Biology 1110 Exam 1 UTC

A polar covalent bond

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

taxonomic classification system

Did(domain) King(kingdom) Phillip(Phylum) Come(Class) Over(Order) For(Family) Good(Genus) Sex(Species)

Which domain do humans belong to?

Domain Eukarya

transport proteins

"gates" that permit passage of polar or larger molecules

atomic number

# of protons in an atom, which is written as subscript in front of chemical symbol

cation

(+) ion, result of a loss of electrons

anion

(-) ion, result of a gain of electrons

DNA

-Deoxyribonucleic acid -huge molecules that contains genetic codes - transfers heritable info. from one generation to next - codes for the reproduction of genes

cell theory

-cells are basic living units of organization and function in all organisms -all cells come from other cells -all organisms are composed of one or more cells -all vital functions of organisms occurs in cells -cells contain the heredity info

Kingdom Protista

-diverse taxon of mostly unicellular, eukaryotic misfits

endoplasmic reticulum(ER)

-maze of parallel internal membranes -encircles the nucleus and extends thru cell

polymers

-molecules composed of repeating subunits of the same general type. -form when monomers link together via condensation reactions

Kingdom Fungi

-mostly multicellular, heterotrophic, decomposing eukaryotes

Kingdom Animalia

-multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes

Kingdom Plantae

-multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes

cytoskeleton

-network of protein fibers -adds strength and structure to cells -aids in movement including cell division

3 components of nucleotides

-pentose sugar -phosphate sugar -nitrogenous base

Aerobic Back cell

-produce a lot of ATP(more efficient) -receives food and shelter from host

aerobic host cell

-produces ATP but not efficiently -host cell receives extra ATP

Golgi complex

-series of flattened sacs(cisternae) -sorts and modifies proteins from the ER -packages proteins into vesicles for exocytosis or transport to other organelles

ribosomes

-site of protein structure -produced in nucleus and exported to cytoplasm

Smooth ER

-smooth, tubular -lipid and cholesterol synthesis -breaks down glycogen and toxic chemicals

Kingdom Archaebacterial

-some can survive extreme heat -many survive without oxygen -extreme phyles

Rough ER

-studded with ribosomes -aids in protein synthesis

nuclear envelop

-surrounds nucleus -double membrane -pore(doors of nucleus)

Lipids are a hetergenous group of compounds that are characterized by

-their solubility in nonpolar solvents -relative insolubility in water

concentration gradient

-uneven distribution of particles -potential energy exist on each side with higher concentration -molecules diffuse until they are spread evenly throughout a system -spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low

adhering junction

1 of the 2 anchoring junctions, that cement cells together

desmosomes

1 of the 2 anchoring junctions, that protein plates that "rivet" the cells together

indirect active transport

1 solute down its concentrated gradient and 1 solute against its gradient

monosaccharides

1 sugar unit (simple sugars) -hexoses(6- C sugars) -glucose, fructose, and galactose(all are C6H12O6) -Pentoses(5- C Sugars) -deoxyribose and ribose(components of DNA and RNA)

Six Characteristics of Life

1. Living organisms are composed of cells 2. Living organisms grow and develop 3. Living organisms regulate metabolic process 4. Living organisms respond to stimuli 5. Living organisms reproduce 6. Populations evolve

hydrogen and helium have full valence shells when they have ________ electrons

2

water

2 hydrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom - polar: 1 end is (+), the other is (-) -whole molecule is neutral

Monosaccharides are simple sugars that contain ______ - _______ carbon atoms

3-7

tertiary structure

3-D structure of each individual polypeptide chain; formed by interactions between side chains

At what temp is water most dense?

4 degrees Celsius

A neutral solution has a pH of

7

Valence shells are full when they have how many electrons? (not including hydrogen and helium)

8

An atom with 1, 2, or 3 electrons in its Valence shell tends to _____________ electrons, giving it a ____________ charge. These are called

Lose, positive, cations

Large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues

Proteins

Name the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

when and acid and a base are mixed in water, anions from the acid and cations from the base combine to form a ___________.

Salt

Isomers

The same components can link in more than one pattern, creating wide variety of molecular shapes

Atoms with 5,6, or 7 Valence electrons tend to ____________ electrons. They become ___________ charged. These are called __________.

Gain, negative, anions

What is the most abundant monosaccharide that is used as the primary energy source?

Glucose

Properties of hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons lack distinct charged regions, are insoluble in water, and cluster together

Cellular organization of protists?

Unicellular and multicellular

facilitated diffusion

a transport protein aids in the transport of a molecule across membrane -can only move molecule down concentration gradient

hydrogen bond

a weak bond between H with partial (+) charge and an electronegative atom -weakest type of bond

in monosaccharides, one carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom forming ____________ and __________

aldehydes and ketones

Members of Kingdom Protists

algae, slime molds, amoebas, and ciliates. Unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have Eukaryotic cell organization. Diverse, some can do photosynthesis.

metabolism

all chemical process within organisms

Permeable movement

allows all substances to pass thru

capillary action

allows for the transport of water up tiny tubes against gravity(w/o any energy input)

primary structure

amino acid sequence

phospholipids

amphipathic lipids w/ 2 fatty acid -components of cell membranes

electronegative atom

an atom w/ a strong capacity for attracting and pulling electrons

ion

an electrically charged atom that's the result of a gain or loss of electrons

Where are saturated fats found?

animal fat and solid vegetable shortenings

What represents the most basic level of chemical organization?

atom

isotope

atoms of the same element w different number of neutrons

peripheral protein

bound to the extra- or intra- cellular surface of the membrane; not embedded in the fatty acid portion of the membrane

How does an atom become an ion

by gaining or losing electrons

The ____________ atom forms bonds with more different elements than any other type of atom

carbon

Lipids consist of mainly

carbon and hydrogen (with few oxygen containing functional groups)

Carbohydrates contain________, _________, and _________ atoms in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Ionic Bonds form between

cations and anions

phospholipid bilayer

cell membrane

Which carbohydrate is a structural component of plant fibers?

cellulose

Evolution

change in populations overtime across generations

adaptation

characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction success by blending with the environment

ionic bonds

chemical attraction between ions

When atoms of different elements combine they form _____.

chemical compounds

Oxidation

chemical process in which an atom, ion, or molecule loses one or more electrons (OIL-oxidation is losing)

Reduction

chemical process in which and atom, ion, or molecule gains one or more electrons-gaining another negative charge(RIG-reduction is gaining)

Neurotransmitters

chemical signals used to transmit signals across nervous system

Carolus Linnaeus

father of taxonomy

Biologically important groups of lipids are:

fats, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, and waxes

integral proteins

firmly bound membrane, extends partially or completely thru membrane

vesicles

fluid filled sacs surrounded by a membrane

taxon

formal grouping of organisms

Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with up to _________neighboring water molecules

four

glycoproteins

functional proteins secreted by cells

Information in living organisms is transmitted by which mechanism(s)?

genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters

Glycogen

glucose subunits stored as an energy source in animal tissues more extensively branched and water soluble than starch of plants stored mainly in liver and muscle cells

triacylglycerol is formed from

glycerol and three fatty acids

Basic solutions have pH values

greater than 7

functional groups

groups attached to a Hydrocarbon that functions in a certain and change the properties of organic molecules

Suppose a particular protein is produced in excess of the cell's needs. What kind of mechanism will intervene to stop production?

homeostatic

steroids

hormones, bile salts, and cholesterol -Hormones=signaling molecules(e.g. testosterone) -Bile salts= help break down fat in intestines -cholesterol= component of animal cell membranes

Adding heat increases kinetic energy of molecules and breaks the ____ bonds in water

hydrogen

Are Polar and ionic functional groups hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

lipids

hydrophobic molecules composed primarily of H and C w/ few O containing functional groups -most concentrated E source of all org. molecules

molecular formula

identifies composition of a molecule and the # of each kind of atom per molecule

tight junctions

impermeable junctions that act like "quilting" between cells to prevent molecules from passing thru extracellular space between adjacent cells -very tight: almost nothing gets thru

Cellulose

insoluble polysaccharide composed of many joined glucose molecules

peptide bonds

join a.a's in condensation reactions

hydrocarbons

large molecules containing C and H -exist as chains or rings -hydrophobic and nonpolar

central vacuole

large vesicle; only found in plant cells

An acidic solution has a pH

less than 7

unsatruated fats are ________ are room rtemp

liquid

Polysaccharides

macromolecule consisting of repeating units of simple sugars, usually glucose can provide energy storage or function as a structural component of cells

endocytosis

materials enters the cell -PM surrounds a particle outside cell and forms a vesicle, then pinches off as PM fuses back together

exocytosis

materials exit the cells -vesicle from inside the cell fuses w/ cell membrane

Saturated fats contain the _________ (max or min) number of hydrogen atoms

max

saturated fats

maximum # of H atoms in the fatty acid chains -solid at room temp -often from animal sources -BAD for you

pH

measurement of acidity that's based on the H+ ion concentration -Scale: 0-14 -Acidic <7 -Basic >7

hormones

messenger molecules that are produced in one part of the organism and travel to a separate part to illicit a response

In living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as:

metabolism

Enantiomer Isomers

molecules that are mirror images of each other

Carbohydrates with one sugar unit

monosaccharides

chromosome

most concentrated form of DNA or tightly wound DNA, only time you can see is during cell division

essential a.a's

must be ingested for survival

Endomembrane

network of organelles that can exchange energy and materials using plasma membrane(transport vesicle)

passive transport

no energy input required

hydrophobic

nonpolar (water fearing)

When covalently bonded atoms have similar electronegativities, the electrons are shared equally and the bond is described as a...

nonpolar covalent bond

A DNA molecule is made up of:

nucleotides

amphipathic

one end is hydrophilic and other end is hydrophobic

unsaturated fats

one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chains (not saturated w/ H's) -liquid at room temp -often from plant sources -healthier

o A protein consists of

one or more polypeptide chains, with hundreds of amino acids joined in a specific linear order

When an atom forms covalent bonds with other atoms, the orbitals in the valence shell may become rearranged in a process known as

orbital hybridization

endosymbiont

organism that lives inside the body of another organism

compound

particle composed of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

_______ bonds join amino acids

peptide

hydrophilic

polar/ ionic (water loving)

galactosamine

polymer of amino acids -found in cartlidge

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

polymer of carbs and prot/lipids -important molecules in cell membrane

nucleic acids

polymers of linked nucleotides

carbohydrates with many sugar units

polysaccharides

All of the members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute a(n):

population

What large molecules are essential in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues?

proteins

turgor pressure

pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plants

Glycolipids

recognition compounds on surfaces of animal cells

learning about a structure by studying its part

reductionism

channel proteins

regular bridge

sexual

reproduction with fusion of egg and sperm

Asexual

reproduction without fusion off egg/sperm; off springs are clones

active transport

requires energy to input

secondary structure

results from H-bonding that causes peptide chains to form highly regular shapes -a-helix: H bonds cause poly peptide chain to from a corkscrew

Geometric Isomers

same arrangement of covalent bonds, but different spatial arrangement of atoms- cis and trans. Occurs in some compounds with double bonds

taxonomy

science of naming and classifying organisms

simple diffusion

small nonpolar molecules move directly thru membrane, down concentration gradient

atom

smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties

molecule

stable particle composed of 2 or more atoms joined by a chemical bond

common polysaccharides

starches, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

intermediate filaments

stiff like rods, serve as "skeleton" in the cell

3 types of isomers

structural, geometric, enantiomers

systematics

study of diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

ionic compound

substance composed of negatively charged atoms and positively charged atoms; metal and nonmetal

element

substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Base

substance that dissociates in solution to yield a hydroxide ion and a cation- proton acceptor

Acid

substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions and anion-a proton donor

acids

substances that dissociate in a solution to yield H+ ions -proton donors -(H+)>(OH-)

amino acids

subunits of proteins

common dissacharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

carbohydrates

sugars, starches, and cellulose

What is the much abundant lipid in living organisms?

triacylglycerols -when metabolized, releases twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage consisting of a central osygen covalently bonded to two carbons, one in each ring

direct active transport

uses energy from ATP to pump 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in

Proteins

very large molecules that determine structure and function of cells

Members of Kingdom Fungi

yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. Do not photosynthesize

carotenoids

yellow, orange, red pigments that are produced by organisms in all kingdoms EXCEPT Animalia

Can a group of atoms gain or lose protons?

yes

bases

yield OH- ions -proton acceptors -(OH-)>(H+)

Two forms of starch are?

Amylose (unbranched a1->4) and Amylopectin (branched a1-6)

Autotroph

An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer

Name the 3 domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What is the most abundant of the carbohydrates?

Cellulose

To which Phylum do humans belong?

Chordata

A group of organisms with a common ancestor

Clade

biosphere

Earth and all its communities

In the polar molecule, water, which atoms are negatively and which atoms are positively charged?

The oxygen end is the negative pole and the two hydrogen are the positive pole

Is glucose a structural isomer??

YEs

ecosystem

a community and its abiotic environment

what is a salt?

a compound in which the hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by some other cation.

• Amino acids combine chemically by

a condensation reaction between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of another amino acid

Triaglycerols

a glycerol head w/ 3 fatty acid chains attached -saturated and unsaturated -most abundant fats

genus

a group of closely related species

community

a group of different species living together at same place and time

population

a group of organisms of same species living together in same place at same time

species

a group of organisms with similar structure, function, and behavior that can interbreed

Electronegativity

a measure of an atom's attraction for shared electrons in chemical bonds

Ion

a particle with 1 or more units of electric charge

Starch

a polymer consisting of a-glucose subunits joined by a 1-4 linkages where C1 of one glucose is bound to C4 of next glucose

Members of Kingdom Plantae

complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis

chitin

component of arthopod's exoskeletons

organic compounds

compound in which C is covalently bonded to move O's to form the backbone of the molecule

isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures -shape determines function, so isomers have different chemical properties even though they have same formula

cellulose

comprises the cell wall of plant cells

• Monomers become covalently linked by _________reactions

condensation

microfilaments

contraction of muscle cells, aids in cell division, bundle together to provide mechanical strength

Carbon can form up to four _________bonds

covalent

A peptide bond is a

covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids

Unlike atoms can be linked by covalent bonds creating

covalent compounds

Organic compounds contain carbon ___________bonded to other carbon atoms which form the backbone of these molecules

covalently

peroxisomes

detoxifying enzyme filled vesicle

Structural Isomers

differ in arrangement of atoms

lysosomes

digestive enzyme filled vesicle; only in animals

Carbohydrates with two sugar units

disaccharides

gap junction

donut-shaped channels made of connexin proteins that allows cells to share small molecules and fluids

unsaturated fats contain one or more pairs of carbon atoms joined by a _______ bond

double

carrier proteins

draw bridge

Binomial System of nomen culture

each specie has a 2 part name (e.g. Homo sapiens)

biosphere

earth and all organisms on it

chemical bond

electrons are shared between 2 atoms -strongest type of bond

active transport

energy input required

glucosamine

extremely hard polymer of amino sugars, found in arthropod exoskeletons, fungal cell walls, and vertebrate bones -plants= cellose -fungi= glucosamine - bacteria= protein

cotransport

the active transport of substances against its concentrated gradient(lo to hi) by coupling it transport w/ the facilitated diffusion of another substances down its gradient

Ionic bonds

the attraction between anions and cations.

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

bond energy

the energy required to break a chemical bond

Atomic number

the fixed number of protons in the atomic nucleus

cytosol

the fluid portion of the cell

atomic mass

the mass of protons and neutrons, which is written as superscript in front of chemical symbol above atomic number(atomic # x 2)

diffusion

the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equally distributed

Atomic mass

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

quaternary structure

the overall structure(shape) of a complete protein; formed by interactions between 2 or more polypeptide chains

Hydrogen binds form between

the partial positive charge of one water molecule and the partial negative charge of a neighboring water molecule

osmotic pressure

the pressure that must exerted on the hypertonic side of selectively permeable membrane to prevent diffusion of water from the hypertonic solution

Covalent bonds

the sharing of electrons between atoms in a way that results in each atom having a a filled valence shell (molecules share these bonds)

extra cellular matrix(ECM)

thick coating secreted by some animal cells(e.g cartilage) to help provide structural support

microtubules

thick, moves chromosomes during cell division, acts like tracks to guide substances across cell, cilia and flagella

chromatin

tightly wound of package DNA