Biology 1260 Chapter 12: Organization of Multicellular Organisms

Tight junctions are commonly found in _ tissue, ensure that _ can't _ between _, and the proteins in tight junctions are not _ to the _ or the _ _

epithelial, substances, cell, connected, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix

Complex multicellularity is only found in _

eukaryotes

The ECM in animals is made primarily of _

proteins

In animals, where cell walls do not exist, a variety of membrane _ allow for direct-cell attachments in _ and other _

proteins, epithelia, tissues

The ECM provides _ _for animals and is particularly abundant in _ tissue in animals

structural support, connective

Dermal tissue covers _ and provides _

the surface of the planet, protection: allowing the exchange of gases, water, and ions with the environment

For example, cardiac muscle cells which can contract, interact with each other to form a _ called cardiac _

tissue, muscle

Ground tissue is found _ and functions for _

between vascular and dermal tissue, storage, photosynthesis, and structural support

The three main plant tissue types are _, _, and _

Dermal, Vascular, Ground

_ multicellularity is a form of cellular _ that has been observed in a few types of _ (but not in _), and in some groups of _ (eukaryotic)

Simple, aggregation, bacteria, archaea, protists

Examples of muscle tissue _

Three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

Vascular tissue _ transports _ and _ transports _

Xylem, water and dissolved ions, Phloem, sugars and other organic molecules

Gap junctions _

act as channels between cells

Animal cells can also be _ to the extracellular matrix through interactions between _ _ proteins called _ and specific proteins _ and _ the cell

anchored, integral membrane, integrins, inside, outside

Desmosomes are _ junctions that involve integral membrane proteins, called _

anchoring, cadherins

Gap junctions connect _ _

animal cells

Basolateral membrane is the _ and _ of the _ in contact with the _ _ and _ _

base, sides, cell, basal lamina, connective tissue

The bodies of animals and plants are made of _ of cells that derive from cell division of an _ _ cell, a fertilized _. Therefore, all cells in a _ multicellular body contain exactly the _ genetic information.

billions, initial single, egg, complex, same

Epithelial tissues cover the _ and line _ organs, separating the _ environment from the _ environment

body, internal, internal, external

Examples of connective tissue _

bone, blood, adipose tissue

Example: the circulatory system - _ muscle cells form a _ (_ muscle)

cardiac, tissue, cardiac

Plant cells do not require _ _ proteins because _ plant cells are held together by the _ _ between their cell walls. However, adjacent plant cells may be connected to each other by _ , which allows them to exchange _ _with each other

cell junction, adjacent, middle lamella, plasmodesmata, small molecules

Virtually all plant cells are surrounded by a _ _. When plant cells first form by cell division, they secrete an _ layer called the _ cell wall, mostly made of _ _ in a _ network

cell wall, initial, primary, cellulose microfibrils, crisscrossed

However, as we will see, these _ differentiate within a single organism to take on different _ and _

cells, shapes, functions

Membrane proteins form _ called _ which connect the _ of _ _

channels, connexons, cytoplasm, adjacent cells

The heart and all of the blood vessels that carry blood from one part of the body to another form the _ system

circulatory

The two modalities, _ development or _, result in one of two types of multicellular organization: _ and _

clonal, aggregation, simple, complex

In _ multicellularity, _ of the same type interact to form _, multiple _ interact with one another to form a structure called an _, and _ come together to form _

complex, cells, tissues, tissues, organ, organs, organ systems

All land plants and animals are_ multicellular organisms; _ multicellularity is also found in groups of _ and _

complex, complex, protists, fungi

In _ multicellularity, there are _ cell types: _ cells take on _ functions

complex, different, specialized, unique

In _ multicellularity, _ _ are _ or _ _ that work together to carry out a _

complex, organ systems, two, more organs, function

In _ multicellularity, _ are structures made of _ or _ different _ that function together

complex, organs, two, more, tissues

_ multicellular organisms have _ mechanisms for cell _ and _-to-_ _

complex, sophisticated, adhesion, cell, cell communication

In _ multicellularity, during the development of multicellular bodies, different cells acquire _ structures and _, and form _. Most cells are located _ and do not contact directly the _ environment.

complex, specialized, functions, tissues, internally, external

In _ multicellularity, _ are groups of the same type that work together to perform a _ function (composed of _)

complex, tissues, common, cells

Nervous tissue _

conducts electrical signals

Desmosomes _

connect the cytoskeletons of cells

The purpose of connective tissue _

connect tissue consists of cells embedded within an abundant extracellular matrix, which may be liquid, solid, or jelly like such as blood, or fibrous proteins in their extracellular matrix

Connective tissue _

consists of cells embedded within extracellular matrix

Apoplast is a _ _ space in _ tissues

continuous extracellular, plant

Symplast is a _ network of _ between _ _ cells

continuous, cytoplasm, adjacent plant

Muscle tissue _

contracts to generate force

Epithelial tissue _

covers body surfaces and lines internal structures

Desmosomes connect the _ of _ _ to one another

cytoskeleton, adjacent cells

The apoplastic pathway: _ solutes move freely through the _

dissolved, apoplast

The symplastic pathway: _ solutes move directly _ cells, _ crossing the _ _

dissolved, between, without, plasma membrane

With the help of _ (_) materials and _ _, in animals, _ cells are often physically connected to one another through _ plasma _ _. The membrane proteins of one cell may interact with the membrane proteins of another _ or with the _, which is a _ network of _ and _. In plants, the _-_ _ _ allows _ cells to _ to one another

extracellular, secreted, intercellular, connections, adjacent, integral, membrane proteins, cell, ECM, complex, proteins, polysaccharides, polysaccharide, rich, middle lamella, adjacent, adhere

ECM components include _ proteins such as _, _, and _ which are most abundant. _ are less abundant

fibrous, collage, elastin, laminin, polysaccharides

The purpose of epithelial tissue is to _

form a protective barrier between the inside of the body and the external environment, and link internal compartments (such as surface of skin)

In some animal tissues, there are specialized junctions called _ _. In gap junctions, integral membrane proteins from two _ cells join together to form a barrel-like channel called a _

gap junctions, adjacent, connexon

Adjacent plant cells are held together by a _-like layer called the _ _. The middle lamella is found _ the cell walls of _ plant cells

gel, middle lamella, between, adjacent,

Example: the circulatory system - Cardiac muscle, along with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue form the _

heart

The cells that make up a complex multicellular organism are all genetically _ _ of one another, because they derive from a _ _ cell by repeated rounds of _

identical clones, single initial, mitosis

Examples of nervous tissue _

include nerve cells and supporting cells

Cadherins (_ _ _) interact with _ _ inside of the cell, and with _ proteins of an _ cell

integral membrane proteins, cytoskeletal fibers, cadherin, adjacent

_ and small _ _ can move directly between the _ of the two _ through _ _, without crossing the _ membrane

ions, hydrophilic molecules, cytoplasm, cells, gap junctions, plasma

Examples of epithelial tissue are _

lining of digestive tract, surface of skin

In this model, for example, we can see integrins spanning the plasma membrane, linking the _ of the cytoskeleton to _ in _

microfilaments, laminin, ECM

One of the most fundamental distinctions among _ organisms is their developmental mode: whether they stay _ during growth and develop _, or form a _ through the _ of free-_ cells

multicellular, together, clonally, group, aggregation, living

The heart in conjunction with many other _ forms an _ system e.g. the _ system

organs, organ, circulatory

The middle lamella is made primarily of _, which are _ molecules that attract _. This causes formation of a _ layer between the _ that causes them to stick together

pectins, carbohydrate, water, gelatinous, cells

All _ and _ are multicellular eukaryotes, some _ and many _ are multicellular eukaryotes

plants, animals, protists, fungi

Eukaryotes (all _ and _, many _ and many_) are the product of _ multicellularity

plants, animals, protists, fungi, complex

Plasmodesmata (singular _), create _ in the _ _ that connect the _ of _ plant cells, allow _ molecules and _ to pass _ between cells without crossing the _ membrane, have _ of the _ _ _ passing through them

plasmodesma, gaps, cell wall, cytoplasm, adjacent, small, ions, directly, plasma, extensions, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Tight junctions establish _ in _

polarity, epithelia

The spaces between microfibrils are filled with gelatinous _ such as _. Because these polysaccharides are _, they attract and hold large amounts of _, keeping the cell wall _

polysaccharides, pectins, hydrophilic, water, moist

Tight junctions form a _

seal between epithelial cells

Tight junctions _

seal cells together

As plant cells mature and stop growing, they may _ an additional layer of material—a _ _ _—between the _ _ and the _ _ _.

secrete, secondary cell wall, plasma membrane, primary cell wall

The ECM in animals is _ by cells and is composed of a mixture of _

secreted, fibers

Multicellularity has evolved independently _ times, in different _ of the tree of life

several, branches

The primary cell wall defines the _ of a plant cell. Under normal conditions, the concentration of solutes is _ inside the cell than _, so water tends to _ the cell via _

shape, higher, outside, enter, osmosis

The apical membrane is the _ of the _ in _ with the _ environment or the _ (_) of an _ _

side, cell, contact, external, lumen, inside, internal cavity

_ multicellularity: _ are capable of _ and form _

simple, Cyanobacteria, aggregating, filaments

During _ multicellularity in these _, or _, cells are arranged in _ so _ that every cell is in contact with the _

simple, aggregates, colonies, layers, thin, environment

Multicellular organization can be _ or _

simple, complex

In _ multicellularity, _, usually genetically different cells, _ and establish fairly _ connections to one another through simple _ molecules. In other, less common, cases cells originated by _ of a single cell remain attached after _

simple, independent, aggregate, minimal, adhesion, division, mitosis

_ multicellularity: Slime mold colonies (_) form _ multicellular _ bodies that produce _

simple, protists, simple, fruiting, spores

In a desmosome, these integral membrane proteins _ interact with cytoskeleton _ and with the _ proteins on an _ cell. Desmosomes connect the interacting cell and form a structural _ _ between _ within a _

simultaneously, fibers, cadherin, adjacent, support system, cells, tissue

Multicellular organisms vary tremendously in their level of complexity, ranging from _, _ _to organisms with _ of cells and _ of _ cell types

small, undifferentiated clusters, trillions, hundreds, dedicated

In complex multicellular organisms, cells are genetically programmed to _ and take on _ functions. There can be many different cell _, which are organized into more complex _

specialize, unique, types, structures

The heart is an organ that contains cardiac muscle _ but also blood _ and connective _. The interactions of these different tissue types are necessary for the heart to function properly as an _, that is to contract to _ blood

tissue, vessels, tissue, organ, pump

The purpose of muscle tissue _

to generate force

One of the most fundamental distinctions among multicellular organisms is whether they stay _ during growth and develop _, or form a _ through the _ of free _ cells

together, clonally, group aggregation, living

The purpose of nerve cells is to _

use nerve cells to conduct signals, and cells that support a nerve cells function

The incoming water increases the cell's _, pushing the _ _ up against the wall. The force exerted by the cell against the wall is known as _ _

volume, plasma membrane, turgor pressure

In cells that form _, the _ _ _ also contains _, a complex polymer that forms an exceptionally _ network. Thick secondary cell walls of _ and _ help woody plants withstand the forces of _ and _

wood, secondary cell wall, lignin, rigid, cellulose, lignin, gravity, wind