Biology 1110 Exam 1 UTC
A polar covalent bond
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
taxonomic classification system
Did(domain) King(kingdom) Phillip(Phylum) Come(Class) Over(Order) For(Family) Good(Genus) Sex(Species)
Which domain do humans belong to?
Domain Eukarya
transport proteins
"gates" that permit passage of polar or larger molecules
atomic number
# of protons in an atom, which is written as subscript in front of chemical symbol
cation
(+) ion, result of a loss of electrons
anion
(-) ion, result of a gain of electrons
DNA
-Deoxyribonucleic acid -huge molecules that contains genetic codes - transfers heritable info. from one generation to next - codes for the reproduction of genes
cell theory
-cells are basic living units of organization and function in all organisms -all cells come from other cells -all organisms are composed of one or more cells -all vital functions of organisms occurs in cells -cells contain the heredity info
Kingdom Protista
-diverse taxon of mostly unicellular, eukaryotic misfits
endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
-maze of parallel internal membranes -encircles the nucleus and extends thru cell
polymers
-molecules composed of repeating subunits of the same general type. -form when monomers link together via condensation reactions
Kingdom Fungi
-mostly multicellular, heterotrophic, decomposing eukaryotes
Kingdom Animalia
-multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
Kingdom Plantae
-multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes
cytoskeleton
-network of protein fibers -adds strength and structure to cells -aids in movement including cell division
3 components of nucleotides
-pentose sugar -phosphate sugar -nitrogenous base
Aerobic Back cell
-produce a lot of ATP(more efficient) -receives food and shelter from host
aerobic host cell
-produces ATP but not efficiently -host cell receives extra ATP
Golgi complex
-series of flattened sacs(cisternae) -sorts and modifies proteins from the ER -packages proteins into vesicles for exocytosis or transport to other organelles
ribosomes
-site of protein structure -produced in nucleus and exported to cytoplasm
Smooth ER
-smooth, tubular -lipid and cholesterol synthesis -breaks down glycogen and toxic chemicals
Kingdom Archaebacterial
-some can survive extreme heat -many survive without oxygen -extreme phyles
Rough ER
-studded with ribosomes -aids in protein synthesis
nuclear envelop
-surrounds nucleus -double membrane -pore(doors of nucleus)
Lipids are a hetergenous group of compounds that are characterized by
-their solubility in nonpolar solvents -relative insolubility in water
concentration gradient
-uneven distribution of particles -potential energy exist on each side with higher concentration -molecules diffuse until they are spread evenly throughout a system -spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low
adhering junction
1 of the 2 anchoring junctions, that cement cells together
desmosomes
1 of the 2 anchoring junctions, that protein plates that "rivet" the cells together
indirect active transport
1 solute down its concentrated gradient and 1 solute against its gradient
monosaccharides
1 sugar unit (simple sugars) -hexoses(6- C sugars) -glucose, fructose, and galactose(all are C6H12O6) -Pentoses(5- C Sugars) -deoxyribose and ribose(components of DNA and RNA)
Six Characteristics of Life
1. Living organisms are composed of cells 2. Living organisms grow and develop 3. Living organisms regulate metabolic process 4. Living organisms respond to stimuli 5. Living organisms reproduce 6. Populations evolve
hydrogen and helium have full valence shells when they have ________ electrons
2
water
2 hydrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom - polar: 1 end is (+), the other is (-) -whole molecule is neutral
Monosaccharides are simple sugars that contain ______ - _______ carbon atoms
3-7
tertiary structure
3-D structure of each individual polypeptide chain; formed by interactions between side chains
At what temp is water most dense?
4 degrees Celsius
A neutral solution has a pH of
7
Valence shells are full when they have how many electrons? (not including hydrogen and helium)
8
An atom with 1, 2, or 3 electrons in its Valence shell tends to _____________ electrons, giving it a ____________ charge. These are called
Lose, positive, cations
Large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues
Proteins
Name the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
when and acid and a base are mixed in water, anions from the acid and cations from the base combine to form a ___________.
Salt
Isomers
The same components can link in more than one pattern, creating wide variety of molecular shapes
Atoms with 5,6, or 7 Valence electrons tend to ____________ electrons. They become ___________ charged. These are called __________.
Gain, negative, anions
What is the most abundant monosaccharide that is used as the primary energy source?
Glucose
Properties of hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons lack distinct charged regions, are insoluble in water, and cluster together
Cellular organization of protists?
Unicellular and multicellular
facilitated diffusion
a transport protein aids in the transport of a molecule across membrane -can only move molecule down concentration gradient
hydrogen bond
a weak bond between H with partial (+) charge and an electronegative atom -weakest type of bond
in monosaccharides, one carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom forming ____________ and __________
aldehydes and ketones
Members of Kingdom Protists
algae, slime molds, amoebas, and ciliates. Unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have Eukaryotic cell organization. Diverse, some can do photosynthesis.
metabolism
all chemical process within organisms
Permeable movement
allows all substances to pass thru
capillary action
allows for the transport of water up tiny tubes against gravity(w/o any energy input)
primary structure
amino acid sequence
phospholipids
amphipathic lipids w/ 2 fatty acid -components of cell membranes
electronegative atom
an atom w/ a strong capacity for attracting and pulling electrons
ion
an electrically charged atom that's the result of a gain or loss of electrons
Where are saturated fats found?
animal fat and solid vegetable shortenings
What represents the most basic level of chemical organization?
atom
isotope
atoms of the same element w different number of neutrons
peripheral protein
bound to the extra- or intra- cellular surface of the membrane; not embedded in the fatty acid portion of the membrane
How does an atom become an ion
by gaining or losing electrons
The ____________ atom forms bonds with more different elements than any other type of atom
carbon
Lipids consist of mainly
carbon and hydrogen (with few oxygen containing functional groups)
Carbohydrates contain________, _________, and _________ atoms in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ionic Bonds form between
cations and anions
phospholipid bilayer
cell membrane
Which carbohydrate is a structural component of plant fibers?
cellulose
Evolution
change in populations overtime across generations
adaptation
characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction success by blending with the environment
ionic bonds
chemical attraction between ions
When atoms of different elements combine they form _____.
chemical compounds
Oxidation
chemical process in which an atom, ion, or molecule loses one or more electrons (OIL-oxidation is losing)
Reduction
chemical process in which and atom, ion, or molecule gains one or more electrons-gaining another negative charge(RIG-reduction is gaining)
Neurotransmitters
chemical signals used to transmit signals across nervous system
Carolus Linnaeus
father of taxonomy
Biologically important groups of lipids are:
fats, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, and waxes
integral proteins
firmly bound membrane, extends partially or completely thru membrane
vesicles
fluid filled sacs surrounded by a membrane
taxon
formal grouping of organisms
Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with up to _________neighboring water molecules
four
glycoproteins
functional proteins secreted by cells
Information in living organisms is transmitted by which mechanism(s)?
genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters
Glycogen
glucose subunits stored as an energy source in animal tissues more extensively branched and water soluble than starch of plants stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
triacylglycerol is formed from
glycerol and three fatty acids
Basic solutions have pH values
greater than 7
functional groups
groups attached to a Hydrocarbon that functions in a certain and change the properties of organic molecules
Suppose a particular protein is produced in excess of the cell's needs. What kind of mechanism will intervene to stop production?
homeostatic
steroids
hormones, bile salts, and cholesterol -Hormones=signaling molecules(e.g. testosterone) -Bile salts= help break down fat in intestines -cholesterol= component of animal cell membranes
Adding heat increases kinetic energy of molecules and breaks the ____ bonds in water
hydrogen
Are Polar and ionic functional groups hydrophillic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
lipids
hydrophobic molecules composed primarily of H and C w/ few O containing functional groups -most concentrated E source of all org. molecules
molecular formula
identifies composition of a molecule and the # of each kind of atom per molecule
tight junctions
impermeable junctions that act like "quilting" between cells to prevent molecules from passing thru extracellular space between adjacent cells -very tight: almost nothing gets thru
Cellulose
insoluble polysaccharide composed of many joined glucose molecules
peptide bonds
join a.a's in condensation reactions
hydrocarbons
large molecules containing C and H -exist as chains or rings -hydrophobic and nonpolar
central vacuole
large vesicle; only found in plant cells
An acidic solution has a pH
less than 7
unsatruated fats are ________ are room rtemp
liquid
Polysaccharides
macromolecule consisting of repeating units of simple sugars, usually glucose can provide energy storage or function as a structural component of cells
endocytosis
materials enters the cell -PM surrounds a particle outside cell and forms a vesicle, then pinches off as PM fuses back together
exocytosis
materials exit the cells -vesicle from inside the cell fuses w/ cell membrane
Saturated fats contain the _________ (max or min) number of hydrogen atoms
max
saturated fats
maximum # of H atoms in the fatty acid chains -solid at room temp -often from animal sources -BAD for you
pH
measurement of acidity that's based on the H+ ion concentration -Scale: 0-14 -Acidic <7 -Basic >7
hormones
messenger molecules that are produced in one part of the organism and travel to a separate part to illicit a response
In living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as:
metabolism
Enantiomer Isomers
molecules that are mirror images of each other
Carbohydrates with one sugar unit
monosaccharides
chromosome
most concentrated form of DNA or tightly wound DNA, only time you can see is during cell division
essential a.a's
must be ingested for survival
Endomembrane
network of organelles that can exchange energy and materials using plasma membrane(transport vesicle)
passive transport
no energy input required
hydrophobic
nonpolar (water fearing)
When covalently bonded atoms have similar electronegativities, the electrons are shared equally and the bond is described as a...
nonpolar covalent bond
A DNA molecule is made up of:
nucleotides
amphipathic
one end is hydrophilic and other end is hydrophobic
unsaturated fats
one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chains (not saturated w/ H's) -liquid at room temp -often from plant sources -healthier
o A protein consists of
one or more polypeptide chains, with hundreds of amino acids joined in a specific linear order
When an atom forms covalent bonds with other atoms, the orbitals in the valence shell may become rearranged in a process known as
orbital hybridization
endosymbiont
organism that lives inside the body of another organism
compound
particle composed of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
_______ bonds join amino acids
peptide
hydrophilic
polar/ ionic (water loving)
galactosamine
polymer of amino acids -found in cartlidge
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
polymer of carbs and prot/lipids -important molecules in cell membrane
nucleic acids
polymers of linked nucleotides
carbohydrates with many sugar units
polysaccharides
All of the members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute a(n):
population
What large molecules are essential in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues?
proteins
turgor pressure
pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plants
Glycolipids
recognition compounds on surfaces of animal cells
learning about a structure by studying its part
reductionism
channel proteins
regular bridge
sexual
reproduction with fusion of egg and sperm
Asexual
reproduction without fusion off egg/sperm; off springs are clones
active transport
requires energy to input
secondary structure
results from H-bonding that causes peptide chains to form highly regular shapes -a-helix: H bonds cause poly peptide chain to from a corkscrew
Geometric Isomers
same arrangement of covalent bonds, but different spatial arrangement of atoms- cis and trans. Occurs in some compounds with double bonds
taxonomy
science of naming and classifying organisms
simple diffusion
small nonpolar molecules move directly thru membrane, down concentration gradient
atom
smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties
molecule
stable particle composed of 2 or more atoms joined by a chemical bond
common polysaccharides
starches, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
intermediate filaments
stiff like rods, serve as "skeleton" in the cell
3 types of isomers
structural, geometric, enantiomers
systematics
study of diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
ionic compound
substance composed of negatively charged atoms and positively charged atoms; metal and nonmetal
element
substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Base
substance that dissociates in solution to yield a hydroxide ion and a cation- proton acceptor
Acid
substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions and anion-a proton donor
acids
substances that dissociate in a solution to yield H+ ions -proton donors -(H+)>(OH-)
amino acids
subunits of proteins
common dissacharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
carbohydrates
sugars, starches, and cellulose
What is the much abundant lipid in living organisms?
triacylglycerols -when metabolized, releases twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates
Disaccharide
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage consisting of a central osygen covalently bonded to two carbons, one in each ring
direct active transport
uses energy from ATP to pump 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in
Proteins
very large molecules that determine structure and function of cells
Members of Kingdom Fungi
yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. Do not photosynthesize
carotenoids
yellow, orange, red pigments that are produced by organisms in all kingdoms EXCEPT Animalia
Can a group of atoms gain or lose protons?
yes
bases
yield OH- ions -proton acceptors -(OH-)>(H+)
Two forms of starch are?
Amylose (unbranched a1->4) and Amylopectin (branched a1-6)
Autotroph
An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer
Name the 3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What is the most abundant of the carbohydrates?
Cellulose
To which Phylum do humans belong?
Chordata
A group of organisms with a common ancestor
Clade
biosphere
Earth and all its communities
In the polar molecule, water, which atoms are negatively and which atoms are positively charged?
The oxygen end is the negative pole and the two hydrogen are the positive pole
Is glucose a structural isomer??
YEs
ecosystem
a community and its abiotic environment
what is a salt?
a compound in which the hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by some other cation.
• Amino acids combine chemically by
a condensation reaction between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of another amino acid
Triaglycerols
a glycerol head w/ 3 fatty acid chains attached -saturated and unsaturated -most abundant fats
genus
a group of closely related species
community
a group of different species living together at same place and time
population
a group of organisms of same species living together in same place at same time
species
a group of organisms with similar structure, function, and behavior that can interbreed
Electronegativity
a measure of an atom's attraction for shared electrons in chemical bonds
Ion
a particle with 1 or more units of electric charge
Starch
a polymer consisting of a-glucose subunits joined by a 1-4 linkages where C1 of one glucose is bound to C4 of next glucose
Members of Kingdom Plantae
complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis
chitin
component of arthopod's exoskeletons
organic compounds
compound in which C is covalently bonded to move O's to form the backbone of the molecule
isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures -shape determines function, so isomers have different chemical properties even though they have same formula
cellulose
comprises the cell wall of plant cells
• Monomers become covalently linked by _________reactions
condensation
microfilaments
contraction of muscle cells, aids in cell division, bundle together to provide mechanical strength
Carbon can form up to four _________bonds
covalent
A peptide bond is a
covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids
Unlike atoms can be linked by covalent bonds creating
covalent compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon ___________bonded to other carbon atoms which form the backbone of these molecules
covalently
peroxisomes
detoxifying enzyme filled vesicle
Structural Isomers
differ in arrangement of atoms
lysosomes
digestive enzyme filled vesicle; only in animals
Carbohydrates with two sugar units
disaccharides
gap junction
donut-shaped channels made of connexin proteins that allows cells to share small molecules and fluids
unsaturated fats contain one or more pairs of carbon atoms joined by a _______ bond
double
carrier proteins
draw bridge
Binomial System of nomen culture
each specie has a 2 part name (e.g. Homo sapiens)
biosphere
earth and all organisms on it
chemical bond
electrons are shared between 2 atoms -strongest type of bond
active transport
energy input required
glucosamine
extremely hard polymer of amino sugars, found in arthropod exoskeletons, fungal cell walls, and vertebrate bones -plants= cellose -fungi= glucosamine - bacteria= protein
cotransport
the active transport of substances against its concentrated gradient(lo to hi) by coupling it transport w/ the facilitated diffusion of another substances down its gradient
Ionic bonds
the attraction between anions and cations.
osmosis
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
bond energy
the energy required to break a chemical bond
Atomic number
the fixed number of protons in the atomic nucleus
cytosol
the fluid portion of the cell
atomic mass
the mass of protons and neutrons, which is written as superscript in front of chemical symbol above atomic number(atomic # x 2)
diffusion
the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equally distributed
Atomic mass
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
quaternary structure
the overall structure(shape) of a complete protein; formed by interactions between 2 or more polypeptide chains
Hydrogen binds form between
the partial positive charge of one water molecule and the partial negative charge of a neighboring water molecule
osmotic pressure
the pressure that must exerted on the hypertonic side of selectively permeable membrane to prevent diffusion of water from the hypertonic solution
Covalent bonds
the sharing of electrons between atoms in a way that results in each atom having a a filled valence shell (molecules share these bonds)
extra cellular matrix(ECM)
thick coating secreted by some animal cells(e.g cartilage) to help provide structural support
microtubules
thick, moves chromosomes during cell division, acts like tracks to guide substances across cell, cilia and flagella
chromatin
tightly wound of package DNA