biology 121 final exam, final exam BLY 121
Using distance-based methods to construct a phylogenetic tree requires:
a constant evolutionary rate of change in the DNA of the taxa.
Which of the answer choices is most likely to fossilize?
a crayfish that died in its muddy burrow by a creek
In order for phospholipids to form bilayers spontaneously in an aqueous environment, the pH should be:
approximately neutral.
Which one of the following is NOT a product when photosystem II oxidizes a molecule of water?
carbon dioxide
Which of the following correctly lists the three steps of the Calvin cycle?
carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
Which of these correctly lists the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
It is thought that the evolution of two photosystems from one likely involved:
either transfer of genetic material or gene duplication and divergence.
codominance
heterozygous genotypes simultaneously displays multiple phenotypes; blood type; capital letter with subscript
what is FADH2
high energy form of FAD
Which of the sequences best represents the flow of energy through living systems?
light → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration →ATP → heat
Which type of receptor is involved in rapid responses of muscle cells and neurons?
ligand-gated ion channel
in which stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced
light reactions
RNA molecules are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotes through:
nuclear pores.
In the Calvin cycle, NADPH is: reduced. oxidized. None of the answer options is correct. oxidized and reduced. phosphorylated.
oxidized
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a signaling molecule that functions in which of the following types of cell signaling?
paracrine
Which type of signaling is blocked by the toxin, curare?
paracrine
What is a product (as opposed to a substrate) of at least one of the processes of cellular respiration?
water
We consume a variety of carbohydrates that are digested into a variety of different monosaccharides. How do these different sugars enter glycolysis?
Different sugars can be modified to form different intermediates of glycolysis.
In the developing nervous system, delta cells display on their surface the protein Delta, which interacts with and activates the Notch protein present on neighboring Notch cells. What is the developmental fate of these two cell types?
Delta cells become neurons, and the activation of Notch causes neighboring cells to become glial cells.
Fermentation produces nearly twice as much ATP as aerobic respiration, which explains why it is a preferred pathway for bacteria.
False
When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA during pyruvate oxidation, the other products of the reaction are
NADH and CO2.
When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA during pyruvate oxidation, the other products of the reaction are:
NADH and CO2.
pyruvate oxidation
- starts with 2 molecules of pyruvate that are transported into the mitochondrial matrix - ends with product acetyl COa(or coenzyme A) - results= 1 molecule of CO2, 1 molecule of NADH
Which of the following correctly describes the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
...uses co2...
You are studying a gene with three distinct alleles found in Daphnia magna, a water flea. Your sample reveals the following genotype proportions: AA = 10 AB = 5 AC = 15 BB = 30 BC = 15 CC = 25 The allele frequencies of all alleles at a given are equal to 1. The frequency of allele A is:
0.2.
For every turn of the Calvin cycle, how many triose phosphates are exported from the chloroplast?
1
deletion, duplication, and inversion
3 types of single chromosome mutations
How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP? A. by glycolysis B. by pyruvate oxidation C. by the citric acid cycle D. by oxidative phosphorylation
A. by glycolysis
Cytochrome b6f is an important complex in the photosynthetic electron transport chain because it facilitates the transport of electrons from PSII to PSI. Another vital function of Cytochrome b6f is that it couples the transport of electrons with the pumping of _____ from the _____. A. protons; stroma into the thylakoid lumen B. ATP; stroma into the thylakoid lumen C. water; thylakoid lumen into the stroma D. NADPH; thylakoid lumen into the stroma
A. protons; stroma into the thylakoid lumen
Which of the following describes the key reactions in fermenting beer, wine, or other alcoholic beverages? A. reduction of acetaldehyde B. reduction of pyruvate C. reduction of glucose D. reduction of lactic acid E. none of the answer choices are correct
A. reduction of acetaldehyde
What is the primary function of Mitosis? A. to produce new somatic cells B. to regulate gene expression C. to produce new proteins D. to produce haploid gametes
A. to produce new somatic cells
what is the correct equation of the synthesis of ATP
ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy -> ATP
Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol across the mitochondrial membranes and into the mitochondrial matrix. The direct effect of this drug is to stop ATP synthesis because:
ADP is a necessary substrate for the reactions catalyzed by ATP synthase
The enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is thought of as a metabolic "valve" that regulates the rate of glycolysis. Which example correctly identified its allosteric activators and inhibitors and their actions?
ADP-activator; citrate-inhibitor
Which of the following are products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that are required by reactions in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
4
After pyruvate oxidation, the chemical energy of how many carbons of the original glucose molecule is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP in the remaining steps of cellular respiration? 2 3 4 1 5
Why is pyruvate imported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix?
Although pyruvate is made in the cytoplasm, the product of its oxidation, acetyl-CoA, is a substrate for the citric acid cycle, which is located in the mitochondrial matrix.
Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breath out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used:
As an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain
If the cell shown on the right divides by Mitosis, what is the total number of chromosomes in each of the two new cells? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16
B. 4
What is the total number of chromosomes in the cell shown on the right? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16
B. 4
How is total genome size measured? A. Number of genes B. Number of base pairs C. Number of chromosomes D. Number of proteins
B. Number of base pairs
Recall that a carbon atom has only four electrons in its valence (outermost) shell. Given this information, what is the MOST likely structural formula for carbon dioxide (CO2)? A. O-C-O B. O=C=O C. O=C-O D. O-C=O
B. O=C=O
Which of the following chemical bonds is unique to nucleic acids? A. peptide bonds B. phosphodiester bonds C. hydrogen bonds D. ionic bonds E. glycosidic bonds
B. phosphodiester bonds
Condition in which homologous chromosomes carry the same alleles. A. Codominance B. Heterozygous C. Homozygous D. Incomplete dominance
C. Homozygous
in respiration, which molecule is the electron donor
C6H12O6
What is the INITIAL carbon input in the Calvin cycle? triose phosphate CO2 C6H12O6 rubisco
CO2
What is the fully oxidized product that results from the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration?
CO2
Dinosaurs disappeared at the end of which period?
Cretaceous
The current techniques of high-throughput sequencing are collectively called __________ . A. Proteomics B. Sangar Method C. Polymerase Chain Reaction D. Metagenomics E. Next Generation Sequencing
E. Next Generation Sequencing
Copy Number Variations (CNV) are due to ___________? A. Missense mutations B. Frameshift mutations C. Chromosomal level duplications/deletions D. Single nucleotide polymorphisms E. Nucleotide insertion/deletion (indel)
E. Nucleotide insertion/deletion (indel)
As a population geneticist, you find a species of snail with more genetic diversity than humans. What does this mean? E. There is more variation in the gene pool of snails than humans. F. The snails have more genes on their chromosomes than humans. G. The snails have more DNA than humans. H. The snails have a larger population size than humans.
E. There is more variation in the gene pool of snails than humans.
Which of the answer choices do scientists think might have been the first electron donor to arise?
Fe2+
The statement "Humans evolved from chimpanzees" is a common misconception. Which of the statements is a more accurate description of the evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
Imagine that a scientist discovers a new flying species of mammal that resembles a winged rabbit. What can the scientist say about this organism?
If molecular sequence data show that bats and this new species share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals, the wings of these two species would be considered homologous.
Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pumps protons. Protons are pumped across the __________ mitochondrial membrane, from the _________ to the ___________
Inner; matrix; intermembrane space
What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
Inputs- CO2, NADPH, and ATP; Outputs-triose phosphate
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as ____________.
Metabolism
In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the:
Mitochondrial matrix
Kinetic Energy
Motion
Which example represents the reduced forms of the two major electron carriers?
NADH and FADH2
The final (terminal) electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is:
Oxygen
destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2
Phosphorylating glucose during phase 1 of glycolysis: 1. releases phosphorylated glucose from cells. 2. destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2. 3. provides electrons to reduce NAD+ in phase 3. 4. provides electrons to reduce FADH in phase 3. 5. None of the other answer options is correct.
gel electrophoresis
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
Which of the following compounds is required for the carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle? ATP NADPH 3-PGA RuBP ATP and NADPH
RuPB
Why does genetic drift have more of an impact on the evolution of small populations than large ones?
Sampling from generation to generation is more variable in small populations than large.
What is a possible explanation for why a population may not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Selection is favoring a particular trait in the population.
Why do some marathon runners attempt to "carbo load" (that is, eat a lot of pasta) before a big race?
The bonds in carbohydrates have high potential energy.
how long two populations of the same species have been separated.
The concept of a molecular clock allows a population geneticist to estimate:
Imagine that you walk out of your warm house on a cold winter's day. What is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario?
The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside
Which statement is true regarding the earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth?
The organisms likely used molecules other than H2O (that is, H2S) as electron donors.
Which statement is true regarding the molecular clock of hemoglobins?
The rate of the molecular clock of hemoglobins is in between that of pseudogenes and cytochrome c.
Which one of the following statements about the formation of a peptide bond is incorrect?
The reaction is spontaneous
There is some debate about whether Homo floresiensis is a separate species or an aberrant form of Homo sapiens. Regardless, what we do know is that H. floresiensis were only found on an Indonesian island, and adults were only 3 feet tall. What factors would have selected for this distinct phenotype on an island habitat?
The smaller body size was advantageous for living on an island, as food is often limited on islands.
As a population geneticist, you find a species of snails with more genetic diversity than humans. What does this mean?
There is more variation in the gene pool of snails than humans.
Which of the answer choices is true when comparing the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis?
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle
Rubisco can function as either a carboxylase or an oxygenase.
True
Which of the scenarios represents genetic incompatibility?
Two groups of snakes do not produce fertile offspring because they have a different number of chromosomes.
All cells able to carry out photosynthesis have:
a plasma membrane
All cells able to carry out photosynthesis have:
a plasma membrane.
What is the INITIAL carbon input in the Calvin cycle? a. CO2 b. rubisco c. triose phosphate d. C6H12O2
a. CO2 The Calvin cycle begins with carboxylation which is the addition of carbon dioxide to the five carbon structure.
bacterial transformation
ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by uptaking foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own
Glycolysis is:
anaerobic.
lactic acid fermentation occurs in
animals bacteria
You observe two groups of frogs that are closely related. Males from each group "sing" with a species-specific song to attract a female frog. Females only respond to songs sung by males of their species. This is an example of _____ separation and _____ reproductive isolation between two species.
behavioral; pre-zygotic
heterozygous
condition in which homologous chromosomes carry different alleles
homozygous
condition in which homologous chromosomes carry the same allele
The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis serves to
destabilize the molecule, making it easier to cleave. trap imported glucose inside the cell.
Tool use is unique to humans.
false
An avalanche is an example of _____ energy.
kinetic
The citric acid cycle takes place in the:
mitochondrial matrix.
A branching pattern depicting the evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called a:
phylogeny
Proton gradient provides ______ energy
potential
According to the figure shown, phosphate groups play a key role in receptor kinase activation by:
providing binding sites to recruit and activate signal-transduction proteins.
NAD+ -> NADH
reduction
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, which of the following within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the cytoplasm of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell?
stroma
what is the primary function of mitosis?
to produce new somatic cells?
p53 gene
tumor suppressor gene; builds up in the nucleus when phosphorylated causing other inhibitor genes to active which stop the cell from dividing
prometaphase II
(Meiosis II) Spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomes
Formation of Acetyl CoA Produces: [2]
- CO2 - NADH
Glycolysis Uses: [4]
- glucose - some ATP (net is negative) - ADP +Pi - NAD+
What conditions in a cell would result in all NAD+ being converted to NADH? What would be the consequences on the steps of glucose metabolism?
- if the ETC were shut down none of the NADH would be used and NAD+ would continue= all NAD+ - glycolysis would stop without NAD+ so everything stops
Glycolysis Produces: [3]
- pyruvate - ATP - NADH
Formation of Acetyl CoA Uses: [2]
- pyruvate - NAD+
glycolysis
- starts with the breakdown of glucose - ends with production of 2 molecules of pyruvate - result= net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH(electron carrier)
What are the net products of the citric acid cycle for each molecule of acetyl-CoA generated by pyruvate oxidation?
-1 ATP -1 FADH2 -3 NADH
Which regulatory mechanisms are important in keeping glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in relative balance to each other?
-ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1 -Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1 -AMP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1 -ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1
Each round of the citric acid cycle begins when the four-carbon molecule oxaloacetate is converted to the six-carbon molecule citrate. As the cycle progresses, two carbons are eliminated to regenerate the oxaloacetate. The added carbon is supplied by _____ and the two eliminated carbons are released as _____.
-Acetyl-CoA -CO2
Which components of the electron transport chain directly move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
-Complex III -Complex I -Complex IV
DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) is an effective weight loss agent that was used in diet pills in the 1930s. It has since been removed from the market because of serious side effects such as fever, cataracts, rashes, and sometimes death. DNP inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane and allows the flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Based on this information, which of the answer choices might you predict? Select all that apply.
-Decreased difference in pH between the matrix and intermembrane space -Dissipation of the proton gradient -Reduced ATP production
When oxygen is depleted, the citric acid cycle stops. Which of the answer choices would you need to add to the system to restore activity?
-FAD -NAD+
Where in the eukaryotic cell does each of the following steps occur? -Glycolysis -Acetyl-CoA synthesis -Citric acid cycle -Respiratory (electron transport) chain -ATP synthesis -Fermentation
-Glycolysis: cytosol/cytoplasm -Acetyl-CoA synthesis: mitochondria, matrix -Citric acid cycle: mitochondria, matrix -Respiratory (electron transport) chain: Inter-membrane space -ATP synthesis: mitochondria, intermembrane -Fermentation: cytosol/cytoplasm
The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to heart muscles. Following a heart attack, which of the events would occur in heart tissue due to a block in the coronary arteries?
-Lactic acid would accumulate in the tissue due to glycolysis and fermentation -The production if ATP would decrease -Phosphofructokinase, an intermediary enzyme of glycolysis, would be activated
Which statements are true regarding redox reactions?
-Oxidizing agents may accept H+ ions -If a molecule accepts electrons, it has been reduced -A molecule that has gained H atoms is said to be reduced -Redox reactions may involve the transfer of hydrogen ions (H+) -Oxidizing agents accept electrons
The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle. Following a heart attack, what would occur in heart tissue due to a block in the coronary arteries?
-Phosphofructokinase, an intermediary enzyme of glycolysis, would be activated. -The production of ATP would decrease. -Lactic acid would accumulate in the tissue due to glycolysis and fermentation.
During which stages of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide released?
-Pyruvate oxidation -The citric acid cycle
Glucose is stored in plants as ________ and in animals as __________
-Starch -Glycogen
Which of the following statements is/are true? Choose all that apply.
-The energy of the starting materials for a reaction will equal the sum of energies of the products plus energy released as heat and disorder. -The amount of useable energy resulting from a reaction will always be less than the total energy available in the starting materials.
Pyruvate oxidation:
-occurs twice for each glucose oxidized. -occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. -shows synthesis of the substrate that enters the citric acid cycle.
Which of the following is part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain between photosystems I and II?
-plastocyanin -plastoquinone -cytochrome-b6f complex
Which of the following can directly participate in creating the binding specificity of an enzyme active site? Choose all that apply.
-positively charged amino acid side chains -hydrophilic amino acid side chains -negatively charged amino acid side chains -hydrophobic amino acid side chains
Which of the following is a component of a molecule of ATP? Select all correct choices.
-three phosphate groups -adenine -ribose -three phosphate groups and ribose
Earth's earliest organisms...
.... likely carried out fermentation and may have had rudimentary proton pumps.
Tracing the metabolism of one glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms are fully oxidized to CO2 at the completion of glycolysis?
0
if the cell shown on the right divides by mitosis, what is the total number of chromatids in each of the two new cells?
0 technically, 4 chromosomes but no chromatids.
You are studying a population of 100 diploid individuals. Initially, there were two alleles at a specific gene, each at equal frequency, p=q. You come back and sequence the same gene in the same individuals five years later and discover a single point mutation in one individual (only present in one chromosome). What is the frequency of the mutant allele in this population?
0.005
You are working with a population of snails. During the mating season, you observe that individuals in the population will only mate with others of the same genotype. For example, Mm individuals will only mate with Mm individuals, and mm individuals will only mate with other mm individuals. There are only two alleles for this gene (M is dominant; m is recessive). You have determined that the frequency of the M allele is 0.5. After one generation, what is the expected genotype frequency for Mm individuals in this population?
0.25
beta oxidation produces
1 FADH2, 1 NADH which is then go to the electron transport chain
Which of these equations demonstrates energetic coupling in a cell? Equation 1: ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi ΔG1 = -7 kcal/mol Equation 2: phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O → pyruvate + Pi ΔG2 = -14.8 kcal/mol Equation 3: glucose + Pi → glucose-6-phosphate + H2O ΔG3 = +3.3 kcal/mol Equation 4: ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O ΔG3 = +7 kcal/mol equations 2 and 3 equations 3 and 4 equations 1 and 4 equations 1 and 2 equations 1 and 3
1 and 3
Which statements are true of an inhibitor that binds the active site of an enzyme? Select all that apply.
1. Adding more substrate can reduce the effect of these inhibitors. 2. These inhibitors are structurally similar to the normal substrate of an enzyme. 3. These inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme.
Which of the statements are true? Select all that apply.
1. The energy for a reaction equals the sum of the energy in the product plus energy released as heat and disorder. 2. The amount of usable energy resulting from a reaction is always less than the total energy available at the start of the reaction.
During translation, the new polypeptides are often directed to specific parts of the cell by the presence or absence of short sequences of amino acids called signal sequences. Which peptides would you expect to find in the polypeptide that will eventually fold to become an ion channel protein? Select all that apply.
1. an amino-terminal signal peptide 2. a signal-anchor peptide
Which actions would affect the secondary structure of a protein?
1. breaking the hydrogen bonds between amino acids 2. changing the sequence of amino acids
Once molecules of pyruvate enter the mitochondria, how many electron carriers (NAD+ or FAD) are reduced per original molecule of glucose?
10
When photosynthesis is fully operational under conditions of intense light, the pH of the thylakoid lumen may be as much as three full pH units lower than the pH of the stroma of the chloroplast. That means that there are _____ protons in the thylakoid lumen compared to the stroma.
1000 times more
Which choice correctly lists the approximate number of ATP produced by (1) metabolism of a 16-carbon fatty acid, (2) fermentation of a single glucose, and (3) aerobic respiration of a single glucose, in that order? For this calculation, you will need to know that each 2-carbon unit cleaved from the fatty acid yields one NADH and one FADH2, and the 2-carbon unit is added to coenzyme A to become acetyl-CoA, which is further metabolized by the citric acid cycle.
108, 2, 32
The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years. Archaeologists dig up a seed that contains 0.25 parts per trillion 14C. If it originally contained 1 part per trillion 14C, how old is the archaeological specimen?
11,460 years
You found a fossilized skull of a saber-toothed tiger while kayaking around the mud flats of Mobile Bay! Subsequent analysis of the skull showed that the percent concentration of carbon-14 was roughly 12.5% of what is found in a living organism. According to this result, how long has it been since this tiger was alive? Remember, the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.
17,190 years
The ratio of ATP to NADPH used by the Calvin cycle is approximately 3:2 (3 moles ATP used for each 2 moles NADPH). What is the minimum number of these molecules required to synthesize one mole of glucose?
18 moles ATP + 12 moles NADPH
A single molecule of glucose requires _____ "turn(s)" through the citric acid cycle for its chemical energy to be completely harvested.
2
For every six CO2 molecules incorporated into carbohydrate molecules, how many triose phosphates can be exported from the chloroplast?
2
For every six CO2 molecules incorporated into carbohydrate molecules, how many triose phosphates can be exported from the chloroplast? 10 12 6 2 1
2
For every six CO2 molecules incorporated into carbohydrate molecules, how many triose phosphates can be exported from the chloroplast? 2 12 10 6 1
2
How many reactions in glycolysis directly generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation?
2
How many reactions in glycolysis directly generate ATP?
2
Tracing the metabolism of one glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms are fully oxidized to CO2 at the completion of the pyruvate oxidation stage?
2
how many rounds of the calvin cycle are needed to produce one molecule of glucose
2
For every six CO2 molecules incorporated into carbohydrate molecules, how many triose phosphates can be exported from the chloroplast? 2 12 1 6 10
2 Triose phosphate is a 3-carbon sugar, so six CO2 molecules would yield 2 triose phosphate molecules
Once they have been processed through the citric acid cycle, the acetyl-CoA molecules from a single glucose molecule produce:
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2, and 2 FADH2
Once they have been processed through the citric acid cycle, the acetyl-CoA molecules from a single glucose molecule produce:
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2, and 2 FADH2.
citric acid cycle substrates and products
2 acetyl CoA → 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 C02, 2 ATP
Of the 6 carbons in a starting molecule of glucose, at the completion of pyruvate oxidation, _____ carbons are fully oxidized to _____, while _____ carbons remain in _____.
2 carbons; to CO2; 4 carbons; acetyl groups
What is a net product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
Which of the following is a net product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
pyruvate oxidation substrates and products
2 pyruvate → 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 C02
What is a net product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
how its living and where its living
2 things that affect the genome
insertion and translocation
2 types of two chromosome mutations
protein-coding sequences are approximately ____ of the human genome
2%
Imagine you are following a particular tRNA, called tRNAQ, through the process of translation in a eukaryote. In what order does tRNAQ go through the steps listed? Note that some steps may be used more than once. 1. The polypeptide is transferred to tRNAQ. 2. tRNAQ binds the A site of the ribosome. 3. tRNAQ binds the P site of the ribosome. 4. The ribosome shifts, with tRNAQ still bound. 5. tRNAQ binds the E site of the ribosome.
2, 1, 4, 3, 4, 5 The first site with which tRNAQ binds is A. After the polypeptide is transferred to tRNAQ, the ribosome shifts, and this places tRNAQ in the P site. When the ribosome moves again, uncharged tRNAQ is transferred to the E site.
Comparison of mtDNA sequences revealed that all humans shared a common mtDNA ancestor around 200,000 years ago. What was the predicted date of the common ancestor under the multiregional hypothesis of modern human origins?
2,000,000 years ago
Which phases of cellular respiration require oxygen to occur?
2-4
The breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis results in 2 molecules of pyruvate, which are then oxidized to 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA, and these, in turn, are substrates for the citric acid cycle. If all three fatty acids of a triacylglycerol molecule (a fat molecule) are palmitic acid (C16, having 16 carbons), how many acetyl-CoA molecules would result from beta-oxidation of all of these fatty acids?
24
A photosynthetic electron-transport chain harnesses approximately what percentage of the sun's usable energy arriving at the surface of a leaf?
24%
Approximately what percentage of the sun's usable energy, arriving at the surface of a leaf, does the photosynthetic electron transport chain capture?
24%
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an electron carrier in many important cellular reactions. It exists in an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH). What is the missing component in the reaction: NAD+ + ____ + H+ → NADH?
2e-
An mRNA molecule has a sequence 5'—CAGAUCUAAUGCUUAUCGGAU—3'. When translated in a laboratory setting where translation can be initiated anywhere along the molecule, how many reading frames are possible?
3
How many CO2 molecules must enter the Calvin cycle for each molecule of triose phosphate exported from the chloroplast?
3
The product of the Calvin cycle is a triose-phosphate sugar that is either exported from the chloroplast or used to regenerate RUBP. How many times must each of the reactions in the Calvin cycle take place in order to complete the synthesis of one 3-carbon triose phosphate sugar molecule?
3
Which of the following is a net product of the citric acid cycle for each molecule of pyruvate generated in glycolysis? Select all correct choices.
3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP
Which of these equations is/are endergonic? Equation 1: ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi ΔG1 = -7 kcal/mol Equation 2: phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O → pyruvate + Pi ΔG2 = -14.8 kcal/mol Equation 3: glucose + Pi → glucose-6-phosphate + H2O ΔG3 = +3.3 kcal/mol Equation 4: ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O ΔG3 = +7 kcal/mol equations 1 and 2 equations 1 and 4 equations 1 and 3 equations 2 and 3 equations 3 and 4
3 and 4
In aerobic cellular respiration, the approximate yield of ATP molecules from the full oxidation of a molecule of glucose is:
32
The approximate yield of ATP from the full oxidation of a molecule of glucose is:
32
Among the exons in a primary RNA transcript, two are subject to alternative splicing. In RNA processing, one or the other or neither or both regions may be excised from the primary transcript as introns. How many different amino acid sequences could this transcript encode?
4
Tracing the metabolism of one glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms are available for further oxidation at the completion of the pyruvate oxidation stage?
4
how many residues separate amino acids that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds in a helices
4
what is the total number of chromosomes in the cell to the right? count the X's
4
if the cell shown on the right divides by mitosis, what is the total number of chromosomes in each of the two new cells?
4 chromosomes
Approximately what percentage of the sun's output is available for photosynthesis?
40%
if you cross a heterozygous individual (Aa) with a homozygous recessive individual(aa) what is the probability that the offspring will be homozygous recessive
50%
According to the fossil record, when did the earliest animals appear on Earth?
580 million years ago
Tracing the metabolism of one glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms are fully oxidized to CO2 at the completion of aerobic respiration?
6
Within the tetrapods, if mammals are excluded, how many different sister groups can be defined?
6
A polycistronic mRNA with six protein-coding genes has:
6 start codons and 6 stop codons
The Baltimore System of Viral Classification states that there are ____ different types of viruses based on their genomic material.
7
what is the total number of chromatids in the cell shown to the right?
8
The diagram shown represents the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration as four simple boxes. Many of the "inputs" and "outputs" are shown as arrows. Open arrows represent "energy management molecules" (ATP and electron carriers), and closed arrows represent other inputs and outputs, such as substrates and products. Use this diagram to answer the question.
A
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Budding
A form of asexual reproduction in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
G0 phase
A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.
Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work?
A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen
Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work? A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen. A refrigerator removes the potential energy contained within food. A refrigerator destroys any heat in its interior, or in the food it contains. A refrigerator both destroys any heat in its interior, or in the food it contains, and creates new energy in the form of cold. A refrigerator creates new energy, although it is in the form of cold rather than heat.
A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen.
Protein-coding sequences are approximately _____ of the human genome? A. 2% B. 12% C. 20% D. 25% E. 92%
A. 2%
Concerning ATP, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. ATP has less potential energy than ADP B. Energy from ATP can be used to drive the synthesis of macromolecules C. ATP is produced from the phosphorylation of ADP D. ATP can be used to phosphorylate other molecules E. ATP is a type of nucleic acid
A. ATP has less potential energy than ADP
Type of inheritance pattern in which heterozygous genotypes simultaneously express the phenotypes of multiple alleles. A. Codominance B. Polygenic C. Pleiotropy D. Incomplete Dominance
A. Codominance
Which of the following biological processes is likely responsible for the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors? A. Endosymbiotic evolution B. Spontaneous generation C. Organic polymerization D. Panspermia E. None of the above
A. Endosymbiotic evolution
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Genes that are closer to each other will recombine more frequently B. X-linked genes are typically not found on the Y chromosome C. Someone who "carries" a trait is heterozygous D. Polygenic traits produce relatively larger amounts of phenotypic variation E. Recombination produces two recombinant and two non-recombinant chromosomes
A. Genes that are closer to each other will recombine more frequently
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is TRUE? A. Homologous chromosomes carry the same alleles B. Homologous chromosome pairs are never separated during Mitosis C. Homologous chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell during metaphase of Mitosis D. There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a human somatic cell E. In a homologous chromosomes pair, one chromosome is maternal and the other chromosome is paternal in origin
A. Homologous chromosomes carry the same alleles
Why do moths, which are active at night, only visit white flowers? Which of the following is a prediction based on this question? A. If moth navigation is dictated by sight, then moths will not visit white flowers that have been painted red. B. Moths are active at are active at night. C. Moths navigate by sight and white flowers are easier to see at night D. Only 5% of painted flowers were visited by moths.
A. If moth navigation is dictated by sight, then moths will not visit white flowers that have been painted red.
Which one of the following statements BEST represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? A. Photosynthesis stores energy in carbohydrates, while respiration releases it. B. Photosynthesis occurs only during the day and respiration occurs only at night. C. Respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants. D. Respiration stores energy in organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it. E. Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration.
A. Photosynthesis stores energy in carbohydrates, while respiration releases it.
Which of the following accurately describes the role of CRP-cAMP in the Lac Operon? A. Positive regulator B. Gene coding sequence C. Operator D. Promoter. E. Negative regulator.
A. Positive regulator
Which of the following is a true statement about sympatric speciation? A. Sympatric speciation requires a selective disadvantage of hybrids (e.g., medium-billed birds) in two diverging populations. B. Sympatric speciation requires physical separation of two populations. C. Sympatric speciation requires a population in which all individuals have an equal chance of mating with one another. D. Sympatric speciation requires that all individuals use the same resources in the area where they are found.
A. Sympatric speciation requires a selective disadvantage of hybrids (e.g., medium-billed birds) in two diverging populations.
What did the results of the Gurdon experiment tell us? A. That cell differentiation is due to changes in gene expression B. That cell differentiation is due to nuclear transfer and recombination C. That cell differentiation is due to random mutations. D. That cell differentiation is due to gene loss.
A. That cell differentiation is due to changes in gene expression
Examine the DNA molecule shown below with parent strands separating in preparation for replication and synthesis of new daughter strands. Which of the follow is a TRUE statement? (the top strand is 3 --> 5) A. The top strand will produce a lagging daughter strand B. Each original parent strand will be read in the 5' to 3' direction. C. The new leading daughter strand will begin with: CAACGT D. New daughter strands are constructed in the 3' to 5' direction (the opposite direction of their parent strand) E. None of these answer choices are true statements regarding the DNA molecule below
A. The top strand will produce a lagging daughter strand
The blood type A can be produced by what genotypes?
AO
The energy currency of a cell is ____________.
ATP
The hydrolysis of _____ is an exergonic reaction that drives many endergonic reactions in a cell.
ATP
The hydrolysis of ____________ is an exergonic reaction that drives many endergonic reactions in a cell.
ATP
Which of the following is needed directly to produce both triose phosphates and RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
ATP
Which of the following is needed directly to produce both triose phosphates and RuBP?
ATP
Which of the following is needed directly to produce both triose phosphates and RuBP? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP rubisco NADPH photosystem II O2
ATP
Which of the following is required for the preparatory phase of glycolysis and then produced during the payoff phase?
ATP
Which one of the following is the most common energy "currency" for a cell?
ATP
what is produced by cyclic electron flow in the light reactions?
ATP
Phosphofructokinase-1 inhibitors
ATP citrate
Which of the following are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain? ATP and NADPH carbohydrates and ATP water and carbohydrates oxygen and carbohydrates
ATP and NADH
In photosynthesis, the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form carbohydrate requires:
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain?
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. carbohydrates and ATP ATP and NADPH oxygen and carbohydrates water and carbohydrates
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain? water and carbohydrates carbohydrates and ATP ATP and NADPH oxygen and carbohydrates
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following are products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that are required by reactions in the Calvin cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP and oxygen ATP and NADPH NADP+ and oxygen Water and NADPH
ATP and NADPH
the light reactions of photosynthesis supply the calvin cycle with
ATP and NADPH
what are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
In photosynthesis, the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form carbohydrate requires:
ATP and NADPH.
In photosynthesis, the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form carbohydrate requires: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. rubisco. RuBP. ATP and NADPH. ATP. NADPH.
ATP and NADPH.
In photosynthesis, the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form carbohydrate requires: NADPH. RuBP. ATP. rubisco. ATP and NADPH.
ATP and NADPH.
Which regulatory mechanism is activated when the overall energy availability of a cell is high?
ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase 1.
Which regulatory mechanism is activated when the overall energy availability of a cell is high?
ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1
ATP consists of..
ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
During the citric acid cycle
ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation
During the citric acid cycle:
ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation
During the citric acid cycle: ATP is synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation. fuel molecules are completely reduced. high-energy electrons are removed from NAD+ and FADH. ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation.
ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation
During the citric acid cycle:
ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Biology example of a potential → kinetic energy conversion
ATP is used to move motor molecules like actin
If plants are exposed to a toxin that makes the thylakoid membrane leaky to protons, predict the rate of ATP production by the plants. ATP production will decrease. ATP production does not change. ATP production will increase.
ATP production will decrease.
If plants are exposed to a toxin that makes the thylakoid membrane leaky to protons, what would you predict about the rate of ATP production by the chloroplasts?
ATP production will decrease.
what is the role of ATP in the calvin cycle
ATP provides the energy needed to drive the cycle
During a long bout of sustained exercise, in which order will your body's energy stores/sources be used?
ATP stored in muscle, glycogen stored in muscle, glycogen stored in the liver, fatty acids
Some drugs allow protons [H+] to diffuse across the mitochondrial inner membrane. When such a drug is added, what will happen to ATP synthase?
ATP synthesis will decrease; because the diffusion of protons decreases the concentration gradient that powers ATP synthase
Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions (endergonic and exergonic) by which the cell can obtain ATP. NAD+ plays a crucial role in the reactions of glycolysis by:
Accepting electrons during glycolysis, with the overall result that glucose is partially oxidized to pyruvate
gametes in the ratio of 1 A allele: 1 a allele
According to Mendel's principle of segregation, a heterozygous (Aa) plant will produce: *gametes with only the A allele *gametes with only the a allele *gametes in the ratio of 1 A allele: 1 a allele *gametes in the ratio of 3 A alleles: 1 a allele *some gametes with the A allele and some with the a allele, but in no predictable ratio
Which statement is true about the presence or absence of plasma membranes?
All cells have a plasma membrane.
Cann's studies involving mitochondrial DNA showed that the two deepest branches of the human family tree are African. Which of the observations explains this statement?
All humans evolved in Africa and only later migrated to other places.
The tree of human evolution is shallow. What does that mean?
All humans, no matter how distantly related they are, share a recent common ancestor.
Imagine that a researcher tries to reduce the size of an enzyme by removing all the amino acids from the protein except those flanking, and constituting, the active site. Why wouldn't this work? Without the additional amino acids, the protein may not fold properly. The removal of the amino acids may affect the ability of the enzyme to bind to substrates. The removal of the amino acids will likely affect the shape of the active site. All of these choices are correct.
All of the above
Imagine that a researcher tries to reduce the size of an enzyme by removing all the amino acids from the protein except those flanking, and constituting, the active site. Why wouldn't this work? Without the additional amino acids, the protein may not fold properly. The removal of the amino acids may affect the ability of the enzyme to bind to substrates. The removal of the amino acids will likely affect the shape of the active site. All of these choices are correct.
All of the above
During the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration, which of the following occurs? -the formation of CO2 -the formation of acetyl-CoA -the oxidation of pyruvate -the formation of NADH -All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Xanthophyll pigments: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. prevent formation of reactive oxygen species. absorb light energy. convert light energy into heat. reflect yellow light. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
During the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration, which of the following occurs?
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following statements is true regarding reactive oxygen species? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Reactive oxygen species are formed when excess electrons are added to O2. Reactive oxygen species are likely to form if NADP+ is rare in a cell. Reactive oxygen species can form when O2 is exposed to excess light energy. Reactive oxygen species can be "neutralized" by antioxidants. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Xanthophyll pigments: prevent formation of reactive oxygen species. absorb light energy. convert light energy into heat. reflect yellow light.
All of these choices are correct.
If a mutation blocked the function of the signal recognition particle, making it unable to bind signal sequence, what would result?
All proteins would be translated on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
genome
All the genetic material in an organism
How would inbreeding affect allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a population?
Allele frequencies would not change; genotype frequencies would change.
_____ is the gradual emergence of two or more species as a result of the geographic separation of two or more groups of animals of the same species.
Allopatric speciation
ADP increases the phosphofructokinase-mediated reaction by binding at a distinct binding site. This is an example of _______
Allosteric inhibition
allosteric enzyme
An enzyme whose activity is affected by binding a molecule at a site other than the active site. Typically, allosteric enzymes change their shape on binding an activator or inhibitor.
Assuming that all is working properly, which of the following is at a higher energy level?
An excited-state antenna chlorophyll
Assuming that all is working properly, which of the following is at a higher energy level? An excited-state reaction center chlorophyll An excited-state antenna chlorophyll
An excited-state antenna chlorophyll
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Heritability is the degree to which phenotypic variations are due to genotypic variations B. Francis Galton showed that the average height of offspring was the same as their parents C. High concordance rates equal high heritability D. Complex traits are often polygenic traits E. Francis Galton showed that the environment affects phenotypic variation
B. Francis Galton showed that the average height of offspring was the same as their parents
Which of the following bind to promotors during the regulation of transcription in eukaryotes? A. Enhancers B. General/basal transcription factors C. Activators D. Mediators
B. General/basal transcription factors
Condition in which homologous chromosomes carry different alleles. A. Codominance B. Heterozygous C. Homozygous D. Incomplete dominance
B. Heterozygous
What does it mean when we say "populations evolve, not individuals"? A. Evolution only occurs in large populations B. Individuals cannot change their genetic makeup, but genotype frequencies in a population can change C. Evolution is a change in the genetic make-up of an individual over their lifespan D. Only alleles change over time, not genotype frequencies.
B. Individuals cannot change their genetic makeup, but genotype frequencies in a population can change
Which of the following statements about mutations is FALSE? A. Synonymous point mutations do not alter the amino acid sequence B. Nonsense point mutations produce a start codon C. Missense point mutations alter the amino acid sequence D. A duplication mutation occurs on a single chromosome E. None of the answer choices are correct (they are all true)
B. Nonsense point mutations produce a start codon
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic macromolecules B. Plants occupy a trophic level that contains the least biological energy C. The disorganized energy (entropy) of a system is never decreasing D. A molecule is reduced when it gains an electron(s) and energy E. None of these answer choices are FALSE
B. Plants occupy a trophic level that contains the least biological energy
The genome size of which of the following is approximately 30,000 base pairs. A. Free living bacteria B. SARS CoV-2 C. Viroid D. Obligate symbiont bacteria E. Multiple answer choices are correct
B. SARS CoV-2
Sloths are arboreal (tree-dwelling) creatures so why do they defecate (poop) on the ground? Which of the following is a hypothesis based on this question? A. If sloth defecating behaviors are to facilitate mating, then the removal of sloth feces will not affect mating success. B. Sloths defecate in this way in order to attract mates C. Removal of sloth feces is the best way to answer this question D. No sloths successfully mated in areas where sloth feces was removed E. None of the above
B. Sloths defecate in this way in order to attract mates
What is the primary function of photosynthesis? A. To produce oxygen B. To produce carbohydrates C. To produce carbon dioxide D. To produce water E. All of the above
B. To produce carbohydrates
In Mendel's peas, an individual that is heterozygous for seed color: A. has only one allele for seed color. B. has two different alleles for seed color. C. will express the recessive allele in the phenotype. D. will express both the dominant and recessive allele in the phenotype.
B. has two different alleles for seed color.
In the absence of oxygen, lactic acid fermentation: A. regenerates NAD+ from the oxidation of pyruvate. B. regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate. C. generates ATP from the oxidation of pyruvate. D. generates ATP from the reduction of pyruvate. E. regenerates NADH from the reduction of pyruvate.
B. regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in:
Bacteria and animals
A little girl has a male dog and a female cat in her house at the same time. The dog and cat are the same size, and they are friendly with each other. Why don't these two animals ever mate?
Because the dog and cat are behaviorally isolated from each other
Why is the photosynthetic electron transport chain sometimes referred to as the "Z scheme"? Because the electrons zigzag through the electron transport chain as they travel from one photosystem to another in the thylakoid membrane. Because the electrons zigzag through the antenna chlorophyll molecule to get to the reaction center. Because the energy level of the electrons increases and decreases and increases and decreases.
Because the energy level of the electrons increases and decreases and increases and decreases.
If Archaeopteryx was instead a sister taxon to Oviraptosaurs, how would this change our conclusions about the evolution of birds? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Birds would be most closely related to the group Oviraptosaurs.
If you cross a heterozygous individual (Aa) with a homozygous recessive individual (aa), what is the probability that the offspring will be homozygous recessive? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
C. 50%
Which of the following is considered a pluripotent embryonic stem cell? A. A cell from mesodermal tissue B. A zygote C. A cell from the inner cell mass D. A cell from the umbilical cord. E. An egg.
C. A cell from the inner cell mass
Suppose you discovered a mutant strain of spinach in which the thylakoid membranes were slightly permeable to protons and thus allowed a slow leakage of protons. How would this leakage affect the yield of ATP and/or NADPH from the light dependent reactions? A. NADPH yield would decrease. B. NADPH yield would increase. C. ATP yield would decrease. D. ATP yield would increase. E. There would be no change.
C. ATP yield would decrease.
Which of the following is not part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process? A. Annealing B. Extending C. Annotating D. Denaturing
C. Annotating
Which question cannot be answered by the question cannot be answered by the scientific method? A. Is eyewitness testimony in criminal proceedings reliable? B. Does chemical runoff give rise to hermaphrodite fish? C. Does a child conceived from a sperm donor have the right to know right to know who the donor was? D. Does hair that is shaved grow back coarser? E. Does the vaccine for measles cause autism?
C. Does a child conceived from a sperm donor have the right to know right to know who the donor was?
Which of the following statements about gametes is FALSE? A. Sperm, pollen, & eggs are all gametes B. Compared to somatic cells, gametes contain half the number of chromosomes C. Gametes contain homologous pairs of chromosomes D. Once produced, gametes will not divide any further E. Each gamete is genetically unique
C. Gametes contain homologous pairs of chromosomes
Which of the following has the smallest genome? A. Free living bacteria B. SARS CoV-2 C. Human mitochondria D. Obligate symbiont bacteria E. Japanese white birch chloroplast
C. Human mitochondria
Which of the following statements about CpG Islands is FALSE? A. The cytosines in CpG Islands can become methylated B. The "G" in CpG Islands stands for Guanine. C. Methylation of CpG Islands promotes transcription. D. >50% of CpG Island sequences are CG sequences.
C. Methylation of CpG Islands promotes transcription.
What is the primary function of cellular respiration? A. To produce carbon dioxide B. To produce oxygen C. To produce ATP D. To produce water E. All of the above
C. To produce ATP
How do mass extinction events influence subsequent species composition and diversity? A. by immediately increasing species diversity B. by permanently altering climate C. by reducing competition among surviving organisms D. by eliminating smaller organisms instead of larger organisms
C. by reducing competition among surviving organisms
According to Mendel's principle of segregation, a heterozygous (Aa) plant will produce: A. gametes with only the A allele. B. gametes with only the a allele. C. gametes in the ratio of 1 A allele:1 a allele. D. gametes in the ratio of 3 A alleles:1 a allele. E. some gametes with the A allele and some with the a allele, but in no predictable ratio.
C. gametes in the ratio of 1 A allele:1 a allele.
If you crossed a true-breeding yellow-seeded plant (AA) with a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant (Aa), the offspring: A. genotypic ratio would be 3 AA:1 Aa. B. genotypic ratio would be 1 Aa:1 aa. C. genotypic ratio would be 1 AA:1 Aa. D. phenotypic ratio would be 1/2 yellow-seed plants and 1/2 green-seed plants. E. None the answer choices are correct
C. genotypic ratio would be 1 AA:1 Aa.
An individual is heterozygous for a gene if: A. his or her mother is heterozygous for the gene. B. his or her father is heterozygous for the gene. C. he or she developed from a sperm and egg that carried different alleles for that gene. D. he or she developed from a sperm and egg that carried the same allele for that gene. E. only one allele is present in the population.
C. he or she developed from a sperm and egg that carried different alleles for that gene.
Overall reactions of cellular respiration [equation]
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Which of these reactions summarizes the overall reactions of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
What is the reaction that summarizes the overall reaction of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + ^H2O + energy
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + ATP
in respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced
C6H12O6 is being oxidized and O2 is being reduced
Nicotine from cigarette smoke acts as a ligand and associates with the acetylcholine receptor on specific cells in the nervous system. Nicotine eventually produces feelings of pleasure and well-being. The listed statements are descriptions of the events that happen in the cellular response to nicotine. Place the events in the correct order to describe the steps in the signaling pathway. A) The acetylcholine receptor is an ion channel, and when a ligand binds, the ion channel opens. B) An influx of ions carries the signal to the reward areas of the brain. C) Nicotine binds to the transmembrane protein that normally binds the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. D) The signal causes release of dopamine in the brain, which causes good feelings. E) Nicotine is quickly eliminated from the body (causing cravings for more cigarettes to produce good feelings).
C; A; B; D; E When nicotine binds, it mimics the ligand of the acetylcholine receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel. Upon activation, ions flow through the channel and cause a cellular response of the release of dopamine in the brain. Nicotine is cleared quickly from the body, so the effect of it is temporary.
G1/S cyclin
CDK complex prepares cell for DNA replication
S cyclin
CDK helps initiate DNA synthesis
M cyclin
CDK helps prepare the cell for mitosis
Carbon enters the Calvin cycle in the form of:
CO2
Each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle carries two of the carbon atoms from the original starting glucose molecule. These carbon atoms will ultimately leave the citric acid cycle as carbon atoms in which of the following?
CO2
Each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle carries two of the carbon atoms from the original starting glucose molecule. These carbon atoms will ultimately leave the citric acid cycle as:
CO2
The ethanol resulting from fermentation of glucose only accounts for four of the six starting carbon atoms. In which of the following are the other two carbon atoms found?
CO2
What is the initial carbon input in the Calvin cycle?
CO2
When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA during pyruvate oxidation, the other products of the reaction are:
CO2 and NADH.
Some bacteria run the citric acid cycle in reverse. Without any other modifications to the cycle, what inputs would be required to do this?
CO2, FADH2, NADH, and ATP
Which of the following is/are rubisco substrates?
CO2, O2, and RuBP
Which of the following is/are rubisco substrates? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. CO2 O2 CO2, O2, and RuBP RuBP CO2 and RuBP
CO2, O2, and RuBP
Which of the following is/are rubisco substrates?O2 CO2 and RuBP CO2 CO2, O2, and RuBP RuBP
CO2, O2, and RuBP
Autotrophs typically obtain their carbon from:
CO2.
During photosynthesis, _____ is reduced to _____.
CO2; sugar
Imagine that one of your friends has just learned about the multiregional hypothesis, and she is astonished that humans evolved independently on different continents. What evidence would you provide your friend that contradicts the multiregional hypothesis?
Cann's research using mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that humans originated in Africa and subsequently migrated to other continents.
Energy
Capacity for a organism to do work
During exercise, as muscles go into anaerobiosis, the body will increase its consumption of ______
Carbohydrates
The most stable and least reactive form of carbon is:
Carbon dioxide
According to the figure, what is a key difference between cell signaling by a cell-surface receptor and cell signaling by an intracellular receptor?
Cell-surface receptors bind polar signaling molecules; intracellular receptors bind nonpolar signaling molecules.
Which of these statements is true regarding chimpanzees?
Chimpanzees do not have a universal grammar. Chimpanzees could be said to have their own distinct culture. All of these choices are correct. Chimpanzees are capable of teaching and learning. Chimpanzees in different populations have different methods of performing the same task, such as catching ants.
recombinant chromosomes
Chromosomes that carry genes from each parent.
homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and similar size and shape; carry the same TYPE of information but not the exact same information
Which regulatory mechanism is important in keeping glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in relative balance to each other?
Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase 1.
CO2 is produced during _____
Citric Acid Cycle and Acetyl CoA production
What metabolic process would you conclude could be taking place in this organelle? Glucose- no change CO2- Increase O2- No change ATP- Increase NADH- Increase
Citric acid cycle
Which of the following is an example of anabolism?
Combining glucose molecules to make glycogen
Which one of the following complexes does not actively move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space?
Complex II
Which statement about diversity in eye development is correct?
Compound eyes consist of one lens covering many individual facets on a convex surface that produces a single image. Both squids and vertebrates have single-lens eyes, and are very similar in their development, anatomy, and physiology. Evolution of compound eyes improved images as animals evolved. The percentage of living animals possessing true eyes that can produce an image is high.
The Baltimore System of Viral Classification states that there are ____ different types of viruses based on their genomic material. A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7 E. more than 10
D. 7
Examine the DNA molecule shown below. If the bottom strand is transcribed into mRNA (sequence in red box only), which of the following is the correct mRNA sequence (5' to 3') from that transcription? (TTAGGCAG) A. AATCCGTC B. UUTCCGTC C. CTGCCTAA D. CUGCCUAA E. None of these answer choices are correct
D. CUGCCUAA
Which of the following is a catabolic reaction? A. Releasing amino acids from a protein B. Conversion of NADH to NAD+ C. Conversion of ATP to ADP D. Converting Glucose to Glucose 6-phosphate E. None of the answer choices are catabolic processes
D. Converting Glucose to Glucose 6-phosphate
Which of the following statements about cyclins is FALSE? A. Cyclins bind with enzymes that phosphorylate other substrates B. There are several different cyclins produced by the cell C. Cyclin production fluctuates throughout the cell cycle D. Cyclins are lipids E. The term cyclin was coined by English biochemist Thomas Hunt
D. Cyclins are lipids
Concerning enzymes, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Enzymes are substrate-specific B. Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the EA C. Enzymes contain peptide bonds D. Enzymes are competitively inhibited via the allosteric site E. Substrates bind to enzyme's active site
D. Enzymes are competitively inhibited via the allosteric site
Which of the following is not part of transcriptional regulation on the Lac Operon in E. coli? A. RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (lacP) B. A repressor protein binds to an operator (lacO). C. Lactose inhibits the repression of transcription. D. Glucose bind to an activator which promotes transcription.
D. Glucose bind to an activator which promotes transcription.
Which of the following statements about mutations is false? A. Mutations are the fundamental source of genetic variation B. Somatic mutations are heritable only within a cell lineage C. Germ cell mutations are heritable across generations D. Humans average 300 genome mutations per generation E. Mutations and their impact on organisms is random
D. Humans average 300 genome mutations per generation
Which of the following is not part of the eukaryotic somatic cell cycle? A. Mitosis B. Interphase C. Cytokinesis D. Meiosis E. All of these answer choices are part of the eukaryotic somatic cell cycle
D. Meiosis
How is Meiosis II similar to Mitosis? A. Both involve the splitting of sister chromatids B. Both involve the preservation of chromosome number (ploidy) C. Both involve the alignment of homologous pairs during metaphase D. Multiple answer choices are correct E. All answer choices are correct
D. Multiple answer choices are correct
Which of the following contribute to the atomic weight of atoms as seen on the periodic table? A. Electron B. Proton C. Neutron D. Protons and Neutrons E. All of these contribute to atomic weight
D. Protons and Neutrons
Which of the following statements about the Pax6 gene is FALSE? A. The Pax6 gene in mice and fruit flies is very similar B. A mouse Pax6 gene can promote fruit fly eye development C. Genes downstream of Pax6 can vary greatly among organismal groups D. The Pax6 gene is only present in organisms with more complex eyes E. The Pax6 gene codes for a transcription factor.
D. The Pax6 gene is only present in organisms with more complex eyes
Which of the following is NOT a method for lateral gene transfer between bacterial cells? A. Transformation B. Transduction C. Conjugation D. Translation
D. Translation
Which of the following represents a post-zygotic mechanism that causes reproductive isolation? A. None of these answer choices are correct B. Two groups of beetles are reproductively isolated because they have different foraging behaviors C. Two groups of birds are reproductively isolated because they produce sterile/infertile offspring D. Two groups of snakes are reproductively isolated because their gametes are incompatible
D. Two groups of snakes are reproductively isolated because their gametes are incompatible
Which of the following types of chemical bonds rely on the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative charges? A. ionic bond B. hydrogen bonds C. covalent bonds D. ionic and hydrogen bonds E. all of the above
D. ionic and hydrogen bonds
During the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, the release of CO2 is the result of __________ reactions that are coupled to the _______ of _______. A. reduction; reduction; NADH B. oxidation; reduction; ATP C. reduction; oxidation; FAD D. oxidation; reduction; NAD+
D. oxidation; reduction; NAD+
When you exhale, there is more CO2 than was present in the air that you inhaled. This CO2 comes from reactions in: A. glycolysis and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. B. glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. C. glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. D. pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. E. the citric acid (Krebs) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
D. pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.
What is the primary function of Meiosis? A. to produce new somatic cells B. to regulate gene expression C. to produce new proteins D. to produce haploid gametes
D. to produce haploid gametes
nucleosome
DNA coiled around a histone; can pack tightly but separate to allow for the reading of DNA
Put the following enzymes of DNA Replication in the order in which they are active: DNA polymerase III DNA helicase RNA primase DNA ligase DNA polymerase I
DNA helicase DNA polymerase III RNA primase DNA polymerase I DNA ligase
Allele frequency can be measured using what technique?
DNA sequencing
bacterial transduction
DNA transferred from one bacterium to other via virus
blending inheritance
Darwin's theory; black rabbit crossed with white rabbit will be grey
What is the fundamental concept that causes gel electrophoresis of proteins to work?
Different proteins have different charges and sizes
A zookeeper is very upset because one of the lions jumped the fence of his enclosure and mated with a neighboring tigress. This mating produced a "liger." Which of the statements is likely true of this liger cub?
Due to genetic incompatibility between the lion and tiger, the liger cub will likely be sterile.
less energetic than the acetyl group
During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is: 1. less oxidized than the acetyl group. 2. more reduced than the acetyl group. 3. more energetic than the acetyl group. 4. less energetic than the acetyl group. 5. None of the other answer options is correct.
If the cell shown on the right divides by Mitosis, what is the total number of chromatids in each of the two new cells? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16 E. 0
E. 0
Which of the following are associated with chromatin remodeling? A. Heterochromatin is converted to euchromatin B. An inaccessible/inactive genes becomes accessible/active. C. Acetyl groups are added to histone tails D. Multiple answer choices are correct. E. All of these answer choices are correct.
E. All of these answer choices are correct.
What method is specifically used to separate macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids) based on their size and charge? A. Polymerase Chain Reaction B. Sanger C. Shotgun Sequencing D. Lederberg Conjugation E. Gel Electrophoresis
E. Gel Electrophoresis
Which of the following has the lowest membrane permeability? A. Water B. Steroids C. Carbon dioxide D. Sodium ion E. Glucose
E. Glucose
Which of the following statements about diffusion is FALSE? A. Molecules always diffuse down a concentration gradient B. Carrier proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion C. Of the same substance, more concentrated samples will diffuse faster than less concentrated samples D. Heavier substances will diffuse slower than lighter substances E. The sodium-potassium pump is involved in facilitated diffusion
E. The sodium-potassium pump is involved in facilitated diffusion
Compared with more distantly related taxa, the DNA sequences in the genomes of two closely related taxa are expected to show: E. fewer differences because mutation rates are usually relatively constant and recently diverging species have had less time to accumulate differences F. fewer differences because mutation rates slow down after speciation events so that recently diverging species have fewer mutations G. fewer differences because mutation rates are highly variable and it is just by chance that recently diverging species accumulate fewer differences in DNA sequences. H. more differences because mutation rates are relatively constant and recently diverging species have had more time to accumulate differences I. more differences because mutation rates accelerate during speciation events, leading to more changes in DNA sequences.
E. fewer differences because mutation rates are usually relatively constant and recently diverging species have had less time to accumulate differences
Where is water produced?
ETC in the inner membrane
Why does the CAC shut down without oxygen?
ETC stops so the e- produced by the CAC have nowhere to go and the cycle stops
Many early biologists would use the outward appearance of organisms to classify species. There were some species of fish that, for many years, were considered a single species. After further examination it was discovered the "one" species was actually three species. What types of data could explain the designation of three species instead of one?
Each species is descended from a different common ancestor.
Which of the scenarios would force us to reevaluate the findings that Cann discovered with regard to the human family tree?
Early human material is discovered in Asia that has mtDNA completely different from the mtDNA found in early Homo sapiens in Africa.
During glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, the chemical energy in glucose is transferred to:
Electron carriers and ATP
Without O2, what do you predict will happen to the electron transport chain?
Electron transfer will
O2 is used during ____
Electron transport
Where is O2 used?
Electron transport chain in the inner membrane of mitochondrion
Imagine that you are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics?
Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe) as organisms release heat.
Imagine that you are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics? Because evolution takes place over millions of years, the loss of entropy is negligible and thus the laws of thermodynamics are not violated. Evolution actually does violate the second law of thermodynamics, and this fact is problematic for scientists. Evolution is a biological process, and biological processes do not have to conform to the laws of physics. Evolution doesn't affect entropy, as living organisms eventually die and become "disordered." Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe) as organisms release heat.
Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe) as organisms release heat.
The fossil record is often used to infer phylogenetic history. Which of the statements accurately supports this assumption?
Events that occur early in the fossil record are represented by branching events nearer to the root of a phylogenetic tree.
Which of the following is true about exergonic reactions? Exergonic reactions are found only in biological systems. Exergonic reactions consume energy. Exergonic reactions measure the strength of an ionic bond. Exergonic reactions have a positive ΔG. Exergonic reactions are catabolic.
Exergonic reactions are catabolic.
Which of the following is true about exergonic reactions? Exergonic reactions have a positive ΔG. Exergonic reactions consume energy. Exergonic reactions are found only in biological systems. Exergonic reactions are catabolic. Exergonic reactions measure the strength of an ionic bond.
Exergonic reactions are catabolitic
In animal cells, most ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondria, but in plant cells, most of the ATP used by plant cells is made in the chloroplasts. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. False True
False
Prokaryotes account for roughly half of terrestrial photosynthesis.
False
Pyruvate oxidation produces a large amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
False
T/F Eukaryotes conduct all of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean.
False
The Calvin cycle is a relatively constant process, the rate of which is independent of factors such as temperature and nitrogen concentration.
False
The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to synthesize ATP
False
The glycolysis stage is responsible for producing most of the ATP during cellular respiration.
False
True or False: In animal cells, most ATP synthesis takes place in the mitochondria, but in plant cells, most of the ATP used by plant cells is made in the chloroplasts.
False
True or false: The Calvin cycle is a relatively constant process, the rate of which is independent of factors such as temperature and nitrogen concentration.
False
(T/F) The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to synthesize ATP.
False- proton gradient used to make ATP
True or False: The first photosynthetic organisms probably used chlorophyll as the primary light-absorbing pigment.
False. On page 170 of your book, it says, "Similarly, it is unlikely that these first photosynthetic organisms employed chlorophyll as a means of absorbing sunlight for the simple reason that the biosynthetic pathway for chlorophyll is complex, consisting of at least 17 enzymatic steps".
True or False: Not all photosynthetic organisms are plants, but one thing they all have in common is that they can only be found within a narrow temperature and moisture range.
False. Photosynthetic organisms can be in the photic zone which is from the surface of the ocean to about 100 meters deep because enough sunlight penetrates to enable photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can also occur in places that are moist and warm like grasslands and tropical rainforests. Photosynthesis can occur in dry regions as well with a combination of photosynthetic bacteria and unicellular algae that form an easily disturbed layer on the surface of the soil known as desert crust.
If the position of birds and turtles are switched, the tree will still reflect the accurate evolutionary relationships between these three taxa.
False. Turtles are now a sister group to crocodiles and alligators.
Recall that fatty acids (such as palmitic acid) can yield substantially more ATP when compared with a similar weight of glucose. Why doesn't aerobic respiration rely solely on fatty acids as energy sources, rather than glucose?
Fatty acids cannot be used by some vital tissues in the human body, such as the brain.
Which one of the following is believed to have served as the first electron donor?
Fe2+
The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction ______ loses electrons and is _________.
Fe; oxidized
After glycolysis, there are two alternative pathways for producing energy. What are the names of the two pathways and what conditions determine which pathway will be used?
Fermentation - No oxygen Cellular respiration - oxygen
The energy required to drive the synthesis of the majority of the ATP generated during aerobic respiration comes most directly from:
Flow of protons through an ATP synthase complex. - The flow of electrons and stepwise lowering of the energy level of those electrons by the electron transport chain drives formation of a proton gradient between the matrix and the intermembrane space. The potential energy of this gradient drives ATP formation as the protons flow back to the matrix through ATP synthase.
Fossil data can be used to generate phylogenies that include extinct taxa. Which of the statements indicates how fossil data can be used to refine phylogenies constructed with molecular data?
Fossil data can be used to confirm the time since divergence between extant taxa estimated from sequence data.
Constructing a phylogeny that shows an equivalent branching pattern using either morphologic or molecular data sets strongly suggests that the phylogeny is an accurate representation of the evolutionary history of the group being studied. Why does additional data from fossils give increased support to our understanding of the evolutionary history for certain groups?
Fossils are one way to calibrate the timing of events on a phylogeny.
How do fossils provide evidence of evolutionary history?
Fossils provide a record of extinct species.
Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy?
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
Which type of selection increases overall genetic variation in a population? E. directional selection F. stabilizing selection G. disruptive selection H. All of the above are equal in this regard
G. disruptive selection
A hypothetical endangered species of wildflower has been reduced to a single small population in a mountain meadow. A rare early spring blizzard kills all but three of the remaining plants, one of which has a rare mutation. This is an example of: E. artificial selection. F. sexual selection. G. genetic drift/bottleneck. H. genetic drift/founder event. I. None of the answer options is correct.
G. genetic drift/bottleneck.
Which of the statements is true regarding the biological species concept?
Given the generation time of certain organisms, the biological species concept can be difficult to test.
You are trying to find the maximum source of energy for an organism, and you are limited to 0.1 moles of a molecule for a compound. Which compound would you choose to provide 0.1 moles for maximum energy?
Glucose
which of the following is not part of transcriptional regulation on the Lac Operon in E. coli?
Glucose binds to an activator which promotes transcription.
What happens when glucose is phosphorylated during phase 1 of glycolysis?
Glucose is destabilized so that it can be broken apart in phase 2.
During their experiments with chlorella, Calvin and Benson found no free glucose. Why do you think this is?
Glucose is stored as starch.
During their experiments with chlorella, Calvin and Benson found no free glucose. Why do you think this is? Glucose is an isomer of fructose. Glucose takes too long to synthesize. Glucose is stored as starch. Glucose would cause H2O to leave the Chlorella cells. Green algae do not respire when illuminated.
Glucose is stored as starch.
During their experiments with chlorella, Calvin and Benson found no free glucose. Why do you think this is? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Glucose is an isomer of fructose. Glucose would cause H2O to leave the Chlorella cells. Green algae do not respire when illuminated. Glucose is stored as starch. Glucose takes too long to synthesize.
Glucose is stored as starch.
The first stage in the production of ATP via the oxidation of glucose molecules is referred to as:
Glycolysis
Through beta-oxidation, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA. Entering the pathway as acetyl-CoA bypasses which part of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
Where is glucose used?
Glycolysis in the cytosol
In which order does one molecule of glucose undergoing cellular respiration go through processes?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
What stages of glucose metabolism convert NAD+ to NADH?
Glydolysis, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, citric acid cycle
Photosystem II and photosystem I differ in:
H+ production, and electron donors and acceptors.
Photosystem II and photosystem I differ in: H+ production and electron donors. H+ production. H+ production, and electron donors and acceptors. plants and algae. electron donors and acceptors.
H+ production, and electron donors and acceptors.
If photosynthesizing Chlorella (a unicellular green alga) cells are supplied with either water made with 18O (H218O) or with carbon dioxide made with 18O (C18O2), and the cells are allowed to photosynthesize for a short period of time, which would result in production of increased 18O2?
H2 18O
In plants, the initial electron donor in photosynthesis is:
H20
What is the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?
H20 -> Photosystem II -> ETC -> NADPH -> photosystem I -> NADPH -> calvin cycle
In plants and algae, ____ is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis.
H2O
In plants and algae, ____ is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. NADPH H+ CO2 O2 H2O
H2O
In plants and algae, _____ is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis. H+ NADPH H2O O2 CO2
H2O
What is the correct order of steps taken by electrons through the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
H2O → photosystem II → cytochrome b6f → photosystem I → NADPH
During photosynthesis in plants and algae, ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced.
H2O; CO2
During photosynthesis in plants and algae, ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. NADPH; ATP H2O; CO2 H2O; O2 O2; CO2 CO2; H2O
H2O; CO2
In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, the electrons from _____ are used to reduce _____.
H2O; CO2
In photosynthesis, light energy drives the transfer of electrons from _____ to _____.
H2O; sugar
What is an example of photoheterotrophs?
Heliobacteria and most green non-sulfur bacteria
_____ are organisms that derive carbon from organic compounds.
Heterotrophs
____________ are organisms that derive carbon from organic compounds.
Heterotrophs
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause damage to cells. What is a cause of ROS formation during photosynthesis?
High energy electrons are unable to be passed to NADP+.
Of the taxa listed, which of the nonmodern humans was the last to go extinct?
Homo floresiensis
anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Note that chromatids do not separate
by glycolysis
How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP? 1. by pyruvate oxidation 2. by glycolysis 3. by the citric acid cycle 4. by oxidative phosphorylation
DNA polymerase fixes damaged DNA sequences
How do organisms reduce the frequency of mutations during replication?
*both involve the splitting of sister chromatids *both involve the preservation of chromosome number (ploidy)
How is meiosis II similar to mitosis? *both involve the splitting of sister chromatids *both involve the preservation of chromosome number (ploidy) *both involve the alignment of homologous pairs during metaphase
30,000
How many base pairs does COVID have?
1 million
How many base pairs does a megabase (MB) have?
1,000
How many base pairs does a viroid have?
160,000
How many base pairs in chloroplasts?
16,500
How many base pairs in the mitochondria?
7
How many groups or viruses are in the Baltimore system of viral classification?
0.5-1.5MB
How many megabases does an obligate symbiont or pathogens have?
5-10MB
How many megabases does free living bacteria have?
2-5MB
How many megbases does a recent or facultative pathogen have?
What is the primary difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
Humans drive artificial selection.
The outer surface of the Fo subunit of ATP synthase must be _________ to be embedded in the membrane
Hydrophobic
sister chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.
he or she developed from a sperm and egg that carried different alleles
If an individual is heterozygous for a gene if: *his or her mother is heterozygous for the gene *his or her father is heterozygous for the gene *he or she developed from a sperm and egg that carried different alleles for that gene *he or she developed from a sperm and egg that carried the same allele for that gene *only one allele is present in the population
There is a phenomenon called paternal leakage in which a small amount of the mitochondrial DNA from the father is found in the offspring. If paternal leakage is assumed to occur in most matings, how would it change our interpretation of studies of mitochondrial DNA in human ancestors and in groups of different modern humans?
If it is truly a small amount, then those deviations should not influence the conclusions generated from the study.
There is a phenomenon called paternal leakage in which a small amount of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the father is found in the offspring. If paternal leakage is assumed to have occurred throughout human history, how does it change our interpretation of Matthias Krings and Svante Pääbo's studies of mitochondrial DNA in specimens of Neanderthals and modern humans?
If paternal mtDNA with Neanderthal sequences was found in the offspring alongside maternal mtDNA, these would have immediately indicated that the two groups interbred.
John Gurdon performed nuclear transplant experiments in frogs to test two different hypotheses to explain why specialized cells become restricted in their fates during development. His results supported the hypothesis that differentiation involves genome regulation, where unneeded genes are progressively turned off, but are not lost from the genome of cells as they differentiate. However, Gurdon's results showed that only 10 out of 726 eggs that received transplanted nuclei from mature cells differentiated into tadpoles, whereas 716 did not. Why did Gurdon use these rare successful nuclear transplantations as evidence for the gene regulation hypothesis?
If the gene regulation hypothesis was wrong, and genes were lost from the genome during development, none of the eggs would have been able to differentiate into tadpoles.
50%
If you cross a heterozygous individual (Aa) with a homozygous recessive individual (aa), what is the probability that the offspring will be homozygous recessive?
genotypic ratio would be 1AA:1Aa
If you crossed a true breeding yellow seeded plant (AA) with a heterozygous yellow seeded plant (Aa), the offspring: *genotypic ration would be 3AA:1Aa genotypic ration would be 1Aa:1aa *genotypic ration would be 3AA:1Aa genotypic ration would be 1AA:1Aa *phenotypic ratio would be 1/2 yellow seeded and 1/2 green seeded
has two different alleles for seed color
In Mendel's peas, an individual that is heterozygous for seed color: *has only one allele for seed color *has two different alleles for seed color will express the recessive allele in the phenotype *will express both the dominant and recessive allele in the phenotype
oxidized; reduced
In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water. 1. reduced; oxidized 2. deoxygenated; phosphorylated 3. oxidized; reduced 4. oxidized; oxidized 5. phosphorylated; deoxygenated
gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent
In cellular respiration, oxygen: 1. gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent. 2. loses electrons and is a reducing agent. 3. gains electrons and is a reducing agent. 4. loses electrons and is an oxidizing agent. 5. None of the other answer options is correct.
Which statement is true regarding fossils?
In the plant fossil record, fossilized pollen can provide evidence of extinct plant groups.
phosphorylated sugar molecule is cleaved and the products rearranged
In the second phase of glycolysis: 1. phosphate groups are added to glucose. 2. phosphorylated sugar molecule is cleaved and the products rearranged. 3. ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation. 4. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. 5. ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.
sex-linked inheritance
Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes
PFK-1 is _________ by ATP and _________ by ADP
Inhibited; activated
Protons in a mitochondrion flow through an ATP synthase from the:
Intermembrane space to the matrix. - The electron transport chain transforms the energy from the high energy electrons of FADH2 and NADH into an electrochemical gradient by pumping protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. Those protons flow back into the matrix by passing through a special enzyme embedded in the membrane called ATP synthase.
Which of the following is one explanation for why glycolysis is believed to have arisen very early in the evolution of life?
It does not require oxygen.
Some present-day bacteria use a system of anaerobic respiration characterized by an electron transport chain analogous to that found in aerobic organisms. Which of the following correctly characterizes the anaerobic electron transport chain? -It establishes a proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the cytoplasm. -It uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor. -It is embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane, rather than -the inner mitochondrial membrane. -It establishes a proton gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid.
It establishes a proton gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid
Which statement describes the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain
It is an electrochemical gradient
During the citric acid cycle, which is shown, what happens to the coenzyme A that is part of acetyl-CoA?
It is recycled for use in other reactions
During the citric acid cycle, which is shown, what happens to the coenzyme A that is part of acetyl-CoA?
It is recycled for use in other reactions.
What happens to pyruvate during the process of fermentation?
It is reduced to ethanol.
Which of the statements about Archaeopteryx is false?
It is the direct ancestor of modern birds.
Why is genetic variation critical for evolution?
It is the source material for natural selection.
Why is agreement between the fossil record and phylogenies constructed from living organisms considered strong evidence of evolution?
It is unlikely that two independent methods of investigation would result in the same pattern by chance alone.
In human cells, such as those in muscle tissue, the product of fermentation is:
Lactic acid
What are the byproducts of the two fermentation pathways?
Lactic acid - fermentation Ethanol, CO2 - yeast
Red blood cells in the human bloodstream do not have mitochondria . What metabolic process would you predict these cells use to provide cellular energy/ATP?
Lactic acid fermentation
less
Larger genomes have ______ frequent mutation rates at sites within the genome
If the researchers added a transmembrane protein channel that allows protons to freely pass through it, what result would you predict?
Less ATP would be produced when the light is on because protons would bypass the ATP synthase. - In order for ATP to be generated, there must be a proton concentration and electrical gradient. If there was a new protein that freely allowed the protons to flow through the membrane, then eventually the protons would reach equilibrium and there would not be a gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.
The reactions of photosynthesis are an important part of the energy conversion pathways in plants. Suppose you are conducting research on photosynthesis with the following conditions in the plants you are studying: - high concentrations of NADPH in the chloroplasts - low concentrations of ATP in the chloroplasts - low intracellular concentrations of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) - the plant is growing in full sunlight Which of the following statements are true? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Carbohydrate production is elevated. Levels of antioxidants in the cells are elevated. The rate of CO2 fixation by rubisco is elevated. Cellular metabolic processes slow due to decreased ATP levels in the chloroplasts.
Levels of antioxidants in the cells are elevated.
If modern humans came from Africa, what explains the loss of pigmentation seen in different races?
Lighter pigment allows for more efficient production of vitamin D, which is an advantage in areas with less sunlight.
Ligers (hybrid offspring from lions and tigers) and tigons (hybrid offspring from tigers and lions) do exist, and mating that produces the hybrid offspring has occurred at conservation sanctuaries where both species are kept in common areas. Yet, we consider tigers and lions to be separate species according to the biological species concept. Which of the statements reflects how the BSC can still be used to categorize these species? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Lions and tigers can be considered separate species under the BSC because they are not typically in the same place, so breeding does not normally occur.
Acetate is the starting point for synthesis of a cell's:
Lipids
When a substance in a reaction is oxidized, it:
Loses electrons
What are chemoheterotrophs?
Make energy from chemical compounds and obtain carbon from organic compounds
What are chemoautotrophs?
Make energy from chemicals and obtain carbon from inorganic sources
What are photoheterotrophs?
Make energy from the sun and obtain carbon from organic compounds
Photoautotrophs can be defined as....
Making energy from the sunlight while gaining carbon from inorganic sources
In April of 1986, there was a nuclear reactor meltdown at the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor site in Ukraine. Individuals that responded to the disaster were exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation and showed mutation rates up to 6 times higher than rates found in individuals not exposed to the radiation. When researchers sequenced the genomes of the offspring of these individuals, they found that many of the offspring had the same mutations, even though they had never been to the site of the nuclear accident. Which statement could explain these data?
Many of the mutations occurred in reproductive cells and were inherited by the offspring.
Each of the following is known to aid in the functioning of cellular enzymes except:
Mercury
Transcription is repressed when the cytosines within CpG islands in genes' promoters are methylated. Which answer option could account for this effect on gene expression?
Methylated cytosines bind to enzymes that cause the removal of acetyl groups from histones, causing chromatin to coil more tightly.
When Rebecca Cann decided to conduct research on the evolution of humans, she chose to study mitochondrial DNA. Which of the statements explains why she chose this type of DNA?
Mitochondrial DNA is more abundant and therefore easier to extract.
The oxidation of pyruvate occurs in the:
Mitochondrial matrix
What is an example of chemoheterotrophs?
Most bacteria and animals
Fermentation produces ______which allows glycolysis to continue for production of anaerobic ATP
NAD+
One of the enzymatic results of the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration is the reduction of _____ to _____.
NAD+; NADH
One of the enzymatic results of the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration is the reduction of _________ to ___________.
NAD+; NADH
What product of the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration will have the two electrons that are lost from pyruvate?
NADH
Which of the following is an electron carrier in its reduced form?
NADH
Which molecule(s) serve as electron donors for the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
NADH & FADH2
The immediate source of electrons for the electron transport chain is:
NADH and FADH2.
What glycolysis products are transported into the mitochondria? Select all that apply.
NADH and pyruvate
Which of the molecules are reduced during photosynthesis?
NADP+ and 3-phosphoglycerate
ATP, NADPH, and NADH contain stored energy used by plant cells. Which of these molecules provides the energy that is stored in carbohydrate during the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
ATP, NADPH, and NADH contain stored energy used by plant cells. Which of these molecules provides the energy that is stored in carbohydrate during the Calvin cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. NADH ATP NADPH
NADPH
The primary reducing agent in the Calvin cycle is:
NADPH
The reducing agent during the Calvin cycle is: ATP. NADH. NADPH. FADH2. oxygen.
NADPH
Which of these molecules contributes to the energy that is stored in carbohydrate during the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
what is the role of NADPH in the calvin cycle
NADPH provides the electrons needed for the reduction of CO2
In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is captured and stored as potential energy. In which of the following is this energy stored in the light-dependent reactions? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. carbohydrate molecules an electrochemical gradient NADPH, ATP, and an electrochemical gradient. NADPH, ATP, and carbohydrate molecules NADPH and ATP
NADPH, ATP, and an electrochemical gradient.
Imagine that alien scientists are carrying out an experiment on Earth. They effectively construct a "shield" surrounding the planet that limits the amount of sunlight/UV radiation that reaches Earth's surface. If the alien scientists return after 60,000 years, what may they discover?
Natural selection would likely have selected for humans with little skin pigmentation.
What is an exergonic reaction?
Negative reaction Releases energy
Which of these places was the last to be colonized by humans?
New Zealand
What would happen if complexes I-IV of the electron transport chain pumped protons in the opposite direction?
No ATP would be synthesized.
Is natural selection the same thing as evolution?
No, because forces other than natural selection can also cause evolution.
Very low concentrations of detergent make membranes leaky to small molecules and ions without damaging proteins. In isolated mitochondria exposed to detergent, the molecules of the electron transport chain and of ATP synthase remain intact. Do you except ATP synthesis to continue in the presence of low concentrations of detergent?
No, because with a leaky membrane, the proton gradient cannot be maintained
In the lab, you isolate a chlorella mutant that is unable to switch xanthophyll pigments into the inactive, non-heat-dissipating form. If you released that mutant into a small pond shaded by trees, would the mutation spread, and why?
No, because xanthophyll dissipates absorbed light as heat, and in low light environments, such dissipation would decrease photosynthesis and therefore growth.
How many molecules of NADPH are required for 12 molecules of RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco?
None of the above
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Calvin cycle?
None of the answer choices.
How many molecules of NADPH are required for 12 molecules of RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco? 36 24 None of the other answer options is correct 10 12
None of the other answer options are correct
How many molecules of NADPH are required for 12 molecules of RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco? 10 24 36 12 None of the other answer options is correct.
None of the other answer options is correct.
How many molecules of NADPH are required for 12 molecules of RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco? 10 36 24 12 None of the other answer options is correct.
None of the other answer options is correct.
Which of the statements is true regarding speciation?
None of the other answer options is correct.
John Gurdon performed nuclear transplant experiments in frogs to test two different hypotheses to explain why specialized cells become restricted in their fates during development. One hypothesis, which his results did not support, was that differentiation involves genome reduction, where unneeded genes are progressively lost during development as cells differentiate. What results would be predicted if the genome reduction hypothesis was correct?
None of the unfertilized eggs receiving nuclei from mature cells would be able to differentiate into tadpoles.
In plants and algae, what is a by-product of photosynthesis?
O2
In plants and algae, which is a by-product of photosynthesis?
O2
In plants and algae, which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis?
O2
In plants and algae, which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. H+ C6H12O6 O2 carbohydrates CO2
O2
In plants and algae, which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis? CO2 C6H12O6 H+ O2 carbohydrates
O2
Photorespiration occurs when rubisco reacts RuBP with
O2
in respiration, which molecule is the electron acceptor
O2
How is the rate of O2 disappearance a measure of electron transport?
O2 is used to become water in ETC so less oxygen indicates this is occurring
what is produced by non-cyclic electron flow in the light reactions?
O2, ATP, NADPH
products when photosystem II oxidizes a molecule of H2O?
O2, protons, electrons
The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction ______ gains electrons and is _________.
O2; reduced
According to the figure shown, which of the answer choices is responsible for amplifying the signal in a cell responding to adrenaline? Select all that apply.
One molecule of adenylyl cyclase can activate many molecules of protein kinase A (PKA). (One adrenaline molecule binds to change the conformation of the receptor protein.) Not correct One activated receptor can activate many G proteins. One molecule of protein kinase A (PKA) can phosphorylate and activate many target proteins.
A molecule that is ________ loses electrons, and a molecule that is ___________ gains electrons
Oxidized Reduced
Some drugs allow protons to diffuse across the mitochondrial inner membrane. When such a drug is added, what will happen to O2 consumption?
Oxygen consumption will not change because it creates the gradient and is not powered by the gradient like ATP synthase is
The terminal electron acceptor of a mitochondrial electron transport chain is:
Oxygen. - Once the available energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain has been extracted and used to pump protons into the intermembrane space, they are passed to O2 as the final step
metaphase I
Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell.
How do mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases get deactivated?
Phosphatases remove phosphate groups.
Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme in the pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP. Regulation of glycolysis is directly related to the level of ATP and citrate. If ATP or citrate levels are high, phosphofructokinase is inhibited. What will happen to this enzyme when ATP levels drop? Phosphofructokinase is inhibited. Phosphofructokinase is activated. Metabolism of citrate is inhibited. Metabolism of phospholipids is activated. Metabolism of phospholipids is inhibited.
Phosphofructokinase is activated.
The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle. Following a heart attack, which of the events would occur in heart tissue due to a block in the coronary arteries? Select all that apply.
Phosphofructokinase, an intermediary enzyme of glycolysis, would be activated. The production of ATP would decrease. Lactic acid would accumulate in the tissue due to glycolysis and fermentation.
Biological example of a kinetic → potential energy conversion
Photon drives ATP and NADPH production
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.
Which one of the following statements BEST represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? Photosynthesis occurs only during the day and respiration occurs only at night. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it. Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration. Respiration stores energy in organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it. Respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants.
Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
Which one of the following would least likely be found in the outer regions of the granal stacks?
Photosystem II
_____ are organisms that derive energy from sunlight.
Phototrophs
____________ are organisms that derive energy from sunlight.
Phototrophs
Which of the statements is true regarding a phylogenetic tree?
Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
You are an experienced naturalist and biologist and you observe two birds mating that you do not believe are members of the same species. The eggs from this breeding do not hatch, and when you obtain one of the eggs, you find embryonic development stopped not long after fertilization. Which of the following conclusions is supported by these observations?
Post-zygotic factors prevented successful production of offspring.
Reproductive isolating mechanisms are divided into categories based on when they act. _____ isolating factors prevent fertilization from taking place; _____ isolating factors result in failure of the fertilized egg to develop into a fertile individual.
Pre-zygotic; post-zygotic
Which of the characteristics separates primates from other mammals?
Primates have nails instead of claws.
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.; increases genetic diversity
spindle fibers
Protein structures which move the chromosomes during cell division; microtubules
false
Pyruvate oxidation is remarkably similar to glycolysis in that when one molecule of pyruvate enters into a mitochondrion, two molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed. true false
Which stages of cellular respiration produce CO2 as a waste product?
Pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
____ is the end product of glycolysis. It is oxidized into ____, which enters the citric acid cycle.
Pyruvate; acetyl CoA
A particular human gene is expressed in both the heart and the lung. However, analysis of the products of this gene show that the protein encoded by this gene is larger in lung tissue than in heart tissue, even though the mRNAs in both of those tissues are the same size. Which answer option could have caused the size difference in the proteins, but not the mRNAs, between the heart and lung?
RNA editing that occurs in the heart but not the lung
Which statement is true regarding reactive oxygen species?
Reactive oxygen species are likely to form if NADP+ is in low supply. Reactive oxygen species can be "neutralized" by antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species are formed when excess electrons are added to O2. Reactive oxygen species can form when O2 is exposed to excess light energy.
A researcher is evaluating the role of a growth factor during embryonic development. She notices that this factor functions in both neural development and limb development. How is that possible?
Receptors for the growth factor must be present in both neurons and cells in the developing limb.
When electrons move closer to oxygen during cellular respiration energy is _____.
Released
Which compound is required for the carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle?
RuBP
Which of the following compounds is required for the carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle?
RuBP
Which of the following compounds is required for the carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP and NADPH NADPH RuBP 3-PGA ATP
RuBP
The Calvin cycle includes 15 enzymes, most of which are involved in:
RuBP regeneration
The regeneration of RuBP typically limits the rate of photosynthesis under low light intensities. This is because:
RuBP regeneration requires ATP.
The regeneration of RuBP typically limits the rate of photosynthesis under low light intensities. This is because: RuBP regeneration requires ADP. RuBP regeneration requires ATP. RuBP regeneration is part of the "dark reactions." photosynthesis occurs only in high light. None of the answer options is correct.
RuBP regeneration requires ATP.
The regeneration of RuBP typically limits the rate of photosynthesis under low light intensities. This is because: RuBP regeneration requires ADP. RuBP regeneration is part of the "dark reactions." photosynthesis occurs only in high light. None of these answer choices is correct. RuBP regeneration requires ATP.
RuBP regeneration requires ATP.
The Calvin cycle includes 15 enzymes, most of which are involved in:
RuBP regeneration.
The Calvin cycle includes 15 enzymes, most of which are involved in: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. RuBP regeneration. ATP synthesis. starch synthesis. reduction. RuBP carboxylation.
RuBP regeneration.
Which of the answer choices correctly describes the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule.
Which of the following correctly describes the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule.
Which of the following correctly describes the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule. Rubisco uses NADPH to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to a three carbon sugar. None of the other answer options is correct. Rubisco uses ATP to regenerate RUBP.
Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule.
Which of the following correctly describes the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle? Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule. Rubisco uses NADPH to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to a three carbon sugar. None of the other answer options is correct. Rubisco uses ATP to regenerate RUBP.
Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule.
the genome size of which of the following is approximately 30.000 base pairs?
SARS CoV-2
What are autotrophs?
Self feeders Make their own organic carbon using inorganic carbon as the starting material
A research team is carrying out an experiment where they label a protein with a fluorescent tag (so they can visualize its location in a cell) and introduce this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. They observe the treated cells periodically and note that the labeled protein can move between grana, but is always observed in the lumen, never in the stroma. What can they deduce?
Since the labeled protein molecule can migrate between grana (thylakoid sacs) without exiting across the membrane into the stroma, all of the lumen spaces must be connected.
Which of the answer choices is an example of how natural selection is responsible for the variation seen in the human population? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Some individuals in warm tropical areas have a tall and skinny body that more readily dissipates heat than other body types. Some individuals in Northern cooler latitudes have a stocky body shape that is adapted to retain heat. Africans carry the sickle trait in areas where malaria is prevalent. People in the Northern regions have less pigmentation, which allows more UV light to penetrate the skin to produce vitamin D.
Why don't steroid hormones bind to transmembrane cell-surface receptors?
Steroid hormones are nonpolar and therefore are able to cross the cell's plasma membrane, binding to receptors inside the cell.
Potential Energy
Stored Energy
In which lettered location in the figure would you find carbohydrate synthesis taking place?
Stroma
The fluid-filled interior compartment of the thylakoid network is referred to as the _____ in specialized membranes.
Stroma
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, which of the following within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the cytoplasm of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell?
Stroma
____________ bind to the active site of an enzyme.
Substrates and competitive inhibitors
In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing the following reactions as part of the glucose oxidation: citrate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate → succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the process. However, a puzzling observation was that intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. If they are intermediates, then they should be consumed as the next product in the pathway is formed. What explains this observation?
Succinate, fumarate, and malate are constantly regenerated in the citric acid pathway.
What is an example of chemoautotrophs?
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and hydrogen bacteria
Which of the statements is true regarding sympatric speciation?
Sympatric speciation requires a selective disadvantage of hybrids (e.g., medium-billed birds) of two diverging populations.
Active β-galactosidase enzyme is observed only in E. coli growing in the presence of lactose. One hypothesis is that the enzyme is always being produced but is produced in an unstable form that breaks down rapidly in the absence of lactose (hypothesis 1). A second hypothesis is that the enzyme is stable but is produced only in the presence of lactose (hypothesis 2). An experiment was performed to test these hypotheses. A culture of growing cells was exposed to lactose, which was later removed. The amount of β-galactosidase present in the culture during the course of the experiment was measured. The data are shown in the following graph. Which statement is a conclusion that can be obtained from these experimental data?
Synthesis of β-galactosidase is turned on when lactose is added and turned off when lactose is removed, in support of hypothesis 2.
Collectively, most photosynthesis carried out in the ocean is performed by single-celled organisms as opposed to large, multicellular marine plants. T F
T
false
T/F: Homologous chromosomes carry the same alleles
You are translating an mRNA in the lab and notice that the protein produced is only two amino acids long when you were expecting a length of forty amino acids. You have checked the sequence of the mRNA and everything appears to be correct. What could be happening in your reaction?
The E (exit) site of the ribosome is not functioning.
Which of the statements is the most likely explanation for why the human brain is capable of so much more than what is required for evolutionary fitness?
The additional capabilities are byproducts of what was necessary for evolutionary fitness.
Gibbs free energy is defined as: the amount of energy lost as heat. the amount of entropy. spontaneous energy. the amount of energy available to do work. the amount of potential energy in a system.
The amount of energy available to do work
A researcher is comparing the amount of protein contained in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. What do you predict they will find?
The amount of proteins will be greater in the inner membrane
Which of the statements is true regarding the ancestors of early humans and chimpanzees (those present 6 million years ago)?
The ancestors of humans and chimpanzees likely resembled one another, but would not appear identical to either present-day chimpanzees or humans.
beta-oxidation
The breakdown of fatty acids takes place
Imagine that you are examining a mouse that does not produce basal lamina in the skin. How will this mouse be different from a normal, wild-type mouse?
The cells of the epidermis would not be properly connected to form a water-resistant barrier.
many of these bonds are C-C and C-H bonds
The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because: 1. they are strong oxidizing agents. 2. many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds. 3. they are easy to hydrolyze. 4. they are strong reducing agents. 5. they are easy to phosphorylate.
The citric acid cycle produces _____ and _____ which serve as ________ source for the ________
The citric acid cycle produces [electron donors NADH and FADH2] which serve as an [electron] source for the [electron transport chain]
You sequence the DNA of chromosome 12 from reproductive cells of 40 individuals in a population. You find that 10 individuals each have the same neutral, reproductive cell mutation. The following year, you sequence the same chromosome in all the offspring from those 12 individuals, but find that none of the offspring has the mutation. Which statement reflects how this could occur?
The copy of chromosome 12 with the mutation was not in the gametes involved in fertilization producing the offspring.
In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in
The cytoplasm
Which statement about Pax6 and eye development is correct?
The downstream target genes for Pax6 protein are different in different organisms.
A biologist working in a lab adds a compound to a solution that contains an enzyme and substrate. This particular compound binds reversibly to the enzyme at the active site. Once the compound is bound to the enzyme, the catalysis of substrate to product stops. Which of the statements is true of the compound?
The effect of the compound can be overcome by adding more substrate.
Which of the answer choices is an advantage of having two slightly different photosystems in the chloroplasts?
The electrons can be elevated to a higher energy level than is possible with a single photosystem.
As electrons flow from one photosystem to another, the amount of energy present in the electrons decreases. How does the plant cell use the energy lost by the electrons?
The energy is used to create and maintain a proton gradient.
As electrons flow from one photosystem to another, the amount of energy present in the electrons decreases. How does the plant cell use the energy lost by the electrons? The energy is used to create and maintain a proton gradient. The energy is used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The energy is used to increase the pH of the thylakoid lumen. The energy is used directly by ATP synthase to make ATP.
The energy is used to create and maintain a proton gradient.
Imagine that several atoms bond to form a carbohydrate, creating a more orderly system. Which of the following statements is true regarding the universe after this carbohydrate forms?
The entropy of the universe increases.
Imagine that several atoms bond to form a carbohydrate, creating a more orderly system. Which of the following statements is true regarding the universe after this carbohydrate forms? The energy of the universe increases. The energy of the universe decreases. The entropy of the universe increases. The entropy of the universe decreases. Both the energy and entropy of the universe increases
The entropy of the universe increases.
Cytochrome c
The enzyme to which electrons are transferred in complex III of the electron transport chain.
substrate-level phosphorylation: definition
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
G1 phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins; basic cell growth
The following are two genotypes of the lactose operon in E. coli:I. I+ P- Oc Z+ Y+II. I- P+ O+ Z+ Y+ Do either of these genotypes produce β-galactosidase and permease in the presence of lactose? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
The first one does not produce β-galactosidase and permease, the second one does.
Anhidrosis Ectodermal Dysplasia is caused by a single gene mutation that affects the ability of sweat glands to function properly. Human males affected by this mutation cannot produce sweat properly anywhere on their body, whereas females with this condition are affected in a mosaic pattern in which some patches of skin cannot produce sweat while other areas can. Which answer option could account for this mosaicism in females but not males?
The gene causing this disorder is located on the X chromosome.
Which of the statements explains how chimpanzees and humans can be so different with such similar genomes?
The genetic differences could have occurred in regulatory regions of genes responsible for development.
How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast? (assuming daily activity is not changed)
The individual's ATP production will not change significantly although they haven't eaten. Production will use storage to power the same usage.
What would be the consequence of a mutation in the lacI repressor gene that produces a repressor protein that is able to bind the operator, but is not able to bind allolactose?
The lacZ and lacY genes would not be expressed even when lactose is present.
We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of:
The large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain
Imagine that you walk out of your warm house on a cold winter's day. What is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario? The molecules in the warm air have more potential energy than those outside. The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside. The molecules in the cold air outside of your house are moving faster than those inside. The molecules in the warm air inside of your house have less entropy than those outside. The molecules in the cold air outside of your house have more kinetic energy than those inside.
The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside.
You are estimating the time since the divergence of two species and used hemoglobin for your molecular clock. You would like to get independent support for your estimate. If you also use cytochrome c, which result do you expect?
The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for cytochrome cthan for hemoglobin.
variable number tandem repeats (VNTR)
The number of tandem repeats at specific places (loci) in DNA that varies among individuals.
Which statement is true regarding the earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth? The organisms likely used molecules other than H2O (that is, H2S) as electron donors. Given the abundance of H2O on early Earth, these organisms used H2O as an electron donor. These organisms likely possessed two photosystems. These organisms likely used both inorganic molecules and H2O as electron donors. The organisms likely produced O2 as a waste product, resulting in Earth's current atmosphere.
The organisms likely used molecules other than H2O (that is, H2S) as electron donors.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth?
The organisms likely used molecules other than water (i.e., H2S) as electron donors.
pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution and equals the negative logarithm of the proton concentration. If the proton concentration decreased on the inside of the vesicle, what would happen to the pH measured on the outside of the vesicle?
The pH would decrease outside of the vesicle. - As the proton concentration decreases on the inside of the cell, they are increasing on the outside of the vesicle. Increased proton concentration makes the pH lower (more acidic).
A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in a cell) and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically and notices that the labeled protein can move between grana and is always in the lumen, but is never observed in the stroma. What can she deduce? The protein becomes part of the thylakoid membrane itself and moves freely throughout the interconnected membranes. This protein easily diffuses through the thylakoid membrane. The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane. This protein likely travels between different thylakoid membranes by moving through the stroma, but its movement through the stroma is very brief. This protein can easily transfer between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes.
The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in a cell) and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically and notices that the labeled protein can move between grana and is always in the lumen, but is never observed in the stroma. What can she deduce? The protein becomes part of the thylakoid membrane itself and moves freely throughout the interconnected membranes. This protein easily diffuses through the thylakoid membrane. The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane. This protein likely travels between different thylakoid membranes by moving through the stroma, but its movement through the stroma is very brief. This protein can easily transfer between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes.
The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in a cell), and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically, and notices that the labeled protein can move between grana, but is never observed in the stroma. What can she deduce?
The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in a cell), and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically, and notices that the labeled protein can move between grana, but is never observed in the stroma. What can she deduce? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane. This protein can easily transfer between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes. All thylakoid membranes and grana share a common lumen, through which the labeled protein can move. This protein cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane. This protein likely travels between different thylakoid membranes by moving through the stroma, but its movement through the stroma is very brief.
The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in a cell), and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically, and notices that the labeled protein can move between grana, but is never observed in the stroma. What can she deduce? This protein can easily transfer between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes. This protein cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane. All thylakoid membranes and grana share a common lumen, through which the labeled protein can move. This protein likely travels between different thylakoid membranes by moving through the stroma, but its movement through the stroma is very brief. The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
If a mutation occurs such that photosystem I no longer functions as efficiently as it should, what might be MOST directly affected? The rate of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase in the chloroplast. The amount of oxygen produced. The rate at which NADPH is produced. The rate at which protons are transported into the thylakoid.
The rate at which NADPH is produced.
You strip off all proteins on the cell surface by using a protease (an enzyme that destroys proteins). Now, when you add a specific signaling molecule, the cell still responds. What is the most reasonable explanation of this?
The receptor for this signal is inside the cell, and the signaling molecule is nonpolar and can diffuse into the cell.
Why do the functions of many receptor kinases depend on the fluid nature of the plasma membrane?
The receptor monomers must move together and dimerize to be activated.
Suppose a plant is exposed to a toxin that causes the thylakoid membranes to become much more permeable to protons than normal. Which of the following would be true?
The reduction and regeneration steps of the Calvin cycle would slow down and eventually stop.
G2 phase
The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs; prep for division
You have found a sample of part of a wing, perhaps from an insect, in amber. You have no other body parts to this specimen and are interested to know if it was a species that underwent metamorphosis. You are able to get a bit of DNA from the sample. You are using the phylogeny in the tree shown as a reference for your sample.
The sequence for the specimen would be a sister taxon to the beetle.
In a particular layer of rock, a number of fossilized ferns are found, but no fossilized mosses. What conclusions can be drawn from this finding?
The soft tissues of mosses may not have fossilized as readily as the more decay-resistant tissues of ferns, so it is difficult to draw any conclusions from this limited sample.
You are investigating a mutant eukaryotic cell line that makes all of its mRNAs much longer than the mRNAs from normal cells. Intrigued, you examine the proteins in these cells and note that many of them are either much longer or much shorter than the normal proteins from nonmutant cells. Assuming there is just one mutant defect in these cells, which of the possibilities is most likely?
The spliceosome is nonfunctional.
Suppose there is a mutation in a laminin-binding integrin gene that causes a loss of function in the cytoplasmic domains of the integrin. Which one of the outcomes would you expect to observe as a result of this mutation?
The strength of tissues would decrease because the integrin could no longer associate with microfilaments.
Why do histone genes have a very slow molecular clock?
The structure of the histone gene must be conserved for DNA to function properly.
S phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
The enzyme rubisco can catalyze two seemingly conflicting reactions. When the enzyme first evolved, why was this probably less of a problem?
There was very little O2 in the atmosphere.
A beaker contains two solutions of salt dissolved in water. The two solutions have different concentrations of salt (measured by molarity, M) and are separated by a membrane that is permeable to both salt and water. The salt and water will move through the membrane by diffusion. Which statement is true about the diffusion of these solutions?
There will be a net movement of salt from side B to side A and net movement of water from side A to side B.
The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscles. Which of the following events would occur in heart tissue following a heart attack due to a block in the coronary arteries? Choose all correct answers.
There would be a decrease in the production of ATP. There would be a stimulation of phosphofructokinase, an intermediary enzyme of glycolysis. There would be an accumulation of lactic acid in the tissue due to glycolysis and fermentation.
Recall from the text in the example of cell communication in Streptococcus pneumoniae that the rate of DNA uptake by pneumococcal cells increases sharply when they are at high density, due to changes in gene expression brought about by signaling between cells. If the pneumococcal cells did not express receptor protein, how would the rate of DNA uptake be affected when the cells reach high density?
There would be no increase in the rate of DNA uptake.
Many scientists use chemical inhibitors to interfere with normal signaling pathways within eukaryotic cells. If such inhibitors are large, nonpolar molecules, what is the likely method of action of these chemical inhibitors?
These chemical inhibitors likely bind to receptors on the cell surface and interfere with receptor activation or signal-receptor binding.
Which statement is true regarding Earth's earliest organisms?
These organisms likely carried out fermentation and may have had rudimentary proton pumps.
The only known "solution" to the loss of efficiency caused by the oxygenation of RuBP by rubisco is to raise the concentration of CO2 in the cell using energy from ATP. Which of the following is most correct of such plants?
They are often found in bright, sunny habitats.
Which of the following best describes the benefit to early photosynthetic organisms gained by having two different photosystems in one cell? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. These organisms produced carbohydrates at twice the rate of organisms with a single photosystem. They produced oxygen. They could use water as an electron donor They could thrive in places where there was little or almost no light.
They could use water as an electron donor
Which of these best describes the benefit to early photosynthetic organisms gained by having two different photosystems in one cell?
They could use water as an electron donor.
Which is a true statement about receptors that are localized to the nucleus?
They move through a nuclear pore. They are synthesized in the cytosol. They bind nonpolar ligands. They carry a nuclear-localization signal.
Which of the answer choices is true when comparing the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis?
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
Which of the following is true concerning the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis?
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
Which of the following is true concerning the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis? They take place in different organelles. They take place in different compartments of the same organelle. They take place in different types of cells in the plant None of the other answer options is correct.
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
Which of the following is true when comparing the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis?
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
Which of the following is true when comparing the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. They take place in different types of cells in the plant. They take place in different compartments of the same organelle. None of the other answer options is correct. They take place in different organelles.
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
Which of the following is true when comparing the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis? They take place in different types of cells in the plant. They take place in different compartments of the same organelle. None of the other answer options is correct. They take place in different organelles.
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
Which of the following is true concerning the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. They take place in different organelles. They take place in different compartments of the same organelle. They take place in different types of cells in the plant None of the other answer options is correct.
They take place in different types of cells in the plant
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?
They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2.
Imagine that a scientist wants to create a new species—one that is a cross between a shark and a wolf. To his dismay, when he introduces shark sperm and wolf eggs into a petri dish, no viable embryos form. Why?
This could be an example of pre-zygotic isolation, where the proteins of the shark sperm and wolf eggs do not interact properly; however, this could also be an example of genetic incompatibility, where genomic differences between sharks and wolves prevent the formation of viable embryos.
Kangaroo rats live in the deserts of the southwestern United States. Kangaroo rats have many adaptations to minimize water loss. They obtain a small amount of water from seeds that they eat. However, the rest of the water they obtain is from cellular respiration.
This could be true, as water is produced in cellular respiration
Imagine that a zoo in Sri Lanka has started an elephant-breeding program. Zookeepers have introduced an Indian and Sri Lankan elephant into the same enclosure. What will be the result of this mating?
This mating will demonstrate that these elephants are members of the same species and will produce fertile offspring.
Imagine that a doctor is presented with a patient that lacks irises. What could be said of this patient?
This patient likely carries a mutation in Pax6. This patient likely carries a loss-of-function mutation. This patient may carry mutations in genes downstream of Pax6. This patient could be diagnosed as having aniridia.
A researcher introduces a large polar signaling molecule produced by bacteria to eukaryotic cells that she is culturing in the laboratory. Remarkably, she notices that the signaling of the bacteria results in an increase in eukaryotic gene expression. How is this possible?
This signal is likely similar in structure to ligands utilized by eukaryotic cells.
At some fish markets the fish are sold only as fillets, with no identifying morphological characters showing for each fish sample. Some evolutionary biologists are a bit suspect of some of the fish being sold there and think the market may be engaging in false advertising. The biologists hypothesize that the very expensive halibut fillets are actually a cheaper fish. The biologists buy fillets of the halibut, cod, scrod, and monkfish and sequence their DNA. Since the samples are all from bony fish, they use a known sequence from a cartilaginous fish as the outgroup to build a phylogeny. Which answer option supports their hypothesis that the halibut is actually a cheaper fish (cod, scrod, or monkfish)?
Three branches are present besides the outgroup. One branch each for cod, scrod, and monkfish.
sequencing, assembly, and annitation
Three fundamental components of genomic research
(T/F) Even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in cellular respiration are endergonic.
True
Both NAD+ and molecular oxygen serve as electron acceptors in cellular respiration.
True
Both NAD+ and molecular oxygen serve as electron acceptors in cellular respiration. True False
True
Conditions that reduce the strength of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane slow the production of ATP by ATP synthase. [T/F]
True
The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation.
True
The products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon sugars.
True
The products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon sugars. True or False?
True
True or False: Some of the intermediates in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll are themselves capable of absorbing light energy?
True
When glucose is broken down in a cell, all of the energy it stores is not released simultaneously but is instead released in a stepwise process.
True
When glucose is broken down in a cell, all of the energy it stores is not released simultaneously but is instead released in a stepwise process. [T/F]
True
telophase I and cytokinesis
Two haploid cells form; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids; nuclear envelope briefly forms
Which of the following processes is NOT part of the communication at a neuromuscular junction?
Upon activation, the acetylcholine receptor on the neuron undergoes a conformational change to activate an ion channel in the muscle cell.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (abbreviated VEGF and pronounced "Veg-F") is a peptide signaling molecule related to platelet-derived growth factor. VEGF is important in the formation of the circulatory system because its signaling pathway causes the formation of blood vessels in developing embryos during normal development. Tumors also produce and secrete VEGF, causing nearby blood vessels to branch and grow to form new blood vessels that supply these tumors. Given what you know about the different kinds of cell signaling and VEGF, which statement is true?
VEGF is a paracrine signaling molecule because it binds to receptors on nearby cells, at the site where new blood vessels are needed.
meiosis
What is not part of the eukaryotic somatic cell cycle? mitosis interphase cytokinesis meiosis
2 identical diploid cells
What is the end result of mitosis?
gel electrophoresis
What method if used to separate macromolecules based on their size and charge?
2%
What percent of the genome contain protein-coding sequences
Which answer choice is an accurate description of events leading to the lytic pathway following viral infection in a bacterium?
When bacterial cells are grown in favorable conditions, proteases degrade cII, cro represses cItranscription, which leads to the expression of all genes needed for synthesis of phage
target protein
When cyclin binds to cyclin dependent kinase, it phosphorylates the _________ __________
human mitochondria
Which has the smallest genome? *free living bacteria *covid *human mitochondria *obligate symbiont bacteria *Japanese white birch chloroplast
translation
Which is not a method or lateral gene transfer between bacterial cells? *transformation *transduction *conjugation *translation
annotating
Which of the following is not part of the PCR process? *annealing *extending *annotating *denaturing
Francis Galton showed that the average height of offspring was the same as their parents
Which of the following statements is false? *heritability is the degree of which phenotypic variations are due to genotypic variations *Francis Galton showed that the average height of offspring was the same as their parents *high concordance rates equal high heritability *complex traits are often phenotypic traits *Francis Galton showed that the environment affects phenotypic traits
pyruvate oxidation forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis
Which of the following statements is true regarding pyruvate oxidation? 1. Pyruvate oxidation ends with the oxidation of an acetyl group, which forms CO2. 2. Like glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation is carried out in the mitochondria. 3. Pyruvate oxidation forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis. 4. Pyruvate oxidation directly follows the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration.
cyclins are lipids (they are proteins)
Which statement about cyclins is false? *cyclins bind with enzymes that phosphorylate other substances *there are several different cyclins produced by the cell *cyclin production fluctuates throughout the cell cycle *cyclins are lipids *the term cyclin was coined by English biochemist Thomas Hunt
humans average 300 new genome mutations per generation
Which statement about mutations is false? *mutations are a fundamental source of genetic variation *somatic mutations are heritable only within cell lineage *germ cell mutations are heritable across the generations *humans average 300 new genome mutations per generation *mutations and their impact on organisms is random
nonsense point mutations produce a start codon
Which statement about mutations is false? *synonymous point mutations do not alter the amino acid sequence *nonsense point mutations produce a start codon *missense point mutations alter the amino acid sequence *a duplication mutation occurs on a single chromosome
Which research question would a population geneticist be most likely to ask?
Why do some species have more genetic diversity than others? How much genetic variability is found in sperm whales? How can scientists explain the amount of genetic diversity in Adelie penguins?
transposable element (transposon or jumping gene)
a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome
A researcher is assessing the expression of a specific protein in cells. This protein appears as a "web" in the cytoplasm of cells. The protein is likely:
a component of the cytoskeleton.
What is the very first effect of ligand binding to a G protein-coupled receptor?
a conformational change in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor
The activation of protein kinase A (PKA) by cyclic AMP (cAMP) binding likely occurs because of:
a conformational change to protein kinase A (PKA).
Epidermolysis bullosa is a set of rare genetic disorders that is caused by
a keratin gene that disrupts intermediate filaments, weakening connections between epidermal cell layers.
A number of mutations have been described in the G protein Ras that have profound effects on its activity. For example, some mutations greatly increase the affinity of the G protein for GDP, making it very difficult for GDP to be exchanged for GTP. Other mutations prevent the GTPase activity of Ras, preventing it from causing the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. Which of the scenarios would result in a persisting proliferation response to growth factor receptor activation after the ligand is no longer binding to its receptor kinase?
a mutation that blocks the GTPase activity of Ras
genotype-by-environment
a phenotype is the result of an interplay between genes and the environment
In the cleavage phase of glycolysis: -phosphate groups are added to glucose. -a phosphorylated sugar molecule is broken apart and the products rearranged. -NAD+ is reduced to NADH. -ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. -ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation.
a phosphorylated sugar molecule is broken apart and the products rearranged.
All cells able to carry out photosynthesis have: mitochondria. chloroplasts. a plasma membrane. chloroplasts, mitochondria, and a plasma membrane. chloroplasts and mitochondria.
a plasma membrane
All cells able to carry out photosynthesis have: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. chloroplasts. mitochondria. a plasma membrane. chloroplasts and mitochondria. chloroplasts, mitochondria, and a plasma membrane.
a plasma membrane.
Which choice is considered an integral membrane protein?
a protein with its amino-terminus in the cytoplasm and its carboxy-terminus in the extracellular space
Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of:
a proton gradient
Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of:
a proton gradient.
A gene that no longer retains function is called:
a pseudogene.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a cell-surface receptor?
a receptor that binds a nonpolar steroid hormone and activates transcription
the conversion of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to glyceradehyde-3-phosphare is
a reduction
pseudogene
a section of a chromosome that is an imperfect copy of a functional gene; damaged
Signal amplification relies on:
a sequential increase in the different components, wherein a single, activated component can activate many copies of the next component in the pathway.
A chemical that binds to a cell and causes its activity to change is an example of which element of cellular communication?
a signaling molecule
In the context of cell signaling, to what does the term ligand refer?
a signaling molecule that binds to the receptor
Allosteric inhibitors of an enzyme bind:
a site on the enzyme that is not the active site.
The basal lamina is:
a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues.
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
a substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome that is present in a large fraction of the population; blue eyes
For every six CO2 molecules incorporated into carbohydrate molecules, how many triose phosphates can be exported from the chloroplast? a. 2 b. 1 c. 10 d. 6 e. 12
a. 2 The first step of the Calvin cycle is carboxylation where carbon dioxide is combined with RuBP which produces a 6-carbon compound that immediately breaks into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate which is the first stable product of the Calvin cycle. Rubisco is responsible for the addition of the carbon atoms needed for the formation of carbohydrates. For energy increase to take place, carbon compounds must be reduced. NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is the reducing agent that is used to transfer electrons that allow carbohydrates to be synthesized from CO2. The next step of the Calvin cycle is the reduction of the 3-phosphoglycerate that was produced when the CO2 was added to the RuBP. ATP donates a phosphate group to 3-phosphoglycerate and NADPH transfers two electrons and one proton to the phosphorylated compound which releases one phosphate group. A triose phosphate is the result of the formation of the 3-carbon carbohydrate molecule formed by the previous energy transfer. Triose phosphates are the true products of the Calvin cycle. Triose phosphates are the form that carbohydrates are exported from the chloroplast during photosynthesis.
Which of the following are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through a photosynthetic electron transport chain? a. ATP and NADPH b. water and carbohydrates c. oxygen and carbohydrates d. carbohydrates and ATP
a. ATP and NADPH The process of the photosynthetic electron transport chain is as follows: 1. begins with the absorption of sunlight by protein-pigment complexes 2. absorbed sunlight provides energy that drives electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain - movement of electrons through the transport chain is used to produce ATP and NADPH which are the energy sources needed to synthesize carbohydrates using CO2 in the calvin cycle
Assuming that all is working properly, which of the following is at a higher energy level? a. An excited-state antenna chlorophyll b. An excited-state reaction center chlorophyll
a. An excited-state antenna chlorophyll Most of the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane act as an antennae. Energy is transferred between chlorophyll molecules until it is finally transferred to a specially configured pair of chlorophyll molecules known as the reaction center. The reaction energy is where light energy is converted into chemical energy and a result of the excited electron's transfer to an adjacent molecule. Antennae gather light energy.
A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in the cell), and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically and notices that the labled protein can move between grana, but is never observed in the stoma. What can she deduce? a. The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane. b. This protein can easily transfer between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes. c. This protein likely travels between different thylakoid membranes by moving through the stroma, but its movement through the stroma is very brief. d. This protein cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane. e. All thylakoid membranes and grant share a common lumen, through which the labeled protein can move.
a. The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
Which of the following outcomes would you expect if the pH of the thylakoid lumen increases from 4 to 6? a. The rate of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase will decrease b. The change in pH will not have a significant effect on the rate of photosynthesis c. Less oxygen will be produced d. Proton transport through ATP synthase from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma will increase. e. More NADP+ will be reduced to NADPH.
a. The rate of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase will decrease. pH is determined by the negative log of the concentration of H+ ions The more H+ ions in a solution, the more acidic it is. On page 164, it says, "When the photosynthetic electron transport chain is operating at full capacity, the concentration of protons in the lumen can be more than 1000 times greater than their concentration in the stroma (equivalent to a difference of 3 pH units). This accumulation of proteins on one side of the thylakoid membrane can then be used to power the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation". So when the electron transport chain is working at full capacity, the liquid inside the lumen is more acidic than basic since there is a lot more of a concentration of protons in the lumen than that of the stroma. As the solution gets more basic from a transition of a pH of 4 to 6, the concentration of H+ ions in the lumen is decreasing. When there was a higher concentration of H+ ions (more acidic) it was ideal and then the synthesis of ATP was high. When there is a lesser H+ concentration, it will slow it down.
How does the metabolism occurring in chloroplasts differ from that of mitochondria? a. different electron acceptors and electron sources b. different protein sources c. different electron acceptors d. none of the other answer options is correct e. different electron sources
a. different electron acceptors and electron sources STUDY THIS
ATP production in photosynthesis requires: a. light, electrons, and protons b. electrons c. protons d. light and protons e. light
a. light, electrons, and protons Accumulation of protons in the thykaloid lumen drives the synthesis of ATP. ATP synthase synthesizes ATP in the chloroplasts/mitochondria. Cell uses light energy to produce ATP. Movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron train leads to the formation of ATP.
Which one of the following statements BEST represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? a. photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it b. photosynthesis occurs only during the day and respiration occurs only at night c. respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants d. photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration e. respiration stores energy in organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it
a. photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecule while respiration releases it
Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can ____ but not ____. a. produce ATP; reduce CO2 b. reduce CO2, synthesize carbohydrates c. produce ATP, reduce H2O d. produce NADPH; oxidize H2O e. produce NADPH; reduce CO2
a. produce ATP; reduce CO2 The Calvin cycle requires two molecules of NADH and three molecules of ATP per CO2 incorporated in to carbohydrates. The transport of four electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain needed to reduce NADP molecules does not transfer enough protons into the lumen to produce the required 3 ATPs. In addition to the electron transport chain, another electron transport is needed to increase the production of ATP. Cyclic electron transport causes electrons from photosystem 1 to be redirected from ferrodoxin back into the electron transport chain. These electrons reenter the photosynthetic electron transfer chain.
From its ground state, photosystem II can:
absorb light energy
From its ground state, photosystem II can: absorb light energy. pull protons from H2O. pass electrons to photosystem I. pull electrons from H2O. emit light energy.
absorb light energy
From its ground state, photosystem II can: pass electrons to photosystem I. pull electrons from H2O. pull protons from H2O. absorb light energy. emit light energy.
absorb light energy.
Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions (endergonic and exergonic) by which the cell can obtain ATP. NAD+ plays a crucial role in the reactions of glycolysis by:
accepting electrons during glycolysis, with the overall result that glucose is partially oxidized to pyruvate.
Beta-oxidation does not produce any ATP directly, but it does produce:
acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2
Pyruvate can be used to produce: (select all correct choices)
acetyl-CoA. alanine. sugars.
Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Which of the following best describes the movement of protons in this situation?
across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space
In the pathway leading from threonine to isoleucine, threonine dehydratase is _____ by the presence of threonine. degraded caused to increase in number inhibited activated caused to decrease in number
activated
The portion of an enzyme that binds specifically to the substrate or substrates is referred to as the ____________ of the enzyme.
active site
Which of the following is a component of an ATP molecule? adenine ribose three phosphate groups
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates
Which one of the choices matches a type of cell junction with its proper cytoskeletal element and cell adhesion molecule?
adherens junction, microfilament, cadherin
A decrease in cell-cell adhesion was caused by the introduction of an experimental substance that compromised the structural integrity of the tissue. Which type of cell junction would most likely be affected by this treatment given that the treatment caused a decrease in the strength of cell-cell adhesion?
adherens junctions
You sequence a region of the genome in every individual in a population. You find a mutation that is present in 30% of the population. You then sequence the same region after four generations have passed and find the mutation is present in 82% of the population. Based on these data, you might conclude that the mutation is a(n) _____ mutation.
advantageous
Which of the following must have arisen after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis?
aerobic cellular respiration
Electrons removed from H2O molecules are transported through the photosystems and photosynthetic electron transport chain and are ultimately used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. At what point do the electrons have the greatest amount of potential energy?
after capturing photon energy in the reaction center of photosystem I
We expect the fossil record to be incomplete for all of the given reasons except that:
all biomolecules, including lipids and pigment molecules, decay immediately after death.
regression to the mean
all measures are moving back closer to the mean
alleles
alternate versions of a gene
The process by which a single primary RNA transcript is used to make multiple proteins is called:
alternative splicing.
Which factor explains the phenotypic differences seen between individuals in the human population?
amount of sunlight in different areas presence of parasites in different areas the altitude in different areas natural selection
Of the choices, which can be a product of a catabolic reaction?
an amino acid like tryptophan
The assembly of glucose into polysaccharides is..
an anabolic process
Which one of the following is an example of potential energy?
an electrochemical gradient
Kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
phenotype/trait
an individual's observable characteristics; the physical expression of a gene
Which of the following types of inhibitor permanently alters the enzyme it inhibits?
an irreversible inhibitor
What is ATP used for in cells?
anabolic reactions, DNA replication, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, etc
Building a protein by adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain is an example of:
anabolism
Wings in birds and bats arose independently in the two groups. This means that wings are a(n) _____ trait and the forelimbs are a(n) _____ trait in the two groups.
analogous; homologous
which of the following is not part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process?
annotating
mutation
any change in the genetic material of an organism; occur randomly
In which form are electrons transferred during typical redox reactions such as the oxidation of glucose?
as hydrogen atoms
Imagine that a bowling ball is placed at various locations along a staircase. At which location does the ball possess the GREATEST amount of potential energy? at the top of the stairs The ball will have the same amount of potential energy no matter where it is placed. in the middle of the staircase at the bottom of the stairs
at the top of the stairs
organisms which use CO2 as a source of carbon
autotrophs
Which of the following is an advantage of having two slightly different photosystems in the chloroplasts? a. Cells are able to use light energy at twice the maximum efficiency predicted for cells with a single photosystem. b. Electrons can be extracted from water and used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. c. Twice as many electrons can be excited by a given amount of light energy. d. Cells are able to use both blue and green wavelengths of light for photosynthesis.
b. Electrons can be extracted from water and used to reduced NADP+ to NADPH.
During their experiments with chlorella, Calvin and Benson found no free glucose. Why do you think this is? a. Glucose would cause H2O to leave the Chlorella cells b. Glucose is stored as starch c. Glucose is an isomer of fructose d. Green algae do not respire when illuminated. e. Glucose takes too long to synthesize.
b. Glucose is stored as starch. - The Calvin cycle is capable of producing more carbohydrates than the cell needs or, in a multicellular organism, more than the cell is able to export. - If carbohydrates accumulated in the cell, they would cause water to enter the cell by osmosis which can damage the cell. Carbohydrates are formed in the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle. This can be studied on page 159 in figure 8.6. Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson used 14CO2 to follow the incorporation of CO2 into carbohydrates. The first step in the first experiment was to inject 14CO2 into a flask containing Chlorella. (14 stands for the atomic mass, and in the 1940's radioactive 14CO2 became available in quantities that allowed experiments). The second step in the first experiment was that after a specified amount of time, drop cells of chlorella into boiling alcohol to halt the reactions. The third step in the first experiment was to identify radioactively labeled compounds using 2D paper chromatography. 2D paper chromatography separates molecules according to factors such as size and charge that affect their mobility. The results of the first experiment was that RuBP, triode phosphates, and 3-PGA all showed up. The first step of the second experiment was to shorten exposure to 14CO2 enough so that only one compound is labeled on the 2D paper chromatography. After only a short exposure to light, 3-PGA was the initial product of carboxylation. Experiment 3 was following exposure to 14CO2 as in experiment 1, it prevented carboxylation by withholding CO2 and seeing which labeled product increases and which decreases. When withholding CO2, RuBP increases while 3-PGA decreases relative to the amounts in Experiment 1, RuBP is the other substrate involved in the carboxylation step.
The terminal electron acceptor of a photosynthetic electron transport chain is: a. NADPH b. NADP+ c. oxygen d. NAD+ e. water
b. NADP+
ATP, NADPH, and NADH contain stored energy used by plant cells. Which of these molecules provides the energy that is stored in carbohydrate during the Calvin cycle? a. ATP b. NADPH c. NADH
b. NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is the reducing agent that is used to the Calvin cycle that transfers electrons that allow carbohydrates to be synthesized from carbon dioxide.
In the lab you isolate a chlorella mutant that is unable to switch xanthophyll pigments into the inactive, non-heat-dissipating form. if you released that mutant into a small pond shaded by trees, would the mutation spread, and why? a. Yes, because the heat released by the xanthophyll would warm up the cells and enhance photosynthesis. b. No, because mutations never spread in nature. c. No, because the light absorbed by chlorophyll would be released as heat and thus not make ATP or NADPH. d. Yes, because the xanthophylls prevent the production of reactive oxygen species. e. No, because the xanthophyll prevent the production of reactive oxygen species.
b. No, because the light absorbed by chlorophyll would be released as heat and thus not used to make ATP or NADPH. Xanthophylls slow the forming of reactive oxygen species by reducing excess light energy. They convert light energy into heat.
All cells able to carry out photosynthesis have: a. chloroplasts, mitochondria, and a plasma membrane b. a plasma membrane c. chloroplasts and mitochondria d. mitochondria e. chloroplasts
b. a plasma membrane REVIEW
The organisms believed to be the first to use two different photosystems in a single photosynthetic electron transport chain are the: a. algae b. cyanobacteria c. archaea d. green plants e. yeast
b. cyanobacteria
In the Calvin cycle, ATP is required to: a. reduce 3-PGA b. donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA c. reduce triose phosphates d. carboxylate RuBP e. reduce RuBP
b. donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is the reducing agent used in the Calvin cycle and transfers the electrons that allow carbohydrates to be synthesized from CO2 so that rules out a and e. On page 158, "Regeneration of RuBP requires ATP". The reduction of 3-phosphoglyerate consists of two steps. The first step is that ATP donates a phosphate group to 3-PGA.
The fluid-filled interior compartment of the thylakoid network is referred to as the: a. stroma b. lumen c. cytoplasm d. intermembrane space e. grana
b. lumen
How many molecules of NADPH are required for 12 molecules of RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco? a. 10 b. none of the other answer options is correct c. 12 d. 24 e. 36
b. none of the other answer options is correct the six carbon compound that is produced when carbon dioxide and RuBP immediately breaks into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate which is the first stable product of the calvin cycle.
Rubisco is characterized by: a. the ability to use two substrates b. slow catalysis and the ability to use two substrates c. slow catalysis d. fast catalysis
b. slow catalysis and the ability to use two substrates
Which of the following is true concerning the Calvin cycle and light harvesting reactions of photosynthesis? a. they take place in different organelles b. they take place in different compartments of the same organelle c . they take place in different types of cells in the plant d. none of the other answer options is correct
b. they take place in different compartments of the same organelle. Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane within the chloroplast. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in:
bacteria and animals.
You are near a lake and notice a lot of frogs. They all look very similar to one another. You sit down and start to listen to the calls of the frogs and note that there are three distinct calls. Moreover, you see that females are only mating with male frogs that make one type of call and ignoring males making a different call. This is an example of:
behavioral isolation.
Which of the following protect plants from excess light by detoxifying reactive oxygen species?
beta carotene
fatty acids are broken down in a process called
beta oxidation. This removes 2 carbons from the fatty acid ends
The breakdown of fatty acids takes place by a process called:
beta-oxidation.
Ligand binding to a receptor kinase results in:
binding of cytoplasmic signaling molecules. receptor dimerization. phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor.
A young student is trying to figure out the order in which certain traits evolved in humans. Which of the arrangements is most likely correct?
bipedalism → more dexterous thumbs → human jaw → language
An example of a phenotypic trait that allows identification of the genetic variation coding for the phenotype is human:
blood type
how is meiosis II similar to Mitosis?
both involve the splitting of sister chromatids both involve the alignment of homologous pairs during metaphase
Which cytoskeletal elements is capable of assembling and disassembling in the cell?
both microtubules and microfilaments
Which cytoskeletal elements is/are associated with supporting the movement of materials inside the cell?
both microtubules and microfilaments
The natural loss of dead cells from the surface of your skin is a result of
breakdown of adherens junctions.
Which of the following is/are rubisco substrates? a. O2 b. RuBP c. CO2, O2, and RuBP d. CO2 e. CO2 and RuBP
c. CO2, O2, and RuBP Rubisco is in the carboxylation stage of the Calvin cycle and acts as a carboxylase because it adds carbon dioxide to the 5-carbon sugar called ribose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP). Both RuBP and CO2 have to bind to the active site for the reaction to proceed. This reaction is spontaneous. According to section 8.4, rubisco can catalyze the addition of either carbon dioxide or oxygen to RuBP, but the addition of oxygen instead of carbon dioxide can substantially reduce the amount of carbohydrate produced.
Which step of the Calvin cycle would be affected first by a lack of NADPH? a. all of these choices are correct b. regeneration c. reduction d. carboxylation
c. Reduction Carboxylation is the first step within the Calvin cycle where a carbon dioxide is bonded to a 5-carbon sugar called RuPB. Reduction is the second step of the Calvin cycle where NADPH is needed. NADPH is a reducing agent that is used in the Calvin cycle that transfers electrons that allow carbohydrates to be synthesized from carbon dioxide. Reduction is the addition of an electron to something. In this step, NADPH transfers two electrons and one proton to the phosphorylated compound which releases one phosphate group to form the triose phosphates.
In the Calvin cycle, ATP is required to: a. reduce triode phosphates b. carboxylate RuBP c. donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA d. reduce 3-PGA e. reduce RuBP
c. donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA
In the calvin cycle, NADPH is: a. reduced b. oxidized and reduced c. oxidized d. phosphorylated e. none of the above
c. oxidized
In the evolution of photosynthesis, which process happened first? a. chloroplast membrane structure b. endosymbiosis c. the acquisition of two photosystems by cyanobacteria d. mitochondrial membrane structure
c. the acquisition of two photosystems by cyanobacteria
Light energy is converted to chemical energy in the: a. central vacuole b. nucleus c. thylakoid membrane d. cytoplasm e. mitochondria
c. thylakoid membrane The reaction center is where energy is transferred between chlorophyll molecules until it is finally transferred to a specifically configured pair of chlorophyll molecules called the reaction center In the reaction center, light is converted into chemical energy as a result. The reaction center is within the electron transport chain and the electron transport chain is within the thylakoid membrane.
In the chloroplasts of plant cells, the absorption of light energy and the movement of electrons along an electron transport chain occurs in the ___ and the synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in the ___. a. inner membrane; stroma b. inner membrane; matrix c. thylakoids; stroma d. thylakoids; matrix e. inner membrane; cytoplasm
c. thylakoids; stroma The thylakoid membranes are structures that resemble flattened sacs that are grouped into structures called grana that are within a chloroplast. Page 156 says, "The photosynthetic electron transport chain is located in the thylakoid membrane". The stroma is the region surrounding the thylakoid membrane where carbohydrate synthesis takes place. Sunlight is captured and transformed into chemical energy by the photosynthetic electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.
oncogene
cancer causing gene; start off as proto-oncogenes
Which of the answer choices correctly lists the three phases of the Calvin cycle? carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration reduction of CO2, reduction of NADPH, regeneration of RuBP oxidation, reduction, and carboxylation carboxylation, ATP synthesis, and regeneration
carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
Which of the following correctly lists the three steps of the Calvin cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. reduction of carbon dioxide, reduction of NADPH, regeneration of RuBP oxidation, reduction, and carboxylation carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration carboxylation, ATP synthesis, and regeneration
carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
Which of these correctly lists the three phases of the Calvin cycle? reduction of CO2, reduction of NADPH, regeneration of RuBP carboxylation, ATP synthesis, and regeneration oxidation, reduction, and carboxylation carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
Beginning with the step catalyzed by rubisco, arrange the steps in the Calvin cycle in the proper sequence in which they occur. regeneration, carboxylation, reduction carboxylation, reduction, regeneration reduction, carboxylation, regeneration reduction, regeneration, carboxylation carboxylation, regeneration, reduction
carboxylation, reduction, regeneration
electron carriers
carry electrons from one set of reactions to another (carry's them to ETC) (ex. NADH)
Cellular respiration is a series of _____ reactions.
catabolic
Your lunch is digested by enzymes in your gastrointestinal tract. These chemical reactions are best categorized as ____________.
catabolism
Cadherin is an example of:
cell adhesion molecule
Proteins that do not refold properly after being heated generally require the assistance of which type of molecules in cells?
chaperones
DNA replication checkpoint
checkpoint at the end of G2 that ensures all DNA is there; is all DNA replicated?
spindle assembly checkpoint
checkpoint before anaphase that checks if all spindle fibers are attached; are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?
DNA damage checkpoint
checkpoint that occurs at the end of G1 to prevent the copying of bad DNA; is DNA damaged?
ATP houses ______ energy
chemical
You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 500 yards, your body has converted _____ energy to _____ energy with the loss of _____.
chemical potential; kinetic; heat
You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 500 yards, your body has converted ____________ energy to ____________ energy with the loss of ____________.
chemical potential; kinetic; heat
Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). However, this microbe can also synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a: photoautotroph. phototroph. chemoheterotroph. photoheterotroph. chemoautotroph.
chemoautotroph
Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). However, this microbe can also synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a:
chemoautotroph.
organisms which use CO2 as a source of carbon and obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
chemoautotrophs
Imagine that you discover a carnivorous deep-sea fish that cannot utilize the carbon in carbonic acid (or any other inorganic molecule) present in seawater to form glucose (or other organic molecules). Living so far beneath the water's surface, this fish is also incapable of harnessing energy from the sun. This fish would be considered a:
chemoheterotroph
Animals such as cats, worms, and butterflies are classified as: chemoautotrophs. chemoheterotrophs. photoheterotrophs. photoautotrophs.
chemoheterotrophs
Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as: photoheterotrophs. chemoheterotrophs. chemoautotrophs. photoautotrophs.
chemoheterotrophs
Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are:
chemoheterotrophs
Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are: photoheterotrophs photoautotrophs. chemoautotrophs. chemoheterotrophs. chemolithotrophs.
chemoheterotrophs
Animals such as cats, worms, and butterflies are classified as:
chemoheterotrophs.
Animals such as humans would be classified as..
chemoheterotrophs.
Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as:
chemoheterotrophs.
copy number variations (CNV) are due to ____?
chromosomal level duplications/deletions
metaphase
chromosomes align in the center of the cell; reduce the risk of messing up separating sister chromatids
Transcription factors such as Pax6 interact with their target genes by binding short sequences adjacent to the 5' end of a gene sequence called _____ elements.
cis-regulatory
Left over amino acids will enter cellular respiration at which stage?
citric acid cycle
Which of the following processes produces the highest number of reduced electron carriers and thus the greatest potential for generating ATP
citric acid cycle
The _____ stage of cellular respiration generates the most NADH, which will be used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce _____ (proportion) of the total ATP yield from glucose. citric acid cycle; 15/32 glycolysis; 15/32 pyruvate oxidation; 16/32 (1/2) citric acid cycle; 19/32 glycolysis; 8/32
citric acid cycle; 15/32
Phylogenetic reconstruction based on shared derived characters is called:
cladistics.
The greatest number of species belong to which of the following taxonomic levels:
class mamilla
You are a parasitologist interested in intestinal roundworms found in the intestines of frogs. You note that when two populations of frogs were separated long enough ago for them to speciate, their roundworm parasites have also speciated. What is this process called?
co-speciation
type of inheritance pattern in which genotypes simultaneously express the phenotypes of multiple alleles.
codominamnce
Metal ions are a common type of ____________ for enzymes.
cofactor
Which of the following lowers the efficiency of plants' conversion of sunlight into chemical energy?
cold temperatures and bright sunlight
Which answer choice correctly lists components found in the extracellular matrix of animals?
collagen, laminin, and elastin
An electron from NADH entering the electron transport chain would travel among components of the chain in what sequence?
complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, complex IV, oxygen
A pathologist is carrying out an autopsy. Upon opening the chest cavity, the pathologist sees a thick, fibrous tissue surrounding the heart. This is likely:
connective tissues
The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of:
conservation of energy.
Seals and penguins both have streamlined body forms that allow them to move through water efficiently. This similarity in body shape is mostly likely the result of:
convergent evolution.
chromosomal level duplications and deletions
copy number variation are due to ________
A body of learned behavior that is socially transmitted among individuals and passed down from one generation to the next is known as:
culture
You are visiting a relative many miles from your home, and they complain about all the squirrels in the area making nests in the cars parked in driveways. You note that the squirrels in the area are the same species as the one you know from home. Where you live, most people also park in their driveways, but the squirrels tend to nest in the roofs of houses. What does this difference in activity between these populations of squirrels reveal about the squirrels?
culture
Which of the following is thought to be the first group of organisms able to use water as an electron donor in photosynthesis?
cyanobacteria
Which of these is thought to be the first group of organisms able to use H2O as an electron donor in photosynthesis?
cyanobacteria
What is an example of photoautotrophs?
cyanobacteria and vascular plants
The organisms believed to be the first to use two different photosystems in a single photosynthetic electron transport chain are the:
cyanobacteria.
The Calvin cycle requires 3 ATP and 2 NADH for each molecule of CO2 that is incorporated into carbohydrate products, a ratio of 3:2. The flow of electrons from water to NADPH in the photosynthetic electron transport system, however, yields a ratio of ATP to NADH of 1:1. Where does the additional ATP come from to power the Calvin cycle?
cyclic electron flow
which of the following statements about cyclins is false
cyclins are not lipids
Which of these is responsible for the transport of electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I?
cytochrome b6f
Which of the following is responsible for the transport of electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I?
cytochrome b6f.
Which of the following is responsible for the transport of electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cytochrome b6f. NADP+. NADPH. water. chlorophyll.
cytochrome b6f.
Which of the following is a mobile electron carrier in the electron-transport chain?
cytochrome c ubiquinone
In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in:
cytoplasm
The products of the Calvin cycle are used to assemble larger sugars in the:
cytoplasm
glycolysis occurs in the
cytoplasm
Which structures are responsible for the shape of a cell during cell division?
cytoskeleton
where does glycolysis take place
cytosol
Which of the following compounds is required for the carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle? a. ATP and NADPH b. ATP c. NADPH d. RuBP e. 3-PGA
d. RuBP The carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle is where carbon dioxide is added to the five carbon molecule. Refer to page 157,158 in your book. The 5-carbon sugar is called ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) and is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (rubisco). RuBP and Co2 diffuse into the active site of rubisco and once the active site is occupied the addition of CO2 to RuBP proceeds spontaneously in the sense that NO ADDITION OF ENERGY IS REQUIRED. The product of caraboxylation is a 6-carbon compound that immediately breaks into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
Which of the following is a major evolutionary step that is hypothesized to have occurred in to evolution of photosynthesis? a. the ability to use water as an electron donor b. the acquisition by eukaryotic organisms of photosynthesis by endosymbiosis c. the acquisition by cyanobacteria of a second photosystem d. all three of these steps are hypothesized to have been important in the evolution of photosynthesis
d. all three of these steps are hypothesized to have been important in the evolution of photosynthesis
Beginning with the step catalyzed by rubisco, arrange the steps in the Calvin cycle in the proper sequence in which they occur. a. reduction, regeneration, carboxylation b. regeneration, carboxylation, reduction c. reduction, carboxylation, regeneration d. carboxylation, reduction, regeneration e. carboxylation, regeneration, reduction
d. carboxylation, reduction, regeneration
Which of the following is responsible for the transport of electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I? a. water b. chlorophyll c. NADP+ d. cytochrome b6f e. NADPH
d. cytochrome b6f
Low temperatures slow the activity of rubisco but enhance its ability to select CO2 over O2. Low temperature thus: a. increase photosynthesis rates b. increase the production of reactive oxygen species c. increase photorespiration rates d. decrease photorespiration rates
d. decrease photorespiration rates Photorespiration is the process of consumption of O2 and release of CO2 in the presence of light. The reaction speed is affected because rubisco is an enzyme that is highly selective to favor the addition of carbon dioxide over oxygen. As temperatures get lower, the activity of rubisco is slow. Rubisco wants to be slow so that it will be highly selective and choose CO2 over O2 when binding with RuBP. Rubisco can have O2, but it is bad for the cell. Photorespiration is when O2 binds to the active site, but if the reaction is slow there is a lesser chance of that happening.
Antennae accompany reaction centers, promoting ____. a. H+ transfer b. electron transfer c. heat loss d. energy transfer e. fluorescence
d. energy transfer
Where does the oxygen come from that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis? a. from the breakdown of carbohydrates b. from the reduction of CO2 c. from the Calvin cycle d. from breakdown of water
d. from breakdown of water
Organisms with only one photosystem cannot: a. reduce CO2 b. oxidize H2S c. reduce NADP+ d. produce O2 e. reduce H2O
d. produce O2 Photosystems are protein-pigment complexes and functional and structural units that absorb light energy and use it to drive electron transport. O2 is the by-product of pulling electrons from water. Water is abundant within cells and is always available to serve as an electron donor in photosynthesis, but O2 diffuses away readily rather than accumulates. It takes a great deal of energy to pull electrons from water. The amount of energy that a single photosystem can capture from sunlight is not enough both to pull an electron from water and produce an electron donor capable of reducing NADP+. Photosystem II supplies electrons at the beginning of the electron transport chain and when Photosystem II loses an electron it is able to pull electrons from water. Photosystem I energizes electrons with a second input of light energy so they can be used to reduce NADP+.
Multiple mutation model for cancer development
damage to first tumor suppressor gene which activates oncogene; second tumor suppressor gene activated causing malignant gene; when third tumor suppressor gene is activated, metastatic cancer forms
Over a long period of time, you would expect a deleterious mutation to ______ within a large population.
decrease in frequency
Low temperatures slow the activity of rubisco but enhance its ability to select CO2 over O2. Low temperatures thus: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. decrease photorespiration rates. increase photorespiration rates. increase the production of reactive oxygen species. increase photosynthesis rates.
decrease photorespiration rates.
Chemicals called uncouplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and ions. What effect might un-couplers have on photosynthesis?
decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease
Chemicals called uncouplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and ions. What effect might un-couplers have on photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would decrease decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would increase increased ATP production because cyclic electron transport would increase decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would increase
decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease
Chemicals called uncouplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and ions. What effect might uncouplers have on photosynthesis?
decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease
pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution and equals the negative logarithm of the proton concentration. When the light is on and the proton pump is activated, the pH:
decreases inside the vesicle and increases outside of the vesicle. - When protons increase on the inside of the cell, they are decreasing on the outside of the cell. A decreased proton concentration makes the pH higher (more basic) on the outside of the vesicles.
What is entropy?
degree of disorder in a system
Phosphorylating glucose during phase 1 of glycolysis:
destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2.
proton gradient
difference in proton concentration across inner membrane
heterozygous
different alleles are simultaneously present in the genotype (Pp)
How does the metabolism occurring in chloroplasts differ from that of mitochondria?
different electron acceptors and electron sources
How does the metabolism occurring in chloroplasts differ from that of mitochondria? different electron sources different electron acceptors different electron acceptors and electron sources different proton sources None of the other answer options is correct.
different electron acceptors and electron sources
How does the metabolism occurring in chloroplasts differ from that of mitochondria? different electron acceptors and electron sources None of the other answer options is correct. one makes ATP, the other makes NADPH different proton acceptors different proton sources
different electron acceptors and electron sources
Mammals are _____ organisms, whereas plants may be:
diploid; polyploid.
which type of selection increase overall genetic variation in a population?
disruptive selection
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm; already starting when mitosis is finishing
During what phase of glycolysis is NADH formed?
during phase 3, when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is phosphorylated
Which of the following statements is true regarding reactive oxygen species? a. Reactive oxygen species are formed when excess electrons are added to O2. b. Reactive oxygen species are likely to form if NADP+ is rare in a cell. c. Reactive oxygen species can form when O2 is exposed to excess light energy. d. Reactive oxygen species can be neutralized by antioxidants. e. All of these choices are correct.
e. All of these choices are correct. Reactive oxygen species are highly reactive forms of oxygen that can be formed either by the transfer of absorbed light energy from antenna chlorophyll directly to O2 or by the transfer of an electron forming O2-. By the Calvin cycle's use of NADPH, NADP+ is returned to the photosynthetic electron transport chain which means any factor that causes the rate of NADPH use to fall behind the rate of light-driven electron transport can potentially lead to damage. Some chemicals can detoxify reactive oxygen species like ascorbate (vitamin C), beta carotene, and other antioxidants. Xanthophyll are yellow-orange pigments that slow the formation of reactive oxygen species by reducing excess light energy.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Calvin cycle? a. the calvin cycle is considered a "dark" reaction because it is not directly related to photosynthesis b. the calvin cycle is a carefully regulated process because excess starch can be toxic to plant cells. c. the calvin cycle uses a rare (and thus "rate-limiting") enzyme called rubisco d. the action of rubisco is all that is necessary to produce high-energy triose phosphate from O2 e. none of the other answer options is correct.
e. None of the other answer options is correct.
From its ground state, photosystem II can: a. pull electrons from H2O b. emit light energy c. pull protons from H2O d. pass electrons to photosystem I e. absorb light energy
e. absorb light energy Photosystem II supplies electrons to the beginning of the electron transport chain. When photosystem II loses an electron and is oxidized, it is able to pull electrons from water.
Cyclic electron transport enhances ATP production because: a. cyclic electron transport is more energy efficient than linear electron transport b. proton translocation decreases c. ADP production increases d. photosystem I pumps more protons e. electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to plastoquinone
e. electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to plastoquinone
In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments? a. lower antioxidant capacity b. enhanced resonance transfer c. increased structural stability of the antenna d. tighter binding of the antennae to the thylakoid e. narrower range of wavelength reflection
e. narrower range of wavelength reflection
In a thylakoid membrane, absorbed light energy is passed from one chlorophyll molecule to another until it is: a. all of these choices are correct b. dissipated as heat c. both dissipated as heat and released as fluorescence d. released as fluorescence e. passed to a reaction center
e. passed to a reaction center
When calculating the allele frequency of allele A in a population, you multiply the frequency of individuals who are homozygous for A by 2 because:
each individual who is homozygous for A has two copies of the allele.
The reason that lions, which live in Africa, and tigers, which live in Asia, do not produce ligers (infertile offspring of lions and tigers) in the wild is likely the result of:
ecological isolation of lions and tigers.
In a survey of local insects, you identify two species of leaf hoppers. Each species of leaf hopper only feeds on one type of plant, and they only mate with individuals that feed on the same plant. This is an example of:
ecological isolation.
Which of the three germ layers gives rise to epithelial cells, pigment cells of skin, and nerve cells in the brain?
ectoderm
Where would you expect to find the receptor for a nonpolar ligand?
either in the nucleus of the cell or in the cytosol
It is thought that the evolution of two photosystems from one likely involved: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. both transfer of genetic material and gene duplication and divergence. either transfer of genetic material or gene duplication and divergence. gene duplication and divergence. endosymbiosis. transfer of genetic material.
either transfer of genetic material or gene duplication and divergence.
It is thought that the evolution of two photosystems from one photosystem likely involved:
either transfer of genetic material or gene duplication and divergence.
During glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, the chemical energy in glucose is transferred to
electron carriers and ATP
During glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, the chemical energy in glucose is transferred to:
electron carriers and ATP.
Cyclic electron transport enhances ATP production because:
electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to plastoquinone.
Cyclic electron transport enhances ATP production because: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. photosystem I pumps more protons. ADP production increases. cyclic electron transport is more energy efficient than linear electron transport. proton translocation decreases. electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to plastoquinone.
electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to plastoquinone.
The majority of the energy generated in the citric acid cycle is in the form of:
electrons donated to NAD+ and FAD+.
Most of the proteins of the electron transport chain are:
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The proteins of the electron transport chain are:
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Chemical reactions that have a positive ΔG are _____.
endergonic
The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore
endergonic
reactions with a positive ΔG that require an input of energy and are not spontaneous (anabolic)
endergonic
Synthesis of a protein is an example of a chemical reaction that is ____________.
endergonic and anabolic
the transfer of electrons from NADPH to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is
endergonic, because of the release of a phosphate group
The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore:
endergonic.
The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi is a(n) ____________ reaction with a ____________ ∆G.
endergonic; positive
Which type of cell signaling generally occurs between cells that are distant from each other?
endocrine
Cell signaling over a long distance is known as:
endocrine signaling
The process in which one cell takes up residence in another cell is called:
endosymbiosis
The process in which one cell takes up residence in another cell is called: exocytosis. endocytosis. endosymbiosis. parasitism. commensalism
endosymbiosis
The process in which one cell takes up residence in another cell is called
endosymbiosis.
The process in which one cell takes up residence in another cell is called:
endosymbiosis.
The process in which one cell takes up residence in another cell is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. endosymbiosis. endocytosis. commensalism. parasitism. exocytosis.
endosymbiosis.
The first law of thermodynamics states that:
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Antennae accompany reaction centers, promoting _____.
energy transfer
Antennae accompany reaction centers, promoting _____. H+ transfer fluorescence energy transfer electron transfer heat loss
energy transfer
Antennae work with reaction centers by providing: electron transfer. H+ transfer. heat loss. energy transfer. fluorescence.
energy transfer.
checkpints
ensure everything is good in the cell cycle and determine if a mistake can be fixed
The lid of a container containing a gas is removed. As a consequence, the molecules of the gas have more space available to them to spread out. For the gas released from the container, which of the following increases?
entropy
The lid of a container containing a gas is removed. As a consequence, the molecules of the gas have more space available to them to spread out. For the gas released from the container, which of the following increases? temperature energy pressure entropy heat
entropy
In RNA editing:
enzymes change the base sequence of the primary transcript and therefore the protein for which it codes.
Type of fermentation that occurs in plants and fungi
ethanol
The presence of excess epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors can result in:
excessive cell division.
Cyclic electron transport enhances ATP production because:
excited electrons are transferred from PS I back to plastoquinone.
In a metabolic pathway, a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzes the conversion of molecule A to molecule E. Several intermediate steps are involved in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. The graph illustrates the changes of free energy that occur at each step in the pathway.
exergonic
Is glycolysis exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic
Reactions with a negative ΔG that release energy and proceed spontaneously (Catabolic)
exergonic
Glycolysis, the breakdown of a glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate, is an example of a reaction that is: endergonic and catabolic. exergonic and anabolic. exergonic and catabolic. explosive. endergonic and anabolic.
exergonic and catabolic
Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, is an example of a reaction that is ____________.
exergonic and catabolic
Glycolysis, the breakdown of a glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate, is an example of a reaction that is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. endergonic and anabolic. exergonic and catabolic. exergonic and anabolic. endergonic and catabolic. explosive.
exergonic and catabolitic
A high degree of genetic variability among individuals of the same species means that these individuals will always appear morphologically different. For example, as all Adelie penguins look alike, this species must have a low degree of genetic variation.
false
A population experiencing genetic drift will be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
false
All ApT sites located near the promoter region of protein coding genes are methylated.
false
All evidence suggests that the Neanderthals did not interbreed with our ancestors.
false
All evidence suggests that the Neanderthals did not interbreed with our ancestors. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
false
All of the genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees are responsible for making us human.
false
All photosynthetic bacteria possess two functionally distinct photosystems. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. false true
false
Although language and culture are demonstrated in other species besides humans, especially chimpanzees, consciousness is a trait unique to humans. No other species on Earth could be said to be conscious.
false
An advantageous mutation is more likely to get fixed in a population through genetic drift than is a deleterious mutation.
false
An incomplete fossil record is evidence that the theory of evolution is false.
false
An individual that is homozygous for an allele will produce two bands on an electrophoresis gel.
false
Animal cells have mitochondria but no chloroplasts, while plant cells have chloroplasts but no mitochondria.
false
As cells differentiate, they lose their ability to become other cell types because they delete subsets of genes
false
As cells differentiate, they lose their ability to become other cell types because they delete subsets of genes.
false
As plant cells rely on energy obtained directly from the sun to carry out cellular processes, sugars are only used as backup energy sources for plants on cloudy days. true or false?
false
Cro-Magnon is the name of the group of the first Neanderthals found in Europe.
false
Data from phylogenies based on living organisms and data from the fossil record are in agreement when the tree of life is examined as a whole, but are often contradictory when individual branches are examined.
false
Differentiating cells delete the DNA for genes they do not need.
false
Eukaryotes conduct all of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean.
false
Eukaryotes conduct all of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
false
Evolution typically occurs when all conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met.
false
Frogs and salamanders share the same most recent common ancestor as mammals and sauropsids.
false
Humans are considered to be the most genetically diverse organisms on Earth, and possess considerably more genetic variation compared to any insect or avian species.
false
If two populations are reproductively isolated from one another, they must be genetically isolated from each other and, therefore, cannot belong to the same species.
false
Imagine there is a single species. In some individuals a chromosomal fusion (a chromosome-level mutation where two chromosomes become attached at the ends, forming one long chromosome) between two of their chromosomes occurs. When individuals with the chromosomal fusion try to mate with individuals without the fusion, no offspring are produced. This could represent a pre-zygotic isolating mechanism.
false
Malate is both the starting and ending product of the citric acid cycle.
false
Natural selection is always the driving force of speciation.
false
One day, scientists will be able to genetically engineer mice that are 100% energy efficient, and this achievement will greatly impact the biotechnology industry. true or false?
false
Oxidation is the gain of electrons.
false
Post-zygotic reproductive isolation may be due to temporal or ecological separation.
false
Prokaryotes account for roughly half of terrestrial photosynthesis. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
false
Prokaryotes account for roughly half of terrestrial photosynthesis. true false
false
Researchers discover a new population of salamanders where the genotype frequencies are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. From these data, they can deduce that evolution has not occurred (or is not occurring) in this salamander population. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
false
T/F The first photosynthetic organisms probably used chlorophyll as the primary light-absorbing pigment
false
T/F As plant cells rely on energy obtained directly from the sun to carry out cellular processes, sugars are only used as backup energy sources for plants on cloudy days.
false
T/F During a chemical reaction, atoms of hydrogen can be transformed into carbon atoms by the addition of protons to the nucleus.
false
T/F One day, scientists will be able to genetically engineer mice that are 100% energy efficient, and this achievement will greatly impact the biotechnology industry.
false
The Calvin cycle is a relatively constant process, the rate of which is independent of factors such as temperature and nitrogen concentration. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
false
The first photosynthetic organisms probably used chlorophyll as the primary light-absorbing pigment. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
false
The hemoglobin gene is the only gene that is under selection for resistance to malaria.
false
The majority of cells within the human body have a very high baseline amount of ATP, so cells are always prepared for any long-term activity.
false
The majority of cells within the human body have a very high baseline amount of ATP, so cells are always prepared for any long-term activity. [T/F]
false
The order of groups along the tips of a phylogenetic tree indicates how closely those groups are related.
false
True or False: a cellular reaction with a ΔG of 8.5 kcal/mol could be effectively coupled to the hydrolysis of a single molecule of ATP.
false
You would expect similar species with a different number of chromosomes to be genetically compatible and, therefore, able to reproduce fertile offspring.
false
Imagine that you are chatting with one of your friends, who stated that reptiles are obviously a monophyletic group, as this group contains all of the organisms (outside of fish) that possess scales. This statement is:
false, because reptiles are a paraphyletic group; this group does not include birds, even though birds share a common ancestor with reptiles.
Which of the following is most likely to have been the first metabolic pathway or structure to evolve?
fermentation
compared with more distantly related taxa, the DNA sequences in the genomes of two closely related taxa are expected to show:
fewer differences because mutation rates are usually relatively constant and recently diverging species have had less time to accumulate differences.
Compared to more distantly related taxa, the DNA sequences of two closely related taxa are expected to show:
fewer differences, because mutation rates are usually relatively constant and recently diverging species have had less time to accumulate differences.
When several possible phylogenetic trees can be produced from a data set, the most parsimonious tree is the one that shows the:
fewest number of evolutionary changes.
Based on the data provided in the two graphs shown, which method of culturing resulted in the greatest number of fibroblast cells on day 6?
fibroblasts cultured with serum
Many scientists use a specific type of mouse cell to coat the surface of petri dishes with extracellular matrix proteins. This coating forms a layer on which other kinds of cells, often of different species, can adhere and grow. The mouse cells used to coat petri dishes are likely:
fibroblasts.
denaturation
first step of PCR process; two strands are separated giving us template strands to copy
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night using PEP carboxylase
Migration reduces genetic differences between populations by allowing gene _______ between the two.
flow
Which is the only reaction in the citric acid cycle that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation?
formation of succinate
During photorespiration, the phosphoglycolate (PGO) produced by RuBP oxygenation is eventually converted to phosphoglycerate (PGA); 75% of the carbon in PGO is recovered. How many molecules of PGO are required to generate two molecules of PGA through this route?
four
During photorespiration, the phosphoglycolate (PGO) produced by RuBP oxygenation is eventually converted to phosphoglycerate (PGA); 75% of the carbon in PGO is recovered. How many molecules of PGO are required to generate two molecules of PGA through this route? one four five two three
four
Where does the oxygen come from that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis?
from breakdown of water
Where does the oxygen come from that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. from the breakdown of carbohydrates from the reduction of CO2 from the Calvin cycle from breakdown of water
from breakdown of water
Where does the F1 subunit of ATP synthase get its energy to catalyze the synthesis of ATP?
from rotational energy provided by the flow of protons through the channel in the Fo subunit
From where does the O2 come that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis?
from the breakdown of H2O
From where does the oxygen come that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis?
from the breakdown of water
From where does the oxygen come that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis? from the Calvin cycle from the breakdown of carbohydrates from the breakdown of water from the reduction of CO2
from the breakdown of water
A mutation in a gene that results in the expression of the gene in the wrong place or at the wrong time is known as a _____ mutation.
gain-of-function
In cellular respiration, oxygen:
gains electrons and is reduced.
In cellular respiration, oxygen: gains electrons and is reduced. loses electrons and is oxidized. gains electrons and is oxidized. loses electrons and is reduced. None of the other answer options is correct.
gains electrons and is reduced.
which of the following statements about gametes is false?
gametes contain homologous pairs of chromosomes
Many aquatic species release their sperm and eggs into the water, often at the same time as other local species. As the gametes mix in the water, fertilization occurs. Which answer option most likely inhibits fertilization of gametes from one species by a different species?
gametic isolation
In domestic cats, the coat-color pattern known as calico is an example of:
gene regulation at the level of the chromosome. All of these choices are correct. dosage compensation. X-inactivation. epigenetic regulation.
genetic linkage
genes located close together tend to be inherited together; genes on the same chromosome are said to exhibit linkage
further
genes that are __________ apart will recombine more frequently
which of the following statements is false?
genes that are closer to each other will recombine more frequently
tumor suppressor genes
genes that encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell activity
proto-oncogenes
genes that promote cell division but may become oncogenes when mutated
copy number variation
genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs; how many genes do you have
genetic variation
genetic differences that exist among individuals in a population at a particular point in time
The accumulation of different mutations in genetically separated populations is known as _____ and is the key to speciation.
genetic divergence
What term describes changes in allele frequency due to random inheritance of alleles from one generation to the next?
genetic drift
a hypothetical endangered species of wildflower has been reduced to a single small population in a mountain meadow. a rare early spring blizzard kills all but three of the remaining plants, on elf which has a rare mutation. this is a example of:
genetic drift/bottleneck
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism or cell
selfish genetic elements
genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genes in the genome
If you crossed a true breeding yellow-seed plant(AA) with a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant(Aa) the offspring:
genotypic ration would be 1 AA:1 Aa
In which of the following molecules are the electrons of the atoms shared in covalent bonds at the furthest distance from the nucleus?
glucose
Of the following molecules, which has the greatest potential energy?
glucose
Of the following molecules, which has the greatest potential energy? carbon dioxide glucose sodium chloride water alanine
glucose
What is the input, but not output, of glycolysis?
glucose
Which of the following are inputs, but not outputs, of glycolysis?
glucose
Lactose is composed of ____________ joined by a ____________ linkage.
glucose and galactose; glycosidic
glycolysis substrates and products
glucose → 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Which of the following is a polysaccharide found in animals?
glycerol
Which of the following is a product of the breakdown of lipids?
glycerol Acetyl-CoA FADH2 NADH
glucose storage molecules in animals
glycogen
Excess glucose is stored in large branched molecules of:
glycogen in animals.
The storage carbohydrate in animals is ___________ and in plants is __________.
glycogen; starch
he storage carbohydrate in animals is ___________ and in plants is __________.
glycogen; starch
How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP?
glycolysis
Which stage of cellular respiration does not require oxygen?
glycolysis
4 steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation
Proteins can be broken down to extract energy. They are typically broken down into amino acids, which then enter cellular respiration via
glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
Proteins can be broken down to extract energy. They are typically broken down into amino acids, which then enter cellular respiration via:
glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
In which of the groups are humans included?
great apes
Leaves absorb the LEAST amount of light in the _____ range of the visible spectrum. violet yellow green orange blue
green
Leaves absorb the least amount of light in the _____ range of the visible spectrum.
green
Kohler and Lipton first discovered platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) by observing that fibroblasts:
grew better in cell culture containing blood serum containing proteins released by platelets during clotting. Kohler and Lipton found that blood serum that was derived from clotted blood, in which platelets had released their contents to drive blood clotting, enhanced growth of fibroblasts better than blood plasma, in which platelets were still intact.
Based on what you know of ATP's chemistry, which of the following is MOST likely to have similar functions in energy-management processes? potassium ions (K+) guanine nucleotide steroids lysine (amino acid) phospholipids
guanine nucleotide
Based on what you know of ATP's chemistry, which of the substances is most likely to have similar functions in energy-management processes?
guanosine nucleotide triphosphate
If an organism has a single copy of each chromosome, it is:
haploid
In Mendel's peas, an individual that is heterozygous for seed color:
has two different alleles for seed color
In order to be useful for constructing a phylogeny, a character must:
have a genetic basis.
NADH
he inputs to glycolysis do not include: 1. ADP. 2. glucose. 3. NAD+. 4. NADH. 5. Pi.
an individual is heterozygous for a gene if:
he or she developed from a sperm and eggs that carried from different alleles for that gene
In chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as ____________.
heat
which of the following are associated with chromatin remodeling?
heterochromatin is covered to euchromatin inaccessible/inactive genes become accessible/active. acetyl groups are added to histone tails
Organisms which use organic compounds as a source of energy and source of carbon
heterotroph
organisms which use organic compounds as a source of energy and a source of carbon
heterotrophs
incomplete dominance
heterozygous genotype displays a unique phenotype that results in a blending mix; represented by a capital letter with a prime
somatic cell mutation
higher mutation rate per cell cycle but are not heritable across generations
Enzymes are known to be ____________.
highly specific
Frogs, birds, rabbits, and lizards all have different forelimbs, which makes sense when you consider their different lifestyles. Interestingly, all of their forelimbs share the same set of bones: the ulna, the radius, and the humerus. These same bones are also seen in fossils of the extinct animal Eusthenopteron, which demonstrates common ancestry among these four groups of animals. Hence, these forelimbs are an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
homologies
Frogs, birds, rabbits, and lizards all have different forelimbs, which makes sense when you consider their different lifestyles. Interestingly, all of their forelimbs share the same set of bones: the ulna, the radius, and the humerus. These same bones are also seen in fossils of the extinct animal Eusthenopteron, which demonstrates common ancestry among these four groups of animals. Hence, these forelimbs are an example of:
homologies.
Which of the character states would be most helpful in identifying sister groups?
homologous character states that are found in some but not all members of a single group
which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is false?
homologous chromosomes carry the same alleles.
The acquisition of a relatively small amount of genetic material from an organism that is not a parent of the receiving organism is referred to as:
horizontal gene transfer
elongate and pinch in half
how to bacterial cells split in binary fission
which of the following has the smallest genome?
human mitochondria
Which of the organisms has the largest brain compared to their body size?
humans
which of the following statements about mutations is false?
humans average 300 new genome mutations per generation
Three critical amino acids in the active site of an enzyme are arginine, lysine, and histidine. Which of the following characteristics would you predict the substrate to possess in order to bind the active site of this enzyme?
hydrophilic, with a negative charge
The outer surface of the FO subunit of ATP synthase must be _____ to be embedded in the membrane.
hydrophobic
The outer surface of the Fo subunit of ATP synthase must be _____ to be embedded in the membrane.
hydrophobic
structural annotation
identification of genomic elements and their localization
black (black-Bb, white-bb)
if a heterozygous black and homozygous white rabbit are cross, how do we know which is dominant?
You are working in a lab and come across a gene, gene X, that you think might explain some of the differences seen between chimpanzees and humans. Which of the results would support your hypothesis?
if gene X was active in humans and juvenile chimpanzees but inactive in adult chimpanzees
In eukaryotes, fermentation takes place:
in the cytoplasm
Fermentation takes place:
in the cytoplasm.
Where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located in plant cells?
in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
Where are the chlorophyll molecules located in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis? in the stroma of the chloroplasts in the thylakoid membranes in the lumen of the thylakoids in the chloroplasts in the cytoplasm in the plasma membrane
in the thylakoid membranes
Where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located in plant cells?
in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
Where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located in plant cells? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. in the outer membrane of the chloroplast in the inner membrane of the chloroplast in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast in the stroma of the chloroplast
in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
Humans are neotenous because:
in their adult state, they resemble juvenile chimpanzees.
If you added additional protons to the thylakoid lumen of the chloroplast, would you expect ATP synthesis to:
increase
High temperatures increase reaction rates but lower rubisco selectivity for CO2 versus O2. High leaf temperatures thus:
increase photorespiration rates.
High temperatures increase reaction rates but lower rubisco selectivity for CO2 versus O2. High leaf temperatures thus: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. increase RuBP carboxylation. decrease RuBP carboxylation. increase photorespiration rates. decrease photorespiration rates. increase respiration.
increase photorespiration rates.
Which could likely result in a reduction of energy losses to photorespiration in plants?
increased CO2 concentration
Which of the answer choices could likely result in a reduction of energy losses to photorespiration in plants? increased O2 concentration decreased H2O supply decreased light intensity decreased CO2 concentration increased CO2 concentration
increased CO2 concentration CO2 and O2 compete for rubisco, so an increase in CO2 would decrease photorespiratory losses.
In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments?
increased range of wavelengths absorbed
In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments? increased range of wavelengths absorbed increased structural stability of the antennae enhanced resonance transfer tighter binding of the antennae to the thylakoid lower antioxidant capacity
increased range of wavelengths absorbed
Structures known as microvilli are associated with:
increased surface area for nutrient absorption.
Paraquat is an herbicide that blocks the transfer of electrons from photosystem I to NADPH. Mechanistically, paraquat is effective because it:
increases the formation of reactive oxygen species.
Which of the following has the most entropy, individual nucleotides or a nucleic acid?
individual nucleotides
what does it mean when we say "population evolve, not individuals"?
individuals cannot change their genetic makeup, but genotype frequencies in population can change
In the pathway leading from threonine to isoleucine, threonine dehydratase is _____ by an accumulation of isoleucine. caused to increase in number activated inhibited degraded caused to decrease in number
inhibited
PFK-1 is ___________ by ATP and ____________ by ADP.
inhibited; activated
Protein gel electrophoresis can:
initially only detect genetic variation in enzymes, as only these proteins could be easily visualized on a gel.
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, what structure within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the plasma membrane of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell?
inner membrane
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, what structure within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the plasma membrane of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. grana stroma lumen thylakoid membrane inner membrane
inner membrane
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, what structure within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the plasma membrane of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell? thylakoid membrane inner membrane stroma grana lumen
inner membrane Consider a food vacuole that results from endocytosis of a cyanobacterium by a eukaryotic cell as shown in the figure. If the endosymbiotic hypothesis is correct, then a) early eukaryotic cells that lived by endocytosis must have lost the ability to digest the engulfed cyanobacteria, b) the engulfed cyanobacteria must have gained the ability to resist digestion, or c) a combination of these two events occurred. The host cell membrane around the food vacuole would thus have become the origin of the outer membrane, and the plasma membrane of the cyanobacteria would then have been the origin of the inner membrane.
Where are protein complexes I through IV of the electron transport chain located?
inner mitochondrial matrix
Patau Syndrome is a severe birth defect caused by an extra copy of chromosome 13 (trisomy 13). Which procedure, if done early in development, could counteract the effect of having an extra copy of chromosome 13 and potentially be a treatment for Patau Syndrome?
insertion of a copy of the Xist gene onto one of the three copies of chromosome 13
Which type of cytoskeletal element is present in animal cells but absent from plant cells?
intermediate filaments
n skin, the cells of the epidermis connect to the basal lamina through cellular junctions known as hemidesmosomes. Select the cytoskeletal element that helps maintain the integrity of this connection.
intermediate filaments
Cellular responses that result from receptor kinase activation tend to:
involve changes in gene expression.
Pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because:
it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle.
An avalanche is an example of _____ energy. chemical kinetic potential anabolic metabolic
kinetic
In human cells such as muscle tissue, the product of anaerobic respiration is:
lactic acid
2 major fermentation pathways
lactic acid and ethanol
On completion of either ethanol or lactic acid fermentation, the yield is only two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. The remaining chemical energy from the glucose is found primarily in:
lactic acid and ethanol
Red blood cells in the human bloodstream do not have mitochondria. What metabolic process would you predict these cells use to provide cellular energy/ATP?
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in this process
lactic acid fermentation
A young man is watching his father collect honey from beehives. He notices that sometimes a bee will "dance" in front of the other members of the hive after returning from a nearby garden. The other bees will then travel to the garden. This is an example of:
language
chromosomal mutations
large scale mutations in which large segments of DNA are affected
You are looking at a cross section of a mountain and there are five layers that are exposed. Layer 1 is at the surface, with four more layers beneath it, ending with layer 5. Which layer will have the highest amount of 14N?
layer 5
The primary reason surplus carbohydrates in plants are stored as starch is because:
leaving them as individual monosaccharides would upset the osmotic balance of the cell.
During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is: less energetic than the acetyl group. more reduced than the acetyl group. less oxidized than the acetyl group. more energetic than the acetyl group.
less energetic than the acetyl group
During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is:
less energetic than the acetyl group.
Imagine a scenario in which a common population of animals is separated into two groups by a natural event. Over time, you might expect the two populations to become ______ genetically similar. This process is known as _____ speciation.
less; allopatric
ATP production in photosynthesis requires: light, electrons, and protons. electrons only. protons only. light and protons only. light only.
light, electrons, and protons
NADPH production in photosynthesis requires: protons only. light and protons only. electrons only. light, electrons, and protons. light only.
light, electrons, and protons
ATP production in photosynthesis requires:
light, electrons, and protons.
ATP production in photosynthesis requires: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. protons. light, electrons, and protons. light and protons. light. electrons.
light, electrons, and protons.
ATP production in photosynthesis requires: protons only. electrons only. light only. light and protons only. light, electrons, and protons.
light, electrons, and protons.
NADPH production in photosynthesis requires:
light, electrons, and protons.
NADPH production in photosynthesis requires: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. light, electrons, and protons. protons. electrons. light and protons. light.
light, electrons, and protons.
NADPH production in photosynthesis requires: electrons. light. light, electrons, and protons. protons. light and protons.
light, electrons, protons
Epithelial tissue is found:
lining the gastrointestinal tract. lining the lungs. on the outer surface of the body. lining blood vessels.
Acetate is the starting point for synthesis of a cell's ____________.
lipids
Acetate is the starting point for synthesis of a cell's:
lipids
Glycogen stored in muscles can be "mobilized" to supply metabolic energy by hydrolyzing individual glucose subunits from the polymer. What other organ has a major function of storing glycogen?
liver
locus
location of the gene; how close genes are relative to one another determines how they will move
A mutation in a gene that results in an inactive protein product is known as a _____ mutation.
loss-of-function
The fluid-filled interior compartment of the thylakoid network is referred to as the: stroma. grana. cytoplasm. lumen. intermembrane space.
lumen
A cell has a mutation that prevents it from breaking down unwanted proteins present in vesicles. Which cellular structure is most likely to be disrupted by this mutation?
lysosomes
gene
make up our traits; segment of DNA that codes for a protein
The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because: -many of these bonds are C—O bonds, in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms. -they are easy to phosphorylate. -they are strong oxidizing agents. -they are strong reducing agents. -many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds, in which electrons are shared equally between atoms.
many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds, in which electrons are shared equally between atoms
The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because:
many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds, in which electrons are shared equally between atoms.
What is a trace fossil?
markings in sediments that reflect the movements or burrows of organisms
which of the following is not part of the eukaryotic somatic cell types?
meiosis
metaphase II
meiosis II chromosomes line up on the midline
prophase II
meiosis II nuclear envelope dissolves and chromosomes condense
anaphase II
meiosis II sister chromatids separate; no longer called sister chromatids once pulled apart
The entire set of chemical reactions that sustain life is called: hydrolysis. catabolism. anabolism. metabolism. plasmolysis.
metabolism
which of the following statements about CpG Islands is false?
methylation of CpG Islands promotes transcriptions
Which of the choices enable(s) the movement of cells?
microfilaments and intermediate filaments
Which of the choices correctly lists the sequence in which the plant cell wall is synthesized?
middle lamella → primary cell wall → secondary cell wall
Reactive oxygen species are detoxified in order to:
minimize damage to membranes.
In addition to chloroplasts, which of the following organelles of eukaryotic cells is believed to have originated by endosymbiosis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes mitochondria
mitochondria
In addition to chloroplasts, which organelle of eukaryotic cells is believed to have originated by endosymbiosis?
mitochondria
In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the:
mitochondrial matrix
The citric acid cycle takes place in the
mitochondrial matrix
The citric acid cycle takes place in the:
mitochondrial matrix
Where is CO2 produced?
mitochondrial matrix
In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the:
mitochondrial matrix.
In what organelle is pyruvate oxidation carried out in a cell?
mitochondrion
When you use a field guide to identify a species by its appearance, you are applying the _____ concept.
morphospecies
Which of the following organisms are considered heterotrophs? most bacteria dogs plants most bacteria and dogs hydrogen bacteria
most bacteria and dogs
Electrons farthest from the nucleus have the ____________.
most potential energy
lateral gene transfer
movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the vertical transmission of DNA through reproduction
Genetic variation in a population refers to which of the answer choices?
multiple alleles within a gene pool
homozygous
multiple copies of the same allele are simultaneously present in the genotype (PP, pp)
complex traits
multiple genes affected multiple aspects
polygenic traits
multiple genes contribute to one phenotype; produces greater variation that is more continuous; skin color
Using visual observation of phenotypes to identify allele frequency rarely works because:
multiple genes may control the phenotype.
lactic acid fermentation in animals occurs in only these cells and for ____ periods of time
muscle cells; short
glycogen is found in what types of cells
muscle, liver
If you were to sequence the same gene in five individuals from the same population, you may find the sequences of four individuals are the same and one is different. Which of the answer choices most likely explains the presence of variation for this gene in the population?
mutation
Which of these five evolutionary forces is rare and usually not considered by population geneticists?
mutation
germ cell mutation
mutations accumulate and are then passed on to sperm/egg during meiosis; heritable
Which condition would cause constitutive expression of lacZ and lacY?
mutations in lacI that prevent the repressor from binding to lactose mutations in lacO that prevent it from binding to the repressor high levels of lactose and low levels of glucose
In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. increased structural stability of the antenna tighter binding of the antennae to the thylakoid lower anti-oxidant capacity narrower range of wavelength reflection enhanced resonance transfer
narrower range of wavelength reflection
In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments? lower anti-oxidant capacity narrower range of wavelength reflection increased structural stability of the antenna enhanced resonance transfer tighter binding of the antennae to the thylakoid
narrower range of wavelength reflection
The process by which sympatric speciation might occur would most likely be the result of:
natural selection.
The evolutionary process in which the timing of development is altered so that a sexually mature organism retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form is called:
neoteny
high-throughput sequencing
new methods of sequencing DNA that are automated, very rapid and much cheaper than the original techniques.
The current techniques of high-throughput sequencing are collectively called_____
next generation sequencing
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Calvin cycle? The Calvin cycle is considered a "dark" reaction, because it is not directly related to photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle is a carefully regulated process because excess starch can be toxic to plant cells. The Calvin cycle uses a rare (and thus "rate-limiting") enzyme called rubisco. The action of rubisco is all that is necessary to produce high-energy triose phosphate from O2. None of the other answer options is correct.
none are correct
How many molecules of NADPH are required for 12 molecules of RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco? 12 36 24 10 None of the other answer options is correct.
none are correct the six carbon compound that is produced when carbon dioxide and RuBP immediately breaks into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate which is the first stable product of the calvin cycle.
which of the following statements about mutations is false?
nonsense point mutations produce a start codon.
recessive allele
not expressed in phenotype when different alleles are simultaneously present in the genotype; denoted with a lowercase letter
What are phototrophs?
organisms that obtain energy from light
The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with ____________ to form ____________.
oxaloacetate; citrate
The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA reacts with _____ to form _____ and ______.
oxaloacetate; citrate; CoA
During the citric acid cycle, the production of CO2 is the result of the _____ of intermediate compounds of the citric acid cycle coupled to the production of _____.
oxidation; NADH
Which stages of cellular respiration use O2 as an input?
oxidative phosphorylation
Eletron transport chain produces ATP through this process
oxidative phosphorylization
In the Calvin cycle, NADPH is:
oxidized
In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to _____
oxidized to C02
In the Calvin cycle, NADPH is:
oxidized.
In the Calvin cycle, NADPH is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. None of the answer options is correct. oxidized and reduced. phosphorylated. reduced. oxidized.
oxidized.
A molecule that is _____ loses electrons, and a molecule that is _____ gains electrons.
oxidized; reduced
In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water.
oxidized; reduced
In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water. reduced; oxidized oxidized; oxidized phosphorylated; deoxygenated deoxygenated; phosphorylated oxidized; reduced
oxidized; reduced
When an electron is transferred from NADH to CoQ, NADH is _____ and CoQ is _____.
oxidized; reduced
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
oxygen
aerobic respiration
oxygen is the final electron acceptor in ETC and it generates more energy than anaerobic respiration or fermentation
In the classic experiment of Ruben, et al. in 1941, they found that when photosynthesizing Chlorella cells were supplied with C18O2 (carbon dioxide made with the heavy isotome of oxygen, 18O), they did not observe heavy 18O2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis. However, when they supplied H218O (water made with the heavy oxygen), they did observe an increase in 18O2. These results provided primary evidence that:
oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from water, not carbon dioxide.
Of the naturally occurring elements in the human body, which element is most abundant in terms of wet weight (includes water)? .... dry weight (doesn't include water)?
oxygen- wet and carbon- dry
The final (terminal) electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is:
oxygen.
A simplified overall equation for respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy In this reaction, we can say that _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
oxygen; glucose
A simplified overall equation for respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy In this reaction, we can say that _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
oxygen; glucose
A simplified overall equation for respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy In this reaction, we can say that _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. carbon dioxide; water water; glucose glucose; carbon dioxide water; oxygen oxygen; glucose
oxygen; glucose
Growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) function in:
paracrine signaling.
The groups identified as "fish" would be considered a:
paraphyletic group because tetrapods are not included in the group "fish".
In a thylakoid membrane, absorbed light energy is passed from one antenna chlorophyll molecule to another until it is:
passed to a reaction center.
In a thylakoid membrane, absorbed light energy is passed from one chlorophyll molecule to another until it is: passed to a reaction center. released as fluorescence. both dissipated as heat and released as fluorescence. dissipated as heat. All these choices are correct.
passed to a reaction center.
During which phase(s) of glycolysis do we observe pyruvate production, ATP synthesis, and reduction of NAD+? -payoff phase -preparatory phase and cleavage phase -preparatory phase -preparatory phase, cleavage phase, and payoff phase -cleavage phase
payoff phase
During which phase(s) of glycolysis do we observe pyruvate production, ATP synthesis, and reduction of NAD+? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. preparatory phase preparatory phase and cleavage phase cleavage phase payoff phase preparatory phase, cleavage phase, and payoff phase
payoff phase
concordance
percentage of cases in which both members of a pair or twins show the trait when it is known that at least one member shows it
You are studying small rodents on a large island. There are five recognized subspecies that all appear very similar, but do have some genetic differences. Each of the subspecies can interbreed with one another, but this does not occur very often. Assuming that eventually these subspecies will be different species, which process of speciation is most likely occurring in these rodents?
peripatric speciation
prophase I
phase when crossing over occurs
Photosynthesis occurs in the layer of the ocean penetrated by sunlight, which is referred to as the _______ zone
photic
organisms which use CO2 as a source of carbon and obtain energy from sunlight
photoautotroph
Oak trees are categorized as: photoautotrophs. photoheterotrophs. chemoheterotrophs. chemoautotrophs.
photoautotrophs
Oak trees are categorized as: chemoheterotrophs. photoheterotrophs. photoautotrophs. chemoautotrophs.
photoautotrophs
Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are: photoautotrophs. chemoheterotrophs. chemoautotrophs. photoheterotrophs. chemolithotrophs.
photoautotrophs
Organisms that derive their energy from the sun and carbon from carbon dioxide are:
photoautotrophs.
Photorespiration and cellular respiration are unalike in that:
photorespiration consumes ATP, and cellular respiration does not.
___ are organisms that derive energy from sunlight. Phototrophs Autotrophs Chemotrophs Heterotrophs
phototrophs
cytokinesis in plant cells
phragmoplast forms building the cell wall allowing the cytoplasm to remain even; a cell plate (new cell wall) forms by fusing the gaps between phragmoplasts
karyotype
picture of chromosomes
Which type of cellular junction(s) allow(s) for the movement of proteins and transfer RNA molecules?
plasmodesmata only
Which of the following is part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain between photosystems I and II?
plastocyanin plastoquinone cytochrome-b6f complex
intermediate filaments
play an important role in maintaining cell shape. play an important role in preventing skin from tearing by shear stress. undergo little change in length in comparison to microtubules and microfilaments. have a diameter that is larger than a microfilament, but smaller than a microtubule.
In nerve cells, the centrosome is located near the nucleus. Vesicles move from near the nucleus to the end of long extensions (axons) along microtubules. Based on these two facts, it is possible to conclude that these vesicles are moving in the _____ direction on the microtubule using the motor protein _____.
plus end; kinesin
When cell no longer requires ATP, glucose in stored in what?
polysaccharides in cell glycogen in animals starch in plants anabolic reaction
which of the following accurately describes the role of CRP-cAMP in the Lac Operon?
positive regulator
You observe two groups of freshwater fish that spawn at the same time of the year and in the same pond. After females lay their eggs on the pond bottom, males of both species attempt to fertilize them. After some investigation you realize that sperm from both species fertilize the eggs, but embryonic development stops shortly after fertilization when the eggs are fertilized by one type of male, but not by the other. This is an example of ______reproductive isolation between the two species.
post-zygotic
Stored energy is called _____ energy.
potential
Organic molecules store _____energy in their _____ bonds.
potential; covalent
During the action of ATP synthase, the _____ energy of the proton gradient is transformed into _____ energy of the F1 subunit, and this is converted into _____ energy of chemical bonds in ATP.
potential; kinetic; potential
You observe two groups of birds that appear to be closely related. Males from the first group have bright red stripes on their tail feathers that they display in a courtship dance preceding mating. Females only respond to coloration patterns exhibited by males of their species. This is an example of _____reproductive isolation between two species.
pre-zygotic
If two individuals from different species attempt to mate, but fertilization fails to occur, this is likely the result of _____. However, if such a mating produces a zygote that fails to form a viable embryo, this is likely the result of _____.
pre-zygotic factors; post-zygotic factors
In the southwestern desert of the United States there are temporary ponds that form only after heavy summer rains. As a naturalist, you visit these ponds and notice that female frogs mate with males of their own species, which are identified solely by listening to male calls. The lack of mating between species would be an example of _____ and _____.
pre-zygotic isolation; behavioral isolation
Xanthophyll pigments:
prevent formation of reactive oxygen species. absorb light energy. convert light energy into heat. reflect yellow light.
Xanthophyll pigments:
prevent formation of reactive oxygen species. absorb light energy. convert light energy into heat. reflect yellow light. All of these choices are correct.
Principle of Segregation
principle that states individuals inherit two copies of each gene, one from the mother and one from the father, and when individuals form reproductive cells, the two copies separate equally in the eggs and sperm.
Principle of Independent Assortment
principle that states the two copies of each gene segregate into gametes independently of the two copies of another gene
Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can _____ but not _____.
produce ATP; reduce CO2
Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can _____ but not _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. produce ATP; reduce CO2 produce ATP; reduce H2O produce NADPH; reduce CO2 produce NADPH; oxidize H2O reduce CO2; synthesize carbohydrates
produce ATP; reduce CO2
Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can _____ but not _____. produce NADPH; reduce CO2 reduce CO2; synthesize carbohydrates produce NADPH; oxidize H2O produce ATP; reduce CO2 produce ATP; reduce H2O
produce ATP; reduce CO2
Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can _____ but not _____. produce NADPH; oxidize H2O produce NADPH; reduce CO2 reduce CO2; synthesize carbohydrates produce ATP; reduce CO2 produce ATP; reduce H2O
produce ATP; reduce CO2 Such prokaryotes would not produce the NADPH required for CO2 reduction. Cyclic electron transport does result in pumping protons into the thylakoid lumen, however, and thus yields ATP.
Organisms with only one photosystem cannot:
produce O2.
Organisms with only one photosystem cannot: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. oxidize H2S. reduce H2O. reduce CO2. reduce NADP+. produce O2.
produce O2.
Organisms with only one photosystem cannot: produce O2. reduce CO2. reduce NADP+. oxidize H2S. reduce H2O.
produce O2.
The occurrence of photorespiration _____ CO2 and _____ ATP.
produces; consumes
The occurrence of photorespiration _____ CO2 and _____ ATP. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. reduces; produces produces; consumes oxidizes; produces produces; produces consumes; consumes
produces; consumes
The occurrence of photorespiration _____ CO2 and _____ ATP. oxidizes; produces produces; produces produces; consumes reduces; produces consumes; consumes
produces; consumes
cyclin
protein that regulates the cell cycle
Enzymes are ____________.
proteins
Enzymes are most often: carbohydrates. proteins. triglycerides. nucleotides. sterols.
proteins
Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of:
proton gradient
The discovery of Tiktaalik roseae was significant because it
provided evidence that terrestrial vertebrates are descended from fish.
phosphate groups play a key role in receptor kinase activation by:
providing binding sites to recruit and activate signal-transduction proteins.
Acetyl-CoA synthesis occurs during which phase of cellular respiration
pyruvate oxidation
Which stages of cellular respiration produce CO2 as a waste product?
pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
When you exhale, there is more CO2 than was present in the air that you inhaled. This CO2 comes from reactions in:
pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.
Acetyl-CoA synthesis occurs during:
pyruvate oxidation.
In pyruvate oxidation, the electron donor is _____ and the electron acceptor is _____
pyruvate; NAD+
In pyruvate oxidation, the electron donor is _____ and the electron acceptor is _____.
pyruvate; NAD+
The geological timescale was first developed using the fossil record, but this provided only a system of relative dating; absolute dates weren't established until the discovery of:
radioactive decay.
Which is the correct order for these steps in cell signaling?
receptor activation, signal transduction, response
In many signaling pathways, once a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, the receptor becomes phosphorylated. This initial phosphorylation step best demonstrates:
receptor activation.
Genetic variation has two sources: mutation and:
recombination
Which of the answer choices is a source of genetic variation?
recombination
During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is:
reduced
The _____ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 have high potential energy -reduced -oxidized
reduced
The _____ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 have high potential energy.
reduced
In cellular respiration, oxygen is _____ to _____
reduced to water
In the Calvin cycle, NADPH is:
reduced.
An addition of electrons is referred to as:
reduction
Which step of the Calvin cycle would be affected first by a lack of NADPH?
reduction
Which step of the Calvin cycle would be affected first by a lack of NADPH? reduction carboxylation regeneration
reduction
Which step of the Calvin cycle would be affected first by a lack of NADPH? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. carboxylation All of these choices are correct. reduction regeneration
reduction
Which step of the Calvin cycle would be affected first by a lack of NADPH? carboxylation reduction regeneration All of these choices are correct.
reduction
The ATP generated by a photosynthetic electron transport chain can be used in the ____________ step(s) of the Calvin cycle.
reduction and regeneration
The ATP generated by the photosynthetic electron transport chain is used in the _____ phase(s) of the Calvin cycle.
reduction and regeneration
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation:
regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate.
In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?
regeneration of RuBP
Three critical amino acids in the active site of an enzyme are leucine, tryptophan, and alanine. Which of the following characteristics would you predict the substrate to possess in order to bind the active site of this enzyme?
relatively hydrophobic
which of the following does not occur during the calvin cycle
release of oxygen, because the release of O2 happens in the light reactions
In the citric acid cycle, after the acetyl-group (2C) from acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate (4C) to produce citrate (6C), subsequent reactions eventually result in 4C intermediates that are rearranged to regenerate oxaloacetate. What happens to the other two carbons?
released as CO2 byproducts
Non-biological example of a potential → kinetic energy conversion
released cocked arrow
short tandem repeats (STRs)
repeating sequences of noncoding DNA; used in DNA fingerprinting; sequences range from 2-16 base pairs
Speciation requires that two populations become _____ isolated from each other.
reproductively
The potential energy in a molecule of ATP is held in the:
repulsion of the phosphate groups from each other.
The potential energy in a molecule of ATP that is harnessed to do the work of the cell is held in part in the: repulsion of the phosphate groups from each other. the carbon-nitrogen bonds of the base. repulsion of the sugar and the base. the carbon-oxygen bonds of the sugar. carbon-carbon bonds of the sugar.
repulsion of the phosphate groups from each other.
Converting glucose to glycogen would ____________.
require energy
Converting glucose to glycogen:
requires energy
what effect does respiration have on entropy
respiration increases entropy
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an example of a(n):
second messenger.
annealing
second step of the PCR process; involves binding of primers to denatured DNA strands
You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 50 yards, you are breathing harder than at the start of the race and sweating profusely. This is an example of the _____ law of thermodynamics because _____ is increasing.
second; entropy
In intestinal epithelial cells, a transport protein moves the bulky, polar glucose molecules through the membrane into the cytoplasm, while simultaneously transporting Na+ through the membrane into the cell down its electrochemical gradient. Which example correctly describes this cotransport of glucose and sodium?
secondary active transport by a symporter
shotgun sequencing
sequences small pieces of genomes which are assembled by a computer
Taxa that have descended from a common ancestor are expected to:
show a nested pattern of nodes from the common ancestor.
The reaction diagrammed below: (more than one answer may apply)
shows synthesis of the substrate that enters the citric acid cycle, occurs twice for each glucose oxidized, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Which components of cell signaling is involved in only some types of cell communication?
signal transduction molecules
Speciation due to genetic drift is typically a very _____ process.
slow
Rubisco is characterized by:
slow catalysis and the ability to use two substrates.
Rubisco is characterized by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. slow catalysis and the ability to use two substrates. fast catalysis. slow catalysis. the ability to use two substrates.
slow catalysis and the ability to use two substrates.
Rubisco is characterized by: fast catalysis. the ability to use three substrates. slow catalysis and the ability to use two substrates. the ability to use three substrates and faster catalysis.
slow catalysis and the ability to use two substrates.
nucleotide insertions/deletions
small scale mutation; In a chain, if one is added or deleted, the rest will be messed up and cause everything to shift the reading frame.
point mutation
small scale mutation; single nucleotide substitution; causes synonymous (silent) mutation, nonsynonymous (missense) mutation, or nonsense mutation (stop)
Which of the answer choices exerted selective pressure that may have acted in favor of humans having a large brain?
social living language tool use
Noncompetitive inhibitors of a reaction will bind ____________.
somewhere on the enzyme that is not at the active site
prophase
spindles start to form, the chromosomes begin to condense, and centrosomes move to the poles
Reactions in which there is a negative change in free energy (-ΔG) are:
spontaneous and exergonic.
Referring to Figure 7.4 if necessary, determine which step in glycolysis is considered the first committed step.
step 3
The fluid-filled interior compartment of the thylakoid network is referred to as the _____ in specialized membranes.
stroma
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, which of the following within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the cytoplasm of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. thylakoid membrane inner chloroplast membrane stroma grana thylakoid lumen
stroma
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, what structure within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the cytoplasm of an ancestral cyanobacterium that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell? thylakoid membrane grana stroma inner chloroplast membrane thylakoid lumen
stroma The chloroplast is believed to have arisen from an engulfed ancestral cyanobacterium, and thus the stroma would be derived from the cytoplasm of ancestral cyanobacterium.
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma of the chloroplast
Kinetichore
structure surrounding centromere comprised of proteins where spindle fibers attach
genomics
study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions; more complex
In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by:
substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates can be used to produce chlorophyll? Select all correct answers.
succinyl-CoA
the transfer of electrons from H20 to NADP+ is an endergonic reaction. what is the source of energy that makes this electron transfer possible
sunlight
Photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbohydrates from:
sunlight, CO2, and H2O.
Traits that are shared by more than one member of a group because of common ancestry are known as:
synapomorphies.
what is the primary function of the calvin cycle
synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
50 degrees
temperature in which annealing takes place; allows primer stand to attach to the DNA
95 degrees
temperature in which denaturation takes place
72 degrees
temperature in which the extending stage takes place; the raise in temperature triggers the TAQ polymerase
Imagine that a researcher discovers two new similar species of bats in the same geographic area. Amazingly, one of these species preys upon insects during the day. The other species, as one would expect, is nocturnal and only feeds during the night. These two bat species would be considered:
temporally isolated.
The amount of solar energy incorporated into chemical bonds during photosynthesis in a given year is approximately ___________ the amount of energy obtained from oil and coal in that same year.
ten times
bivalent
term for homologous chromosomes crossing over and exchanging information
true-breeding
term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
Which signaling molecules would you expect to travel the longest distance in the human body?
testosterone
If an organism has four copies of each chromosome, then it is:
tetraploid
what did the results of the Gurdon experiment tell us?
that cell differentiations is due to changes in gene expression.
which of the following statements about the Pax6 gene is false?
the Pax6 gene is only present in organisms with more complex eyes.
Metastatic cancer cells have a dynamic actin cytoskeleton associated with their plasma membrane. The presence of the membrane cytoskeleton most likely accounts for:
the ability of these cells to move and crawl to new locations in the body.
C-value paradox
the amount of DNA in a cell (size of genome) is not relative to how complex an organism is
If a mutation occurs such that photosystem II no longer functions as efficiently as it should, which of the answer choices would be most directly affected?
the amount of O2 produced
Where does the oxygen come from that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis? from the breakdown of carbohydrates from the reduction of CO2 from breakdown of water from the Calvin cycle
the breakdown of water
When a peptide bond is created between two amino acids:
the carboxyl group of the first amino acid is joined to the amino group of the second.
Predict what would happen if an embryonic epidermal cell switched from expressing E-cadherin to N-cadherin.
the cell would leave the epidermis and join the neural cells.
Cell signaling between two nerve cells can be thought of as an example of paracrine signaling because
the cells are in close proximity.
Cell signaling between two nerve cells can be thought of as an example of paracrine signaling because:
the cells are in close proximity.
The Z scheme refers to:
the changes in the energy level of electron donors during the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
The Z scheme refers to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. proton translocation. electron transport. the path of electrons between photosystem II and cytochrome b6f. the use of H2O as an electron source. the changes in the energy level of electron donors during the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
the changes in the energy level of electron donors during the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
In which stage of aerobic cellular respiration is the most energy transferred from chemical bonds in the fuel molecule to bonds in other molecules?
the citric acid cycle
Which process produces the highest number of reduced electron carriers and thus the greatest potential for generating ATP?
the citric acid cycle
The stroma of the land-plant chloroplast is evolutionarily derived from:
the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria.
The stroma of the land-plant chloroplast is evolutionarily derived from: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic ancestor. the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria. the plasma membrane of cyanobacteria. the thylakoid membrane.
the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria.
The stroma of the land-plant chloroplast is evolutionarily derived from: the thylakoid membrane. the plasma membrane of cyanobacteria. the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic ancestor. the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria.
the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria.
In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in:
the cytoplasm.
Which of the following reactions is most likely to be exergonic?
the digestion of protein from food into amino acids
bacterial conjugation
the direct transfer of genetic material (DNA) from one bacterial cell to another through plasmids
Data from both phylogenies and the fossil record show all of the answer choices except:
the earliest animals appeared more recently than the earliest land plants.
A researcher is trying to determine whether different populations of asexually reproducing bacteria belong to the same species. What concept will be most helpful in making this determination?
the ecological species concept
Some species are present over large geographic distances, are similar in their appearance, and are able to exploit different foods according to availability across their entire distribution. They do not directly compete for resources with other species across their distribution but are able to form hybrids with other closely related species. The BSC does not work well for defining this species. Which species concept is a better alternative for defining the types of species described?
the ecological species concept
4 different haploid cells
the end result of meiosis
Which of the answer choices is thought to have contributed to the radiation of mammals?
the end-Cretaceous extinction event
How Can Enzymes Increase Reaction Rates?
the enzyme lowers the energy needed for the activation energy
When considering the extinctions at the ends of the Permian Period and the Cretaceous Period, which had a more rapid increase in the number of genera in the first 65 million years after the extinction event?
the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period
F1 generation
the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
substrate-level phosphorylation
the formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group from a catabolic intermediate to ADP
During the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration, which of the following occurs?
the formation of NADH, the oxidation of pyruvate, the formation of acetyl-CoA, the formation of CO2
What does the term 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
the frequency of heterozygotes
We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of:
the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain.
what is the relationship between light reactions and calvin cycle
the light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, P, and NADP+ to to the light reactions
prometaphase
the nuclear envelope is broken down completely and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
telophase II and cytokinesis
the nuclear envelope re-forms and the cytoplasm divides; 4 genetically differently haploid cells are formed
classical (sanger) method
the original DNA sequencing model
Which of the hypotheses is the most current and accepted one regarding modern human origins?
the out-of-Africa hypothesis
Asian elephants and African elephants are separate species. Within African elephants, there are populations that live in forested areas and populations that live in savannah areas. Elephants in each region are considered separate species. They both fill a similar ecological niche where they live. There is some evidence that forest and savannah elephants can hybridize on occasion. Based on this information, which species concept best applies to forest and savannah elephants?
the phylogenetic species concept
The reactions of the Calvin cycle used to be referred to as the "dark reactions" of photosynthesis, implying that light was not required for this pathway to incorporate CO2 into carbohydrate. However, in the absence of light the Calvin cycle shuts down. Which of the following parts of the Calvin cycle would be impacted FIRST by the absence of light energy? the carboxylation of RuBP and the synthesis of hexose sugars the carboxylation of RuBP and the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate and the regeneration of RuBP the carboxylation of RuBP and the regeneration of RuBP
the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate and the regeneration of RuBP
Inactivation of a cell-surface receptor depends on:
the release of the ligand from the receptor ligand binding site.
Which of the anatomical changes accompanied human transition from partial to full bipedalism?
the repositioning of the foramen magnum in the skull the development of longer legs the development of a "basin-shaped" pelvis the narrowing of the human foot
The wide variety of finches Darwin observed in the Galápagos was thought-provoking because they appeared to have descended from _____ population. Today we regard this as an example of _____.
the same; adaptive radiation
in mitochondria, the electron transport chain pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space. in chloroplasts, the ETC pumps protons from
the stroma to the thylakoid space
Which answer choice would be considered types of culture?
the styles of dress demonstrated by different human populations the songs sung by certain populations of birds the manner in which different populations of chimpanzees catch insects the ability of certain bird populations to open milk bottles
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
the synthesis of ATP
In prokaryotes:
the translation of an mRNA can begin even before transcription is completed.
Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that:
the use of ATP by cells began eons ago and has been conserved over time.
Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that: ATP evolved recently (in the last 100 years) as a potential source of energy. life continues to evolve and use novel energy sources. fossil fuels are composed of ATP. the use of ATP by cells began eons ago and has been conserved over time. only eukaryotic cells can produce ATP.
the use of ATP by cells began eons ago and has been conserved over time.
Photorespiration occurs because: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. there is more O2 than CO2 and rubisco is a selective catalyst. rubisco is a slow catalyst. there is more O2 than CO2 in the atmosphere. rubisco is a selective catalyst. there is more O2 than CO2 and rubisco is a slow catalyst.
there is more O2 than CO2 in the atmosphere.
as a population geneticist, you find a species of snail with more genetic diversity than humans. what does this mean?
there is more variation in the gene pool of snails than humans.
Photorespiration and cellular respiration are alike because
they both are reactions that consume O2 and release CO2.
Photorespiration and cellular respiration are alike because:
they both are reactions that consume O2 and release CO2.
Photorespiration and cellular respiration are alike because: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. they both use photons instead of electrons to generate ATP. they both are reactions that consume O2 and release CO2. they both create H2O by reducing O2. they both are reactions that consume CO2 and release O2. they both happen in the light.
they both are reactions that consume O2 and release CO2.
extension
third step of PCR process; TAQ polymerase attaches to primers and makes bases and a new strand of DNA
In the chloroplasts of plant cells, the absorption of light energy and the movement of electrons along an electron transport chain occur in the _____, and the synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in the _____.
thylakiod; stroma
Protons in a chloroplast flow through an ATP synthase from the:
thylakoid lumen to the stroma
Chloroplast ATP synthases are powered by the flow of protons from the:
thylakoid lumen to the stroma.
where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain found in plant cells
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
In the chloroplasts of plant cells, the absorption of light energy and the movement of electrons along an electron transport chain occur in the _____, and the synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in the _____.
thylakoids; stroma
In the chloroplasts of plant cells, the absorption of light energy and the movement of electrons along an electron transport chain occur in the _____, and the synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in the _____. inner membrane; cytoplasm thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; stroma thylakoids; matrix inner membrane; matrix
thylakoids; stroma
In the chloroplasts of plant cells, the absorption of light energy and the movement of electrons along an electron transport chain occurs in the _____ and the synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in the _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. inner membrane; cytoplasm thylakoids; matrix inner membrane; stroma thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; matrix
thylakoids; stroma
ATP is chemically related most closely to which of the following?
thymine nucleotide
What is the purpose of an enzyme?
to both increase the rate of a specific reaction and decrease the transition state
what is the purpose of respiration
to produce ATP
what is the primary function of meiosis?
to produce haploid gametes
monohybrid cross
tracking inheritance of only one gene
which of following is not a method for lateral gene transfer between bacterials cells?
translation
Signaling molecules involved in paracrine and autocrine signaling:
travel by diffusion.
Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis? glucose oxygen starch triose phosphate
triose phosphate
Which product(s) of the Calvin cycle is (are) exported from the chloroplast for use by the plant cell? RuBP triose phosphates sucrose and glucose NADPH
triose phosphates
A group formed by species 3, 4, 8, and 9 would constitute a polyphyletic group.
true
A pseudogene could be considered a "fake gene," as its genetic sequence resembles a functional gene.
true
Adaptive radiation is an acceleration of speciation and adaptation when there are a large number of ecological opportunities available.
true
Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed a theory of evolution by natural selection around the same time as Charles Darwin.
true
All mutations in a population—both harmful and beneficial—contribute to the evolution of that population.
true
As cells continue differentiating, they increasingly lose their developmental potential and their fate becomes more restricted.
true
As you move from right to left on the tree, you would expect to find the fossils of the first fish buried in deeper strata than the fossils of the first mammal.
true
Becoming bipedal requires more anatomical changes than simply being able to stand on hind legs.
true
Collectively, most photosynthesis carried out in the ocean is performed by single-celled organisms as opposed to large, multicellular marine plants.
true
Collectively, most photosynthesis carried out in the ocean is performed by single-celled organisms as opposed to large, multicellular marine plants. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
true
Conditions that reduce the strength of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane will decrease the production of ATP by ATP synthase.
true
Consider the hypothetical hominin lineage: Homo ergaster --> Homo heidelbergensis --> Homo sapiens. This is currently the accepted hypothesis because a population of H. ergaster likely speciated and evolved into H. heidelbergensis.
true
Consider the phylogeny shown. A group formed by species 3, 4, 8, and 9 would constitute a polyphyletic group.
true
Imagine that a taxonomist is provided with several flashcards that contain the names of different species. She would like to organize these flashcards to construct a phylogenetic tree. To do this, she would pay attention to which species belongs to which genus or class.
true
Imagine that you had two populations of red-tailed hawks: one with long tail feathers and one with short tail feathers. Mating discrimination in this species could entail either hawks with long tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have long tail feathers, or hawks with short tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have short tail feathers.
true
In a given population, all humans have the same blood type O. If no other alleles for blood type exist in this population, this population is "fixed" for the O allele.
true
In bacteriophage that can undergo the lytic cycle or lysogeny, an excess of cro protein is associated with the lytic cycle.
true
In certain climates, specific hemoglobin and G6PD alleles have been selected for, as they confer some degree of resistance to malaria in humans.
true
In human development, the hollow ball of cells called the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall approximately 5 to 6 days after fertilization.
true
In prokaryotes, when the promoter is bound to the repressor, the operator recruits the RNA polymerase complex and transcription of polycistronic RNA occurs.
true
It is possible that subtle changes in gene regulation allowed for human neoteny, whereby humans resemble juvenile chimpanzees more than adult chimpanzees.
true
Mitochondrial DNA studies were used to determine that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and only later become established elsewhere.
true
Modification of bases in mRNA transcripts can change the mRNA sequence and thus the characteristics of the protein for which it codes.
true
Molecules that are similar in sequence among distantly related organisms, such as many transcription factors important in development, are evolutionarily conserved.
true
One key principle of natural selection is that there is competition for resources.
true
Only homologous characters are useful in constructing phylogenetic trees.
true
Pax6 is a transcription factor that can act as a repressor for some of its target genes or as an activator for others.
true
Phenotypic differences between humans and chimpanzees may be explained by the time during development when genes are turned on in humans and chimpanzees.
true
Phylogenetic trees can be used to infer character states of extinct organisms.
true
Primary RNA transcripts from a gene are sometimes spliced in different ways and can produce multiple different mRNAs.
true
Rubisco can function as either a carboxylase or an oxygenase.
true
Sexual reproduction of diploid individuals is one of the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
true
Some cases of hybridization that lead to instantaneous speciation result in alterations of chromosomal number.
true
Sometimes cultural change can drive biological evolution.
true
Speciation can occur in the absence of natural selection; for example, speciation resulting from genetic drift.
true
Suppose a researcher discovers a new mutant strain of mice where individuals develop two extra eyes—one on each ear. One hypothesis that would explain this result is a gain-of-function mutation in Pax6 (or in a gene acting downstream of Pax6).
true
T/F Collectively, most photosynthesis carried out in the ocean is performed by single-celled organisms as opposed to large, multicellular marine plants.
true
T/F The products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon sugars.
true
T/F An energy input is necessary for both endergonic and exergonic reactions.
true
The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation.
true
The Pax6 gene is evolutionarily conserved among fruit flies, mice, humans, and other organisms. This gene has a similar sequence in all of these organisms and performs a similar role in eye development, although the eyes of fruit flies and mammals are very different in structure.
true
The energy of a system is defined as the system's capacity to do work. True False
true
The fact that a common molecule, Opsin, is found in eyes of evolutionarily diverse organisms provides evidence that eyes evolved only once and there is a common origin for light sensing organs.
true
The fact that two independent methodologies for investigating the history of life on Earth (phylogenies and the fossil record) agree is powerful evidence of evolution.
true
The frequency of all the alleles of a gene present in the population must add up to 1.
true
The graph shows the relationship between allele frequencies of two possible alleles for a gene in a population of a diploid organism. For any given point on the line in the graph, there is only one possible set of genotype frequencies for a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
true
The products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon sugars.
true
The products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon sugars. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
true
The products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon sugars. true false
true
The question of whether animal eyes have evolved independently in different organisms or have evolved once from a single organism and then diverged over time is still being actively investigated by scientists.
true
To avoid using controversial embryonic stem cells, scientists have learned to reprogram fully differentiated adult cells and return them to a pluripotent state.
true
Transcription in prokaryotes is rapidly turned on or off in response to environmental changes and involves both positive and negative regulators.
true
True or False: an anabolic reaction decreases entropy within the system because the reaction results in a more ordered macromolecule.
true
True or False: fats are not an animal's primary source of energy because some tissue types like brain tissue use glucose exclusively.
true
True or False: one possibility is that the earliest reaction centers could have used light energy to drive the movement of electrons from an electron donor in the surrounding medium to an electron acceptor within the cell.
true
True or False: the electrochemical gradient in a chloroplast can have a concentration of protons 1,000 times greater on one side of a thylakoid membrane than the other.
true
Unlike processing of the primary transcript, RNA editing occurs at the level of mRNA.
true
When glucose is broken down in a cell, all of the energy it stores is not released simultaneously but is instead released in a stepwise process.
true
While in South America, you come across what you think are two groups of birds in the same location. They are nearly identical aside from their color. After years of observation, you conclude that the birds eat similar diets and share similar behaviors but do not reproduce with each other. These groups of birds appear to be an example of:
two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior.
which of the following represents a post-zygotic mechanism that causes reproductive isolation?
two groups of birds are reproductively isolated because they produce sterile/infertile offspring
Although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is because:
two molecules are used in the initial stage
Although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is because:
two molecules are used in the initial stage.
Although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is because:
two molecules are used in the initial stage.
Which of the following summarizes the net final products of glycolysis?
two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH
At the end of glycolysis, the carbon originally found in the starting glucose molecule is now present in:
two pyruvate molecules.
codominance
type of inheritance in which heterozygous genotypes simultaneously express the phenotypes of multiple alleles: *codominance *pleiotropy *polygenic *incomplete dominance
Motor proteins cause movement by:
undergoing a conformational change. binding to the cytoskeleton. harnessing energy from ATP
Which of the following examples is considered catabolism? fat cells growing bigger during times of ample nutrition a person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet synthesis of new DNA copies prior to cell division use of fat (triglyceride) stores as a cellular energy source hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer) during activity
use of fat (triglyceride) stores as a cellular energy source hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer) during activity a person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet
A new mutation arises in the intron of a gene in a somatic cell. This mutation contributes to _____ in the population _____ by individuals in the next generation.
variation; but will not be inherited
Which of the following is a product (as opposed to a substrate) of at least one of the processes of cellular respiration?
water
Which of the following is a product (as opposed to a substrate) of at least one of the processes of cellular respiration? glucose oxygen water
water
Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the path taken by electrons through the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis? NADPH → photosystem I → cytochrome b6f → photosystem II → water NADPH → photosystem II → cytochrome b6f → photosystem I → water water → photosystem II → cytochrome b6f → photosystem I → NADPH water → photosystem I → cytochrome b6f → photosystem II → NADPH
water → photosystem II → cytochrome b6f → photosystem I → NADPH
In photosynthesis, the electrons from _____ are used to reduce _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. oxygen; carbohydrates water; carbohydrates oxygen; NADPH water; carbon dioxide
water; carbon dioxide
Photosystem I is a _____ than photosystem II.
weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant
Photosystem I is a _____ than photosystem II. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. stronger oxidant and a stronger reductant stronger reductant weaker oxidant stronger oxidant weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant
weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant
Photosystem I is a _____ than photosystem II. stronger reductant stronger oxidant weaker oxidant weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant stronger oxidant and a stronger reductant
weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant
Photosystem I is a _____ than photosystem II. weaker oxidant and weaker reductant weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant weaker reductant stronger oxidant and a stronger reductant stronger oxidant
weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant
somatic cells
what cells go through mitosis
germ cells
what cells undergo meiosis
base pairs (number of nucleotides)
what determines how genome size is measured?
distance
what determines the degree of gene linkage?
production of haploid gametes
what is the primary function of meiosis
reproduction of somatic cells
what is the primary function of mitosis
50%
what percentage says recombination will always happen
Chromatin
when nucleosomes are coiled very tightly
Ploidy reduction
when the cells created have less chromosomes than the parental cells
mitochondria
where is pyruvate oxidation
cytoplasm
where is the process of glycolysis held
genes that are closer to each other will recombine more frequently
which of the following statements is FALSE? *genes that are closer to each other will recombine more frequently *x-linked genes are typically not found on the Y chromosome *someone who "carries" a trait is heterozygous *polygenic traits produce relatively larger amounts of phenotypic variation *recombination produces two recombinant and two non-recombinant chromosomes
Gregor Mendel
who created the field of genetics?
they typically do not affect the 2% of active genes
why are mutations not usually detrimental
so tissues can grow and repair and so organisms can reproduce asexually
why do cells undergo mitosis
molecular biology, metagenomics, virology, medicine, forensics, evolutionary biology
why do we sequence genomes?
so organisms can reproduce sexually
why does meiosis take place
Which of the answer choices is not an anatomical change that would be associated with a transition from four to two legs?
wider stance
Suppose that, in a given reaction, the enthalpy (H) increases by 10 units, and the disorder (TS) increases by 12 units. Would this reaction be considered spontaneous?
yes
The fertilized egg is also called a:
zygote
When fats are used as an energy source, the fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA. That means that fats bypass the reactions of _________ and enter the respiratory pathway at __________
-Glycolysis -The citric acid cycle
In a metabolic pathway, a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzes the conversion of molecule A to molecule E. Several intermediate steps are involved in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. The graph illustrates the changes of free energy that occur at each step in the pathway. Overall, this _____, based on the changes in free energy that take place as A is converted to E.
is an anabolic pathway
In a thylakoid membrane, absorbed light energy is passed from one chlorophyll molecule to another until:
it is passed to a reaction center
Pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because:
it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle
Citric Acid Cycle Uses: [4]
- ADP + Pi - NAD+ - FAD - H2O (used to rearrange citrate and fumarate)
Citric Acid Cycle Produces: [4]
- CO2 - ATP - NADH - FADH2
Oxidative Phosphorylation Produces: [4]
- H2O - ATP - NAD+ - FAD
Oxidative Phosphorylation Uses: [4]
- O2 - ADP+Pi - NADH - FADH2
If a gene has two alleles, and allele A has a frequency of 83 percent, then allele a has a frequency of:
17 percent.
citric acid cycle
- where fuel molecules are completely oxidized to CO2 and chemical energy is transferred to ATP by substrate level phosphorylation - starts with acetyl COa(oxaloacetate) and produces CO2 and other electron carriers - results= CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2
If the frequency of allele A is 0.7 in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what would the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype be?
0.42
Which of the statements represent the laws of thermodynamics? Select all that apply.
1. The amount of energy in the universe is constant. 2. The energy available to do work decreases as energy is transformed from one form to another.
Oxidative phosphorylation yields _____ ATP for each molecule of FADH2 that is oxidized, whereas it yields _____ ATP for each molecule of NADH
1.5; 2.5
The biosynthetic pathway for chlorophyll includes approximately how many steps?
17
taq polymerase
A DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures of PCR
What would yield the best data set?
A combination of anatomical, physiological, developmental studies of extant species in the fossil record, molecular data, and morphological data of extant species
dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene
What is the hypothesis for Racker and Stoeckenius's experiment?
A proton gradient is required for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP. - Peter Mitchell's hypothesis suggested that the proton gradient generated in the electron transport chain provides the potential energy to drive ATP synthesis.
Which of the answer choices is a benefit of reconstructing evolutionary history from living organisms?
A range of features can be used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses.
chemiosmotic theory
A theory stating that the products of oxidative metabolism store their energy in an electrochemical gradient that can drive cell processes such as ATP synthesis.
Phosphofructokinase-1 activators
ADP AMP
Which of the statements is true regarding phylogenetic trees?
Both morphological and molecular synapomorphies can be used to construct phylogenetic trees.
What is the total number of chromatids in the cell shown on the right? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16
C. 8
If intermediate filaments were capable of dynamic instability, what outcome would be most likely?
Cell shape and support would be affected.
Which types of cellular activities can be a response to cell signaling?
Cell signals are released to communicate with other cells. Gene expression patterns are changed. Enzyme activities are changed. Cell division is triggered.
functional annotation
Consists in attaching biological information to genomic elements
Chemical reactions that have a positive ∆G are ____________.
Endergonic
What is enthalpy?
Energy available to do work
Free Energy
Energy is stored in the bonds, the stronger the more stable
Which of these equations is/are endergonic?
Equations 3 & 4
When oxygen is depleted, the citric acid cycle stops. What would you need to add to the system to restore activity?
FAD & NAD+
FOXP2 is the name of a gene that may be important to language, as mutations in this gene are implicated in many speech pathologies. Why does FOXP2 have such a broad impact on the development of speech?
FOXP2 is a gene encoding a transcription factor that controls the expression of many genes involved in the development of speech.
Fermentation occurs only in anaerobic conditions
False
In animal cells, most ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondria, but in plant cells, most of the ATP used is made in the chloroplasts.
False
How does gel electrophoresis allow researchers to observe genetic variation?
Gel electrophoresis enables scientists to distinguish allele variants of a gene.
Charles Darwin noted that the human lineage probably arose out of Africa. Which of the answer choices was most likely the reason behind his hypothesis?
Gorillas and chimpanzees, which are the primates most closely related to humans, only live in Africa.
Photosystem II and photosystem I differ in:
H+ production and electron donors and acceptors.
3.1 billion
How many base pairs do humans have?
In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments?
Increased range of wavelengths absorbed
When we say "populations evolve, not individuals," what does this mean?
Individuals cannot change their genetic makeup, but genotype frequencies in a population can change.
In cell communication, which of these is a requirement of the responding cell?
It must express receptor proteins.
How could our understanding of tetrapod evolution be altered if the fossil from Tiktaalik had been found in sediments that were aged at 380 million years ago?
It could indicate that tetrapods evolved much earlier than 360 million years ago.
Why is DNA sequencing the gold standard for measuring genetic variation?
It determines the exact genetic sequence and, thus, the absolute variation in a population.
Which statement is true regarding the tail of a male peacock?
It functions in intersexual selection and helps a male peacock to attract a mate.
If oxygen is unavailable, predict what happens to the citric acid cycle.
It stops because the supplies of NAD+ and FAD become depleted.
If the photosystem shown is photosystem II, what will happen to the excited electron from the part labeled 2?
It will be passed to an electron acceptor.
If oxygen is unavailable, predict what will happen to the citric acid cycle
It will stop because the supplies of NAD+ and FAD will become depleted
How is mitochondrial structure similar to chloroplast structure?
Multiple membranes; stroma=matrix
is not a cellular function associated with microtubules.
Muscle contraction
Which of the groups are monophyletic?
Old World monkeys and apes
What are heterotrophs?
Other feeders Rely on other organisms for their organic forms of carbln
The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA reacts with _________ to form __________ and _________.
Oxaloacetate; citrate; CoA
The loss of electrons is referred to as
Oxidation
Oxidation vs. reduction reactions
Oxidation: Loss of electrons Reduction: Gain of electrons
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated through:
Oxidative phosphorylation
P generation
Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
The largest mass extinction occurred at the end of which period?
Permian
_____ is a term that refers to multiple sets of chromosomes (e.g., 4, 6 or 8).
Polyploidy
What is an endergonic reaction?
Positive reaction Requires input of energy
Regarding pyruvate and glucose:
Pyruvate can be transported across both membranes of the mitochondrion to be further metabolized, but glucose cannot.
Which statement is true regarding pyruvate and glucose? -Pyruvate can be transported across both membranes of the mitochondrion to be further metabolized, but glucose cannot. -Both glucose and pyruvate can feed directly into the citric acid cycle, although acetyl-CoA is the preferred reactant for this process. -Glucose easily passes in and out of mitochondria and can often be found in the mitochondrial matrix, but pyruvate cannot. -Glucose and pyruvate are remarkably similar in structure, with both molecules possessing a ring shape. -Pyruvate is typically "trapped" in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, where it is oxidized to form acetyl-CoA.
Pyruvate can be transported across both membranes of the mitochondrion to be further metabolized, but glucose cannot.
Which statement is true regarding pyruvate oxidation? -Like glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation is carried out in the mitochondria. -Pyruvate oxidation ends with the oxidation of an acetyl group, which forms CO2. -Pyruvate oxidation forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis. -Pyruvate oxidation directly follows the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration.
Pyruvate oxidation forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis.
Why are some mutations of Ras associated with cancer?
Ras activates the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway that regulates cell division.
What is catabolism?
Set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units while making ATP
What is anabolism?
Set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units and require ATP
______ selection is a form of selection that works on reproductive ability, even if the traits selected for limit the organism's chance of survival.
Sexual
What is the role of signal transduction in cell signaling?
Signal transduction connects the activation of the receptor to the cellular response.
Of the answer choices, what is the most likely reason that paracrine signaling does not activate the cell that is producing the signaling molecule?
The cell does not have the proper receptor.
Next generation sequencing
The current techniques of high-throughput are collectively called ___________.
Which of the answer choices is an advantage of using the fossil record to obtain information about our evolutionary history?
The fossil record gives us examples of the extinct intermediate stages of evolution.
How does the extracellular matrix affect a cell that it surrounds? Select all that apply.
The genes that the cell expresses depend in part on the types of proteins in the extracellular matrix. The cell's shape depends in part on the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix.
The first DNA comparison studies between humans and chimpanzees relied on which of the answer choices?
The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the higher the melting point.
Imagine that a scientist introduced a copy of the human Pax6 gene into a mouse and that the gene was expressed in an abnormal location for eye development. What would likely happen in this scenario?
The mouse may go on to form an eye in an abnormal location that resembles a mouse eye in shape and structure, given that the genes acting downstream of Pax6 are still "mouse" genes.
Imagine that another mammal is added to the data set. This mammal has the same nucleotide sequence as the mouse, except for the last base of the sequence, which reflects a G to C change. The change is unique to this mammal. Which statement reflects how evolutionary relationships among the taxa would change? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
The mouse would now be a sister taxon to the new mammal instead of the guinea pig.
109 bacterial cells are spread evenly on an agar surface of medium containing an antibiotic. After a few days, a few of the cells grow into small clumps of cells. Isolation of individual bacterial cells and further testing reveals that the clumps consist of mutant bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic. Which of the statements is true?
The mutations that are resistant to the antibiotic preexisted in the original population of bacteria and were selected by the antibiotic.
It is often stated that the phosphate bonds in ATP are "high energy," but in fact, they are not notably high in energy. Rather, they are easy to break, and the ∆G of hydrolysis is a "useful" quantity of energy. What makes the phosphate bonds easy to break?
The negative charges on the phosphate groups repel each other.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. These organisms likely used both inorganic molecules and water as electron donors. The organisms likely produced oxygen as a waste product, resulting in Earth's current atmosphere. The organisms likely used molecules other than water (i.e., H2S) as electron donors. These organisms likely possessed two photosystems. Given the abundance of H2O on early Earth, these organisms used H2O as an electron donor.
The organisms likely used molecules other than water (i.e., H2S) as electron donors.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy?
The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose is considered a reducing agent.
M phase
The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in a cell) and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically and notices that the labeled protein can move between grana and is always in the lumen, but is never observed in the stroma. What can she deduce?
The protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane.
What result would you predict if a plant was exposed to a toxin that made the thylakoid membranes permeable to protons?
The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane would be eliminated.
How would signaling be affected if a mutation caused a G protein to replace GDP with GTP on its own without needing to be activated by the G protein-coupled receptor?
The signaling pathway would be activated even when no ligand was present.
Which of the statements is true regarding the human brain?
The size of the human brain may be the result of "selective factors," such as tool use.
A patient in a physician's office has a deep cut, and as it is being stitched up, a sample of tissue is taken for testing. Analysis of the tissue reveals it has few cells, surrounded by a large amount of extracellular matrix proteins with some blood vessels, sweat glands, and nerve cells. What kind of tissue is this?
The tissue is most likely dermis, and should also have some fibroblasts, but few keratinocytes and melanocytes.
If you just considered wing length in determining species differences, what would you conclude?
There are two species of butterfly.
If ATP concentration in the cell is high, what do you predict will happen to the rate of glucose oxidation?
There is already a lot of ATP, so oxidation of glucose will slow down
Which of the statements describes Neanderthals?
They are a species that is closely related to, but distinct from, Homo sapiens.
The figure shown illustrates a part of the Calvin-Benson experiments that led to our understanding of the Calvin cycle. What is happening here?
They are dripping photosynthetic cells into hot alcohol to quickly stop the reactions of photosynthesis.
Gap junctions and plasmodesmata have what feature in common?
They both allow direct transport of materials between cells.
True or False: Collectively, most photosynthesis carried out in the ocean is performed by single-celled organisms as opposed to large, multicellular marine plants.
True.
What is a product (as opposed to a substrate) of atleast one of the processes of cellular respiration?
Water
group 4
What group of virus is COVID classified in?
gametes contain homologous pairs of chromosomes
What is false about gametes? *sperm, pollen, and egg are all gametes *compared to somatic cells, gametes contain half the number of chromosomes *gametes contain homologous pairs of chromosomes *once produced, gametes will not divide any further *each gamete is genetically unique
which of the following is considered a pluripotent embryonic stem cell?
a cell from the inner cell mass
What is the cell's likely response to ligand binding to a steroid receptor located in the nucleus?
a change in gene expression
What is one of the possible cellular responses following activation of the MAP kinase pathway?
a change in gene expression resulting in cell division
Zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
polymorphism
a discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species
Phylogeny illustrates
a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships of the apes.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
a method of DNA amplification that is fundamental to studying genes and genomes
Consider the figure shown. Which type of mutation could block the lysogenic pathway and cause a phage to follow the lytic pathway?
a mutation that blocks the function of the PR promoter
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
accepts electrons from both complexes I and II - accepts 2 e- and 2 protons= CoQH2
Enzymes change the ____________ of a reaction.
activation energy
A gene pool is comprised of all the:
alleles within a population.
Phylogenetic trees can be built using:
anatomical data or molecular data.
Organisms which use CO2 as a source of carbon
autotroph
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in:
bacteria and animals
Imagine that a farmer has applied a pesticide to his crops. This pesticide contains an inhibitor that targets an enzyme in beetles. What types of beetles will he find on his farm after three years of pesticide use? beetles with mutations that decrease the amount of enzyme beetles with mutations that increase the amount of enzyme beetles with mutations that decrease the amount of enzyme substrate beetles with mutations that decrease the activity of the enzyme None of the other answer options is correct.
beetles with mutations that decrease the amount of enzyme substrate
Anabolic pathways of metabolism are pathways that: make large quantities of ATP. release stored chemical energy. take place primarily in skeletal muscle. build complex molecules from simple ones
build complex molecules from simple ones
How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP?
by glycolysis
how do mass extinction events influence subsequent species composition and diversity
by reducing competition among surviving organisms
During photosynthesis, ____ is reduced to ___. a. water; carbon dioxide b. oxygen; water c. carbon dioxide; sugar d. carbon dioxide; oxygen e. sugar; oxygen
c. carbon dioxide; sugar
What would be found in the cells of a blade of grass but not in the cells of an insect feeding on that grass?
chloroplasts
telophase
chromosomes decondense and a new nuclear envelope forms around them
Which of the following types of inhibitors is(are) likely to bind to the active site of an enzyme? Select all correct choices.
competitive and irreversible inhibitors
Cytokinesis in animal cells
contractile ring pinches cell in half from outside
Migration tends to _____ genetic differences among populations.
decrease
Imagine that European explorers sailing across the Pacific left several male and female pairs of pigs on a remote island with the intention of visiting again in future years to harvest fresh meat. This would most closely resemble a case of artificially-induced allopatric speciation through:
dispersal
Consider a generalized tree of life, with three large branches representing Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. These three branches represent different:
domains.
In the Calvin cycle, ATP is required to:
donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA.
dominant allele
expressed in phenotype when two different alleles are present in the genotype (heterozygous); denoted with a capital letter
A population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is evolving.
false
Pax6 protein is so central to eye development that after transferring the mouse Pax6 to the fruit fly, the fly produces eyes similar to that of a mouse.
false
oxidative phosphorylation
final process of cellular respiration, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and results in the formation of water
Which one of the following is a monosaccharide and not a disaccharide?
fructose
what method is specifically used to separate macromolecules based on their size and charge?
gel elctrophoresis
All the alleles present in all individuals in a species are referred to as the _____ of that species.
gene pool
which of the following bind promotors during regulation of transcription in eukaryotes?
general/basal transcription factors
In chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as:
heat
size
how chromosomes are arranged
150
how many MB is the X chromosome?
50
how many MB is the Y chromosome?
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, what structure within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the plasma membrane of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell? lumen grana thylakoid membrane stroma inner membrane
inner membrane
ATP is a good energy currency for cells because it has a(n) _____ amount of Gibbs free energy.
intermediate
ATP is a good energy currency for cells because it has a(n) ____________ amount of Gibbs free energy.
intermediate
what is the role of NAD+ in respiration
intermediate electron carrier
The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction each iron atom will:
lose 3 electrons.
When a substance in a reaction is oxidized, it:
loses electrons
Oxidation is the ____ of electrons
loss
chromosomes
made up of condensed chromatin
Meosis II
matches with mitosis
The entire set of chemical reactions that sustain life is called: metabolism. catabolism. hydrolysis. plasmolysis. anabolism.
metabolism
Reactive oxygen species are detoxified in order to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. All of these choices are correct. minimize damage to membranes. enhance cyclic electron transport. enhance linear electron transport. recover electrons.
minimize damage to membranes.
Reactive oxygen species are detoxified in order to: All of these choices are correct. enhance linear electron transport. enhance cyclic electron transport. recover electrons. minimize damage to membranes.
minimize damage to membranes.
Macrophage cells undergo a process called phagocytosis in which material is brought into a cell in the form of membrane vesicles and then transported along microtubules toward the cell center. Assuming that the centrosome is near the cell center, you can predict that these vesicles are moving to the _____ end of microtubules using the motor protein _____.
minus end; dynein
In addition to chloroplasts, which of the following organelles of eukaryotic cells is believed to have originated by endosymbiosis?
mitochondria
A former protein-coding gene that no longer performs any useful function will accumulate how many mutations relative to a gene that encodes a protein that is functionally important?
more mutations
Which of the following organisms are considered heterotrophs?
most bacteria and dogs
autosomes
name for chromosomes 1-22; non-sex chromosomes
In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments?
narrower range of wavelength reflection
how is total genome size measured?
number of base pairs
Polidy
number of sets of chromosomes
pleitropy
one gene affects multiple seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits; cystic fibrosis
Kohler and Lipton first discovered a growth factor (PDGF) by:
observing that fibroblasts grew better in cell culture when blood serum was added to the growth medium instead of blood plasma.
What are chemotrophs?
obtain energy from chemical compounds
During which phase(s) of glycolysis do we observe pyruvate production, ATP synthesis, and reduction of NAD+?
payoff phase
Which of the following are the basic structural component of all cellular membranes?
phospholipids
Which one of the following is part of the preparatory phase of glycolysis? A. phosphorylation of a 6-carbon molecule B. synthesis of ATP C. cleavage of a 6-carbon molecule into two 3-carbon molecules D. phosphorylation of a 3-carbon molecule E. reduction of NAD+ to NADH
phosphorylation of a 6-carbon molecule
Which organism possesses simple eye "pits," which although not morphologically similar to mammalian eyes, are still capable of sensing light?
planarians (flatworms)
The electron transport chain in these bacteria is located in
plasma membrane
histones
protein spool that the DNA double helix coil around
Non-biological example of a kinetic → potential energy conversion
pull an arrow back in bow
Neoteny refers to the case when a sexually mature organism:
retains characteristics of the juvenile form.
ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenine, _____, and three phosphate groups.
ribose
The most abundant protein on Earth is:
rubisco
The most abundant protein on Earth is thought to be:
rubisco.
plasmids
self replicating independent sets of DNA in bacteria; can be replicated and shared; used to create medicines
Evidence that cytoskeletal elements have ancient origins comes from the:
sequence similarities of cytoskeletal elements when comparing distantly related organisms.
circular
shape of bacterial DNA
anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled apart and become active; 4 chromosomes to the right and 4 to the left
Consulting Figure 7.1 if necessary, during which stage(s) of cellular respiration is(are) carbon dioxide released?
stages 2 and 3
glucose storage molecules in plants
starch
Glucose is stored in plants as _____ and in animals as _____.
starch; glycogen
which of the following is a true statements about sympatric speciation?
sympatric speciation requires a selective disadvantage of hybrids in two diverging populations.
The specific types of homologies used to develop phylogenies are shared derived characters or:
synapomorphies.
The Z scheme is a model for the interpretation of:
the changes in the energy level of electrons as they pass through the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in..
the matrix of the mitochondria.
Trace fossils include all of the answer choices except:
the mineralized skull of an ancient mammal.
Which of the structures are part of the endomembrane system?
the nuclear envelope
If a mutation occurs such that photosystem I no longer functions as efficiently as it should, which of the answer choices would be most directly affected?
the rate at which NADPH is produced
Chloroplast ATP synthases are powered by the flow of protons from the: stroma to the thylakoid lumen. thylakoid lumen to the intermembrane space. stroma to the intermembrane space. intermembrane space to the cytoplasm. thylakoid lumen to the stroma.
thylakoid lumen to the stroma.
What is the function of adenylyl cyclase?
to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP)
In addition to destabilizing glucose for subsequent breakdown, what else does phosphorylation of glucose do?
traps glucose inside the cell
In addition to destabilizing glucose for subsequent breakdown, what else does phosphorylation of glucose do? traps glucose inside the cell makes it easier to transport into the mitochondrion blocks glucose from leaving the mitochondrion blocks glucose from entering the mitochondrion
traps glucose inside the cell
Methylated cytosines are often observed in CpG islands near genes that are repressed.
true
mitochondria
where does oxidative phosphorylation take place
mitochondrial matrix
where does the citric acid cycle take place
inner membrane
where is DNA attached on bacterial cells
Genetic sequence data from mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA agree that the human family is _____and it arose _____.
young; in Africa
Which one of the following statements describes the relationship between β-galactosidase and β-thiogalactoside?
β-galactosidase binds to β-thiogalactoside but is unable to cleave it.