATP (ATP ==> Pi + ADP) used to changed myosin to energized state 3) myosin binds to actin, forms cross-bridge 4) power stroke

Action of steroid hormones.

1. A steroid hormone is a chemical signal that is able to enter the cell and typically control changes needed at the organismal level. 2. These hormones are lipids and can pass through the plasma membrane 3. Once they enter a cell, they form a hormone-receptor complex that can then bind to DNA, resulting in gene expression. 4. For example, the steroid hormone testosterone is a sex hormone that is primarily involved in directing the development of male sexual characteristics.

Which of the following is a typical function of the root system? (all are correct)

1. Absorption of minerals 2. absorption of nitrates 3. absorption of water 4. anchorage

Without bacteria in the environment, (all answers)

1. Adequate amounts of carbon would not be available to living organisms. 2. plants would not be able to grow due to lack of nitrogen. 3. bioremediation would have limited use as a tool to clean up pollutants. 4. there would be a shortage of decomposer organisms.

Molecular evidence for common descent.

1. All living organisms use DNA, RNA, and ATP, which leads scientists to the conclusion that these molecules were present in the first living organism. 2. Organisms also use the same DNA triplet code for amino acids in their protein structure. 3. Thus, differences between species exist mainly due to small differences between the proteins each one produces and uses. 4. Some organisms have very few differences in the amino acid sequences of their proteins, yet are vastly different in structure and function. 5. These biochemical differences account for a vast majority of variation in life on Earth.

Describe the biology of fungi.

1. All part of fungi are composed of hyphae, or thin filaments of cells, packed closely together to form the main body of a fungus called the mycelium. 2. These structures can be temporary or can survive thousands of years and are often associated with reproduction. 3. Fungal cells typically have thick cell walls composed of chitin. 4. Walls called septa divide the cells of hyphae in most types of fungus and contain pores to allow cytoplasm to pass between cells.

Describe how animals are different from other groups of organisms.

1. Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms and are chemoheterotrophs because they must acquire nutrients from an external source. 2. Animals typically reproduce sexually and begin life as a fertilized diploid egg. 3. From there, an animal undergoes a series of developmental stages to produce an organism with specialized tissues. 4. Two types of tissues, muscles and nerves, characterize animals and allow them to exhibit motility and a variety of flexible movements. 5. There are currently 35 animal phyla today that all descended from one ancestor.

structure of the influenza virus

1. Attachment: Capsid combines with receptor 2. Penetration: Viral DNA enters host 3. Biosynthesis: Viral components are synthesized 4. Maturation: Assembly of viral components 5. Release: New viruses leave host cell

Describe the roles of bacteria in our lives.

1. Bacteria are important to ecosystems because they act as decomposers to digest dead organic remains and return inorganic nutrients to producers. 2. Bacteria are also important because they play important roles in the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle. 3. Some bacteria are helpful in bioremediation or the breakdown of pollutants into less harmful chemicals. 4. Bacteria are important in food science because they are responsible for fermentation, which is needed to produce cheese and picked foods. 5. Bacteria are also useful in producing antibiotics, which in turn, kill other unwanted bacteria. 6. Bacteria can have detrimental impacts on our health, such as when they are pathogens that can cause disease.

Examples of artificial selection

1. Brussels sprouts evolved as a result of farmers selecting for abnormally large bud size. 2. Dogs are all the same species but breeds exist due to selective breeding by humans. 3. Chinese cabbage evolved as a result of farmers selecting for plants with decreased internode length. 4. Kohlrabi evolved as a result of farmers selecting for plants with increased lateral meristematic growth. 5. Intentional choice of specific characteristics.

Connective tissue in the human body

1. Connective tissues are involved in binding organs together and providing support and protection. 2. Connective tissue cells are generally separated by a matrix, a noncellular material that varies from solid to semisolid to fluid. 3. The matrix typically contains fibers such as collagen, which is the most common protein in the human body. 4. For example, dense fibrous connective tissue, such as tendons and ligaments, have tightly packed collagen fibers to provide strength for function. 5. The most rigid connective tissues are bones and their matrix has inorganic salts deposited around the collagen fibers. 6. Finally, adipose tissue possesses very little matrix material and provides long-term energy storage. The matrix of blood is actually a noncellular fluid called plasma.

Statements about diabetes.

1. Diabetes mellitus is a hormonal disease that causes the cells of the body to not take up/or metabolize glucose. 2. In type 1 diabetes, the pancrease does not produce insulin, causing cells to break down protein and fat for energy, which leads to acidosis, coma, and even death. 3. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but the liver and muscle cells do not respond, and they are said to be insulin-resistant. 4. This condition is often due to obesesity and inactivity. 5. People with diabetes of either type are prone to blindness, kidney disease, and circulatory disorders.

Taxonomy hierarchy from most inclusive to least inclusive

1. Domain (Eukarya) 2. Supergroups (Opisthokonts) 3. Kingdom (Animalia) 4. Phylum (Chordata) 5. Class (Mammalia) 6. Order (Primates) 7. Family (Hominidae) 8. Genus (Homo) 9. Species (Homo sapiens)

Describe adaptive radiation.

1. During adaptive radiation, many new species evolve from a single ancestral species, like the example of the finches on the Galápagos Islands studied by Darwin. 2. The many species of finches that live on the islands are hypothesized to be descendants of a single type of ancestral finch from the mainland. 3. The populations on the islands were subject to the founder effect involving genetic drift, genetic mutations, and the process of natural selection. 4. Because of natural selection, the various populations became so genotypically different that now they do not interbreed and are therefore considered to be different species.

Precambrian time

1. Earth formed during this time. 2. Oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere during this era. 3. Protists evolved and diversified in this era.

The impact of fungi on our lives.

1. Most fungi are saprotrophs that decompose the remains of plants, animals, and microbes in the soil and they play an indispensable role in the environment by returning inorganic nutrients to the soil. 2. Fungi are important because they help provide medicines including antibiotics, such as penicillin. 3. Yeast is an unicellular fungus that is used in the process of making bread, beer, wine, and alcoholic spirits. 4. Fungi are also important as sources of food, providing texture and taste.

Process of fertilization

1. The sperm cell pushes through the cells coating the secondary oocyte. 2. Acrosomal enzymes on the head of the sperm cell began to degrade the zona pellucida. 3. Antigens on the acrosome bind to receptors, and the sperm begins to pass through the secondary oocyte's plasma membrane. 4. The sperm fully penetrates the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane, and the sperm nucelus enters the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte. 5. A diploid cell is created.

What type of neuron is completely contained within the central nervous system?

Interneuron.

What structure allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between mother and fetus?

chorionic villi

Anatomy of the Human Eye

cornea pupil lens iris ciliary muscle sclera retina vein artery optic nerve fovea

structures of a long bone

diaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity, compact bone, spongy bone, articular cartilage, periosteum

The inner lining of the uterus is the

endometrium

What is the more slender bone of the lower leg?

fibula

A pregnant woman has passed her due date, and her cervix is dilated. This indicates which stage of childbirth?

first

Stabilizing Selection

form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

Disruptive Selection

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

In contrast to a simple leaf, a compound leaf

has a blade that is divided into leaflets.

Hair cells are receptors for the senses of

hearing and balance.

Bacteriophage life cycle

lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

If a pregnant woman wanted to know the sex of her fetus as soon as possible, she could have an ultrasound in the _____ month.

third

Only the glands of the endocrine system

use the bloodstream to convey signals throughout the body.

Describe the body plan of flatworms.

1. Flatworms are acoelomates with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers. 2. Flatworms exhibit cephalization, meaning they have an anterior end with a small brain, eye spots, and chemosensitive organs. 3. They have three muscle layers for varied movement and they have cilia along their lower epidermis to help facilitate movement. 4. Flatworms have a three-branched gastrovascular cavity that is considered incomplete because it has only one opening. 5. Flatworms are hermaphrodites, so they possess both male and female sex organs, and they practice cross-fertilization.

Sexually transmitted diseases - The Causative Agent and Symptoms

1. Genital warts - Human papillomavirus - Causes warts or flat lesions on gential areas 2. Syphilis - Treponema pallidum (syphilitic bacteria) -Causes cardiovascular and nervous system disorders, blindness, insanity, and gummas 3. Hepatitis A, B, and C - Hepatitis virus - Infection of the liver causing liver failure, cancer, and even death 4. Genital herpes - Herpes virus - Causes painful blisters, fever, discharge, and swollen lymph nodes 5. Vaginitis and yeast infections - Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis - Causes infections of the vagina 6. Gonorrhea - Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria - Causes painful urination, green discharge, and even infertitily 7. AIDS - HIV virus - Fatal virus causing destruction of helper T cells

Describe how bryophytes reproduce.

1. In bryophytes, the gametophyte is the green, "leafy" part that produces the gametes. 2. This stage is completely dependent on water as the flagellated sperm must swim to reach the egg. 3. The resulting zygote becomes an embryo that develops into a sporophyte that is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte for nutrution. 4. The sporophyte produces spores within a sporangium that are released into the air and dispered by air currents until they land on the ground, where they will germinate into a new gametophyte.

Describe 5 types of prezygotic isolating mechanisms.

1. In order to mate, male blue-footed boobies must display an ellaborate courtship dance. This is an example of behavioral isolation. 2. Because sugar maples and red maples occupy different habitats, they do not exchange pollen, even though they live in the same geographic range. This is an example of habitat isolation. 3. Male insects of many species have reproductive genitalia that make it impossible to reproduce with females of other species. This is an example of mechanical isolation. 4. Two species of termites live in the same location but don't mate because they have different breeding seasons. This is an example of temporal isolation. 5. Pollen of one species of flower is not able to survive the journey to reach the egg produced in the embryo sac of a flower of another species, so they cannot reproduce together. This is an example of gamete isolation.

Mesozoic Era

1. Mass extinction of dinosaurs and most reptiles occurred during this era. 2. Birds first appeared during this era. 3. Placental mammals first appeared during this era.

Cenozoic Era

1. Monkeylike primates first appeared. 2. Significant extinction of mammals occurred during this era. 3. Modern angiosperms first appeared during this era.

Describe the characteristics of mammals.

1. Most living mammals are placental mammals, meaning the extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg have been modified for internal development within the uterus of the female. 2. The chorion contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta, while part of the uterine wall contributes to the maternal portion. 3. These mammals have adapted to life on land and have limbs to allow for rapid movement. 4. They have four-chambered hearts, expanded lungs, and consistent body temperatures. 5. They have large brains that are not fully developed upon birth and offspring remain dependent on their parents for a time after birth.

How heterozygotes maintain variation in populations.

1. One of the tenets of natural selection is that within populations, variation exists amongst the individuals. 2. This variation is generated through mutations, recombination, independent assortment, and gene flow. 3. Because only alleles that are phenotypically expressed are subject to the pressures of natural selection, heterozygotes can be protectors of recessive alleles that could possibly be lost otherwise. 4. As long as the heterozygote survives, so do recessive alleles and their corresponding phenotypes, which could possibly have greater fitness in a changing environment. 5. When natural selection favors the ratio of two or more phenotypes over multiple generations, it is called balanced polymorphism.

Examples of Sympatric Speciation.

1. Organisms are reproductively isolated by postzygotic mechanisms and evolve into different species. 2. Speciation that does not require geographic isolation. 3. Bread wheat evolved from two species of wheat with different chromosome numbers.

Steps involved in natural selection

1. Organisms within a population have heritable variations that are passed on from generation to generation. 2. The population produces more offspring than the resources of the environment can support, therefore, only certain members survive and reproduce. 3. Individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce to a greater extent than those without them. 4. Over time, the proportion of the favorable traits increases in the population, and the population becomes adapted to the environment.

Darwin's proposal of evolution

1. Originally, giraffe neck length varied. 2. Struggle to exist causes long-necked giraffes to have the most offspring. 3. Due to natural selection, giraffes now have long necks.

Lamarck's proposal of evolution

1. Originally, giraffes had short necks. 2. Giraffes stretched their necks in order to reach food. 3. With continual stretching, most giraffes now have long necks.

Microevolution

1. Peppered moths can be light or dark in color, and this coloration is controlled by a single set of alleles. 2. The dominant allele encodes for melanin production, which creates dark coloration in the moths. 3. On the other hand, individuals with two recessive alleles will show light phenotypes. 4. Previous to the rise of industry in Britain, the frequency of the light phenotype was predominant and enhanced the survival of moths. 5. With the advent of industry, however, pollution darkened the tree trunks, resulting in an increased frequency of the dark phenotype. 6. This illustrates the process of microevolution and shows that natural selection can occur even over a short period of time.

Diversity of ferns.

1. Plants that are vascular possess true roots, stems, and leaves, unlike their ancestral predecessors. 2. Ferns have megaphylls, or large leaves with branched veins, that capture sunlight. 3. These leaves increase the rate of photosynthesis, which increases their size. 4. Sporangia are often found in clusters, called sori, located on the undersides of the fronds.

Describe the different methods of birth control.

1. Refraining from sexual intercourse is called abstinence and cutting ducts involved in egg and sperm transfer is called sterilization. 2. A latex cap inserted to cover the cervix before intercourse is called a(n) diaphragm and is most effective when used in conjuction with spermicidal jelly. 3. The newest birth control options is a(n) intrauterine devide (IUD), which is implanted within the uterus and secretes progesterone to prevent ovulation. 4. A latex sheath worn around the penis is alled a(n) condom. These are also available for women. 5. The process of coitus interruptus is when the penis is withdrawn before ejaculation, preventing sperm from entering through the cervix. 6. The process of natural family planning is based on meticulous record keeping, noting and abstaining from sexual intercourse on the most fertile days.

Organs, functions, and the components involved in human reproduction.

1. Serves to produce sperm and egg 2. The system differs between males and females 3. Consists of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina in females 4. Ensures the survival of the species 5. Consists of the testes, glands, ducts, and the penis in men

Explain how transpiration relates to stomata function.

1. Small openings in leaves called stomata must stay open to allow transpiration, the evaporation of water, to take place. 2. When a water molecule leaves the stomata, it pulls a chain of water molecules upward because of the property of water called tension. 3. When water enters guard cells, they swell and stomata open. 4. When water leaves guard cells, they lose turgor pressure and stomata close.

Examples of Allopatric Speciation

1. Speciation that is based on geographic isolation. 2. Organisms in different locations are subject to different selective pressures and evolve into different species.

Describe homologous structures as evidence for evolution.

1. Structures that are anatomically similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous structures. 2. The forearms of a bat, bird, whale, and cat all contain the same arrangement of bones, but each serves a different function. 3. Oppositely, analogous structures are those that serve the same function, but are anatomically different. 4. The presence of homology, not analogy, is evidence that organisms are related.

Homologous structures

1. Structures that are related to each other through common descent. 2. Toe of a horse and wing of a bat. 3. Forelimbs of chickens, whales, and humans

Analogous structures

1. Structures with the same function but different ancestry. 2. Cactuses and spruges have adaptations to hot and dry climates. 3. Arise because of adaptations to the same type of environment. 4. Insect wings and bat wings.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

1. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to calculate the genotype and allele frequencies of a population. 2. According to this equation, the term p^2 represents the homozygous dominant individuals within a population. 3. Secondly, the term q^2 represents the homozygous recessive individuals within a population. 4. Finally, the term 2pq represents the heterozygous individuals within a population. 5. The relationship between the components of the Hardy-Weinberg equation will remain constant throughout generations, providing five conditions are met. 6. Mutations cannot occur. Gene flow cannot allow alleles into or out of the population. Individuals must pair randomly. Genetic drift does not occur. All genotypes have an equal chance to survive.

Bottleneck effect on a population

1. The bottleneck effect prevents the majority of genotypes from participating in the production of the next generation. 2. A bottleneck effect can occur due to a natural disaster or an epidemic in addition to human action such as overharvesting and habitat loss. 3. Such events reduce the number of genotypes within an existing population. 4. The remaining chance survivors now represent a new population with altered gene pool frequencies compared to the original population. 5. Over time, this new population will exhibit a high level of genetic similarity as the chance survivors begin to breed.

Ground tissue and its function in plants.

1. The bulk of leaves, stems, and roots of an herbaceous plant is formed by ground tissue, which fills the interior of the plant and helps carry out the functions of a particular organ. 2. This tissue type contains three cell types. 3. Cells that are the least specialized, found in all organs of a plant, and may store photosynthetic products are the parenchyma cells. 4. Cells that have thicker, irregularly shaped cell walls and provide flexible support to immature regions of the plant body are the collenchyma cells. 5. Most of these cells are nonliving with thick cell walls containing lignin, which function to give strong support to mature regions of plants. These are the sclerenchyma cells.

Characteristics of vertebrate and invertebrate chordates.

1. The deuterostomes include the chordates, which at one time in their life history have four basic characteristics. 2. They possess a dorsal supporting rod, called a notochord, at some point in their lifetime. 3. Chordates that are invertebrates possess a notochord that is never replaced by a bony vertebral column, as is the case with vertebrates. 4. At some point in development, chordates possess a dorsal tubular nerve chord that is filled with fluid and protected by the vertebrae. 5. They must possess pharyngeal pouches, which become gills in fish, and a postanal tail at some point in their development.

Cladistic diagrams

1. The evolutionary history of a group based on shared traits derived from a common ancestor is used in the study of cladistics. 2. The study follows the principle of parsimony, or the idea that the simplest explanation is the most probable explanation. 3. In the diagram at the bottom called a cladogram, the shared derived traits are internal fertilization and amniotic eggs. 4. Snakes are more closely related to turtles than to mammals and share the same clade. 5. Crocodiles are more related to birds than to mammals.

The founder effect within a population over time

1. The founder effect is a type of genetic drift. 2. In the founder effect, rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in isolated populations as compared to the general population. 3. This is due to the fact that the founders of the population were carriers of recessive alleles. 4. Such recessive alleles are carried in the Amish community in Pennsylvania where there is a higher instance of an unusual form of dwarfism and polydactyl compared to the general population of the United States.

Structure and function of nervouse tissue.

1. The nervous system coordinates the functions of body parts and allows animals to respond to external and internal stimuli. 2. Nerves conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord, where integration occurs. 3. After integration, impulses travel away from the brain and spinal cord and muscles contract or glands secrete in response. 4. In addition to neurions, nervous tissue contains neuroglia, cells that support and nourish neurons.

Describe the various groups of land plants.

1. The nonvascular plants, also known as the bryophytes, include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. 2. Lycophytes are vascular plants with roots, stems, and leaves called microphylls. Examples of lycophytes include ground pines. 3. Ferns are a group of vascular plants with large leaves called megaphylls, or fronds. Examples of ferns include maidenhair and royal ferns. 4. Trees and garden plants are examples of seed plants, so called because they produce these in order to provide a protective coating and food for the developing embryo. 5. Plants with naked seeds are called gymnosperms and flowering plants are called angiosperms. 6. Examples of gymnosperms include pines, conifers, and redwoods, while examples of angiosperms include oak trees, duckweed, and eucalyptus.

Modified structures of plant epidermal tissue.

1. The outer protective covering of a plant is made of tissue called epidermis. 2. The closely packed cells of this tissue layer are exposed to air and covered with a waxy cuticle to minimize water loss. 3. These cells can be modified to form root hairs, which extended from the epidermis and increased surface area to absorb water and minerals for the plant. 4. Another example of epidermal modification is seen in the leaves, where the epidermis contains stomata for gas exchange. 5. In the trunk of a tree, the epidermis is replaced with cork and these nonliving cells protect the plant from fungi, bacteria, and animals.

Speciation and macroevolution

1. The process by which small, measurable changes occur in a population from generation to generation is called microevolution, while changes in populations over long periods of time refer to the process of macroevolution. 2. This longer process requires speciation, or the splitting of one species into two or more new species, to occur. 3. The biological species concept describes a species as groups of organisms that interbreed, have a shared gene pool, and are reproductively isolated from all other species. 4. A limitation of this hypothesis is that it applies only to sexually reproducing organisms.

The fossil record and how it supports the hypothesis of common descent.

1. The remains of once-living species called fossils are found in the strata and provide a fossil record that tells us about the history of life. 2. A striking pattern found in this is a succession of lifeforms from simple to more complex. 3. Of great interest are the transitional links that show the relationship between different groups of lifeforms. 4. For example, in 2004 paleontologists discovered Tiktaalik roseae, which is the transitional form between fish and four-legged animals.

Describe the organ systems involved in sensory input and motor output.

1. The sensory input and motor output systems serve to protect and support the body. 2. The integumentary system consists of skin and its accessory structures, like the sensory receptors. 3. The sensory receptors in the skin, and in organs such as the eyes and ears, respond to stimuli and communicate with the brain and spinal cord by way of nerves. 4. The skeletal system consists of all the bones within the body and the muscular system consists of all the muscles of the body. These enable the body and its parts to move as a result of motor output.

Describe vascular tissue.

1. The vascular tissue in plants consists of xylem, which is responsible for transporting water and minerals, and phloem, which is responsible for transporting sugars and organic compounds. 2. Phloem consists of sieve tube members, which contain cytoplasm but no nuclei, and companion cells, which do have nuclei, 3. Xylem consists of two types of conducting cells: vessel elements, which are larger with perforated end walls, and tracheids, which have pits in the end walls and side walls. 4. In roots, vascular tissue is located in a central cylinder. 5. In the stem, vascular tissue is located in vascular bundles. 6. In leaves, vascular tissues are referred to as leaf veins.

Organ systems involved in transport.

1. There are three organ systems that are involved in transport of fluids throughout the body. 2. The cardiovascular system uses blood to transport nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluid and removes waste molecules from this fluid as well. 3. Another system that collects excess tissue fluid in the body and returns it to the blood is the lymphatic system. 4. Both of these systems also play a role in the body's defense against disease. 5. The immune system more specifically protects the body from disease and is mediated by blood cells in the lymph and blood.

The control systems in the human body.

1. There are two major control systems in the body that coordinate all of the other organ systems in the human body. 2. The nervous system is comprised of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves. 3. The action of the nervous system allows the body to respond to both external and internal stimuli. 4. In addition, the endocrine system also regulates the function of the body's other systems, like maintenance of the male anf female reproductive organs. 5. This system's response, however, is slower due to the use of hormones.

Paleozoic Era

1. Three separate mass extinctions occurred during this era. 2. The first jawed fishes appeared during this era. 3. Coal-forming forests flourished during this era.

Arthropods - examples and characteristics

1. Utilize gills, book lungs, or trachae to exchange gases. 2. Exhibit cephalization, including a head with sense organs. 3. Exhibit segmentation with appendages or body parts 4. Include insects, crustaceans, and arachnids 5. Have rigid exoskeletons that undergo molting 6. Undergo metamorphosis 7. Invertebrate coelomates

Describe how nonrandom mating affects populations.

1. When individuals select their mates according to their genotypes or phenotypes, it is called nonrandom mating; however, when individuals select their mate randomly without attention to phenotype, it is called random mating. 2. An example of nonrandom mating is inbreeding, or mating between relatives. 3. While inbreeding does not change the allele frequency, it does change the proportion of homozygous individuals. 4. When individuals mate with those that have the same phenotype with respect to a certain characteristic, it is called assortative mating. 5. For example, in humans, tall individuals tend to mate with tall individuals. 6. Sexual selection favors characteristics that increase the likelihood of obtaining mates, therefore promoting nonrandom mating.

Bacteria - examples and characteristics

1. cyanobacteria 2. unicellular organisms only 3. lack membrane-bounded mucleus 4. reproduce asexually 5. can move by flagella

Eukarya - examples and characteristics

1. plants 2. fungi 3. animals 4. protists 5. unicellular to multicellular organisms 6. membrane-bounded nucelus 7. sexual reproduction 8. can move by flagella

Archaea - examples and characteristics

1. unicellular organisms only 2. lack membrane-bounded nucleus 3. reproduce asexually 4. distinctive plasma membrane and cell wall chemistry

alternation of generations

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.

Which if these is mismatched? (answer is D)

A. Fovea - eye B. Taste bud - tongue C. Utricle - ear D. Ossicles - joints (the ossicles are in the middle ear) E. Tympanic membrane - ear

Degenerating neurons surrounded by clusters of abnormal tissue, especially in the hippocampus and amygdala, accompanied by progressive memory loss, is typical of

Alzheimer disease.

In which type of environment would you be most likely to find methanogenic archaea?

Anaerobic

What evidence supports the idea that archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria?

Archaea and eukaryotes initiate transcription in the same fashion, share some ribosomal proteins, and have similar types of tRNA.

Characteristics of Chordates, Echinoderms, and Both

Both: 1. Deuterostomes 2. Exhibit bilateral symmetry at some point in their life cycles Chordates: 1. Most are vertebrates that exhibit bilateral symmetry 2. Have notochords at some point in their life cycle 3. Have dorsal tubular nerve cords at some point during development 4. Have pharyngeal pouches at some point in development 5. Have postanal tails at some point during development Echinoderms: 1. Invertebrates that exhibit radial symmetry as adults 2. Have free-swimming larval stage 3. Have no head, brain, or segmentation as adults

What drug works by inhibiting dopamine reuptake into synapses?

Cocaine

What is the main reason that farmers practice crop rotation?

Crop rotation will help replenish the soil's supply of nitrogen.

True or false: Based upon the identification of 12 species of Galapagos finches, and other observations he made, Charles Darwin hypothesized that the finches were not closely related.

False

Directional Selection

Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

Differences between members of three kingdoms of life: Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

Fungi: 1. Cell wall composed of chitin 2. Chemoheterotrophic by absorption 3. Most are nonmotile 4. Adult chromosome number is haploid 5. Reproduce by spores or mating hyphae Animals: 1. No cell wall 2. Chemoheterotrophic by ingestion 3. Most are motile 4. Adult chromosome number is diploid 5. Reproduce by gametes only Land Plants: 1. Cell wall composed of cellulose 2. Photosynthetic 3. All are nonmotile 4. Adult chromosome number can be haploid or diploid 5. Reproduce by spores or gametes

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Macronutrients, Micronutrients, or Both.

Macronutrients: 1. Carbon 2. Phosphorus 3. Sulfur 4. Hydrogen 5. Potassium 6. Calcuim 7. Oxygen 8. Nitrogen 9. Magnesium Micronutrients: 1. Boron 2. Zinc 3. Maganese 4. Chlorine 5. Copper 6. Molybdenum Both: 1. Iron

What is the menstrual cycle in the correct order? (from left to right)

Menstrual phase - proliferative phase - ovulation - secretory phase

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants?

Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, while the leaf veins of a eudicot plant form a netlike pattern.

Functions of the Muscular system, Skeletal system, or Both

Muscular system: 1. Assist in movement of blood in the veins and lymphatic vessels 2. Help maintain a constant body temperature Skeletal system: 1. Store fat and calcium Both: 1. Support the body and make movement possible 2. Aid in the functioning of other systems, such as the ribs and diaphragm, assisting in respiration 3. Protect internal organs

Various types of vertebrate tissues

Muscular tissue: 1. Skeletal tissue 2. Smooth tissue 3. Cardiac tissue Nervous tissue: 1. Neruons Connective tissue: 1. Bone 2. Loose fibrous tissue 3. Blood Epithelial tissue: 1. Cuboidal tissue 2. Columnar tissue 3. Squamous tissue

Gaps in the myelin sheath are termed

Nodes of Ranvier

Structure of a flower

Petal, Stamen, Anther, Stigma, Style, Ovary, Pistil, Sepal.

Removing bark from a tree means that ______ are removed.

Phloem, cortex, cork cambium, and cork

Which of the following structures would enable a plant virus to move from one plant cell to the next?

Plasmodesmata

Which of the following functions is performed by both the skeletal and muscular system?

Protection of internal organs.

Characteristics of Protostomes and Deuterostomes

Protostomes: 1. Includes flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, and arthropods 2. Divided into the lophotrochozoa and ecdyozoa 3. The coelom develops by a splitting of the mesoderm 4. The blastopore becomes the mouth 5. Can be acoelomates or pseudocoelomates Deuterostomes: 1. Includes echinoderms and chordates 2. The coelom develops as outpockets of the primitive gut 3. The blastopore becomes the anus

Organ Systems and their Body Systems

Reproductive:: 1. Reproductive system Sensory Input and Motor Output: 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system Control: 1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system Maintenance: 1. Respiratory system 2. Urinary system 3. Digestive system Transport: 1. Cardiovascular system 2. Lymphatic system 3. Immune system

Sexual and Asexual reproduction

Sexual Reproduction: 1. Gametes are usually produced in testes or ovaries. 2. Involves copulation 3. Fertilization of two gametes results in a diploid zygote 4. Earthworms are hermaphroditic and undergo cross-fertilization to reproduce Asexual Reproduction: 1. Hydras reproduce by budding 2. Sponges, echinoderms, and corals can fragment and each fragment can regenerate 3. Flatworms can constrict themselves into two halves, each of which regenerates into a new worm 4. Sharks, amphibians, and reptiles reproduce by parthenogenesis, where unfertilized eggs develop into new individuals

Characteristics of the three muscle tissue types.

Skeletal muscle: (looks like 3 tubes stacked on top of each other) 1. has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers. 2. usually attached to skeleton 3. voluntary Cardiac muscle: (looks like 2 tubes with two tree branch like tubes connected between them) 1. has straited, branched, unicucleated fibers 2. occurs in walls of heart 3. involuntary Smooth muscle: (spindle-shaped means wide in the middle, tapered at both ends) 1. involuntary 2. has spindle-shaped, nonstriated, uninucleated fibers 3. occurs in walls of viscera and blood vessels

Various types of epithelial tissue - Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Squamous: 1. Epithelial tissue type that lines the lungs 2. Epithelial tissue type that offers protection Cuboidal: 1. Epithelial tissue type that lines the kidney tubules 2. Epithelial tissue type that absorbs molecules Columnar: 1. Epithelial tissue type that lines the small intestine 2. Epithelial tissue type that absorbs nutrients

Classification and phylogeny - how species are distantly related to each other.

Taxonomic level Species: (1) Ovis aries - sheep, (2) Bos taurus - cattle, (3) Cervus elaphus - red deer, (4) Rangifer tarandus - reindeer Genus: (1) Ovis, (2) Bos, (3) Cervus, (4) Rangifer Family: (1 and 2) Bovidae, (3 and 4) Cervidae Order: (all) Artiodactyla

Darwin completed a five-year journey around the world on what? And what did he do during this time?

The HMS Beagle. He made many geological observations. He hypothesized that slow processes brought geological changes over time. Based on this, the earth must be very old. He collected fossil specimens within the area he traveled. He found that these specimens varied from the modern species around the world. He hypothesized that there would be enough time for descent with modification to occur and change species over time.

What event would cease to function if the skeletal muscles became temporarily paralyzed?

The movement of blood through the veins would not occur.

The hormonal secretion(s) of the _____ serve to increase the body's metabolic rate.

Thyroid gland

True or Flase - Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules produces a force sufficient to move water from the roots to the shoot tip of a plant.

True

What is the main structural difference between a virus and a viroid?

Viroids do not have a capsid covering.

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants?

Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot root, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot root.

Which of the following is 100% effective against both pregnancy and STD's?

abstinence