Biology 1260 Chapter 12: Organization of Multicellular Organisms
Tight junctions are commonly found in _ tissue, ensure that _ can't _ between _, and the proteins in tight junctions are not _ to the _ or the _ _
epithelial, substances, cell, connected, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix
Complex multicellularity is only found in _
eukaryotes
The ECM in animals is made primarily of _
proteins
In animals, where cell walls do not exist, a variety of membrane _ allow for direct-cell attachments in _ and other _
proteins, epithelia, tissues
The ECM provides _ _for animals and is particularly abundant in _ tissue in animals
structural support, connective
Dermal tissue covers _ and provides _
the surface of the planet, protection: allowing the exchange of gases, water, and ions with the environment
For example, cardiac muscle cells which can contract, interact with each other to form a _ called cardiac _
tissue, muscle
Ground tissue is found _ and functions for _
between vascular and dermal tissue, storage, photosynthesis, and structural support
The three main plant tissue types are _, _, and _
Dermal, Vascular, Ground
_ multicellularity is a form of cellular _ that has been observed in a few types of _ (but not in _), and in some groups of _ (eukaryotic)
Simple, aggregation, bacteria, archaea, protists
Examples of muscle tissue _
Three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Vascular tissue _ transports _ and _ transports _
Xylem, water and dissolved ions, Phloem, sugars and other organic molecules
Gap junctions _
act as channels between cells
Animal cells can also be _ to the extracellular matrix through interactions between _ _ proteins called _ and specific proteins _ and _ the cell
anchored, integral membrane, integrins, inside, outside
Desmosomes are _ junctions that involve integral membrane proteins, called _
anchoring, cadherins
Gap junctions connect _ _
animal cells
Basolateral membrane is the _ and _ of the _ in contact with the _ _ and _ _
base, sides, cell, basal lamina, connective tissue
The bodies of animals and plants are made of _ of cells that derive from cell division of an _ _ cell, a fertilized _. Therefore, all cells in a _ multicellular body contain exactly the _ genetic information.
billions, initial single, egg, complex, same
Epithelial tissues cover the _ and line _ organs, separating the _ environment from the _ environment
body, internal, internal, external
Examples of connective tissue _
bone, blood, adipose tissue
Example: the circulatory system - _ muscle cells form a _ (_ muscle)
cardiac, tissue, cardiac
Plant cells do not require _ _ proteins because _ plant cells are held together by the _ _ between their cell walls. However, adjacent plant cells may be connected to each other by _ , which allows them to exchange _ _with each other
cell junction, adjacent, middle lamella, plasmodesmata, small molecules
Virtually all plant cells are surrounded by a _ _. When plant cells first form by cell division, they secrete an _ layer called the _ cell wall, mostly made of _ _ in a _ network
cell wall, initial, primary, cellulose microfibrils, crisscrossed
However, as we will see, these _ differentiate within a single organism to take on different _ and _
cells, shapes, functions
Membrane proteins form _ called _ which connect the _ of _ _
channels, connexons, cytoplasm, adjacent cells
The heart and all of the blood vessels that carry blood from one part of the body to another form the _ system
circulatory
The two modalities, _ development or _, result in one of two types of multicellular organization: _ and _
clonal, aggregation, simple, complex
In _ multicellularity, _ of the same type interact to form _, multiple _ interact with one another to form a structure called an _, and _ come together to form _
complex, cells, tissues, tissues, organ, organs, organ systems
All land plants and animals are_ multicellular organisms; _ multicellularity is also found in groups of _ and _
complex, complex, protists, fungi
In _ multicellularity, there are _ cell types: _ cells take on _ functions
complex, different, specialized, unique
In _ multicellularity, _ _ are _ or _ _ that work together to carry out a _
complex, organ systems, two, more organs, function
In _ multicellularity, _ are structures made of _ or _ different _ that function together
complex, organs, two, more, tissues
_ multicellular organisms have _ mechanisms for cell _ and _-to-_ _
complex, sophisticated, adhesion, cell, cell communication
In _ multicellularity, during the development of multicellular bodies, different cells acquire _ structures and _, and form _. Most cells are located _ and do not contact directly the _ environment.
complex, specialized, functions, tissues, internally, external
In _ multicellularity, _ are groups of the same type that work together to perform a _ function (composed of _)
complex, tissues, common, cells
Nervous tissue _
conducts electrical signals
Desmosomes _
connect the cytoskeletons of cells
The purpose of connective tissue _
connect tissue consists of cells embedded within an abundant extracellular matrix, which may be liquid, solid, or jelly like such as blood, or fibrous proteins in their extracellular matrix
Connective tissue _
consists of cells embedded within extracellular matrix
Apoplast is a _ _ space in _ tissues
continuous extracellular, plant
Symplast is a _ network of _ between _ _ cells
continuous, cytoplasm, adjacent plant
Muscle tissue _
contracts to generate force
Epithelial tissue _
covers body surfaces and lines internal structures
Desmosomes connect the _ of _ _ to one another
cytoskeleton, adjacent cells
The apoplastic pathway: _ solutes move freely through the _
dissolved, apoplast
The symplastic pathway: _ solutes move directly _ cells, _ crossing the _ _
dissolved, between, without, plasma membrane
With the help of _ (_) materials and _ _, in animals, _ cells are often physically connected to one another through _ plasma _ _. The membrane proteins of one cell may interact with the membrane proteins of another _ or with the _, which is a _ network of _ and _. In plants, the _-_ _ _ allows _ cells to _ to one another
extracellular, secreted, intercellular, connections, adjacent, integral, membrane proteins, cell, ECM, complex, proteins, polysaccharides, polysaccharide, rich, middle lamella, adjacent, adhere
ECM components include _ proteins such as _, _, and _ which are most abundant. _ are less abundant
fibrous, collage, elastin, laminin, polysaccharides
The purpose of epithelial tissue is to _
form a protective barrier between the inside of the body and the external environment, and link internal compartments (such as surface of skin)
In some animal tissues, there are specialized junctions called _ _. In gap junctions, integral membrane proteins from two _ cells join together to form a barrel-like channel called a _
gap junctions, adjacent, connexon
Adjacent plant cells are held together by a _-like layer called the _ _. The middle lamella is found _ the cell walls of _ plant cells
gel, middle lamella, between, adjacent,
Example: the circulatory system - Cardiac muscle, along with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue form the _
heart
The cells that make up a complex multicellular organism are all genetically _ _ of one another, because they derive from a _ _ cell by repeated rounds of _
identical clones, single initial, mitosis
Examples of nervous tissue _
include nerve cells and supporting cells
Cadherins (_ _ _) interact with _ _ inside of the cell, and with _ proteins of an _ cell
integral membrane proteins, cytoskeletal fibers, cadherin, adjacent
_ and small _ _ can move directly between the _ of the two _ through _ _, without crossing the _ membrane
ions, hydrophilic molecules, cytoplasm, cells, gap junctions, plasma
Examples of epithelial tissue are _
lining of digestive tract, surface of skin
In this model, for example, we can see integrins spanning the plasma membrane, linking the _ of the cytoskeleton to _ in _
microfilaments, laminin, ECM
One of the most fundamental distinctions among _ organisms is their developmental mode: whether they stay _ during growth and develop _, or form a _ through the _ of free-_ cells
multicellular, together, clonally, group, aggregation, living
The heart in conjunction with many other _ forms an _ system e.g. the _ system
organs, organ, circulatory
The middle lamella is made primarily of _, which are _ molecules that attract _. This causes formation of a _ layer between the _ that causes them to stick together
pectins, carbohydrate, water, gelatinous, cells
All _ and _ are multicellular eukaryotes, some _ and many _ are multicellular eukaryotes
plants, animals, protists, fungi
Eukaryotes (all _ and _, many _ and many_) are the product of _ multicellularity
plants, animals, protists, fungi, complex
Plasmodesmata (singular _), create _ in the _ _ that connect the _ of _ plant cells, allow _ molecules and _ to pass _ between cells without crossing the _ membrane, have _ of the _ _ _ passing through them
plasmodesma, gaps, cell wall, cytoplasm, adjacent, small, ions, directly, plasma, extensions, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Tight junctions establish _ in _
polarity, epithelia
The spaces between microfibrils are filled with gelatinous _ such as _. Because these polysaccharides are _, they attract and hold large amounts of _, keeping the cell wall _
polysaccharides, pectins, hydrophilic, water, moist
Tight junctions form a _
seal between epithelial cells
Tight junctions _
seal cells together
As plant cells mature and stop growing, they may _ an additional layer of material—a _ _ _—between the _ _ and the _ _ _.
secrete, secondary cell wall, plasma membrane, primary cell wall
The ECM in animals is _ by cells and is composed of a mixture of _
secreted, fibers
Multicellularity has evolved independently _ times, in different _ of the tree of life
several, branches
The primary cell wall defines the _ of a plant cell. Under normal conditions, the concentration of solutes is _ inside the cell than _, so water tends to _ the cell via _
shape, higher, outside, enter, osmosis
The apical membrane is the _ of the _ in _ with the _ environment or the _ (_) of an _ _
side, cell, contact, external, lumen, inside, internal cavity
_ multicellularity: _ are capable of _ and form _
simple, Cyanobacteria, aggregating, filaments
During _ multicellularity in these _, or _, cells are arranged in _ so _ that every cell is in contact with the _
simple, aggregates, colonies, layers, thin, environment
Multicellular organization can be _ or _
simple, complex
In _ multicellularity, _, usually genetically different cells, _ and establish fairly _ connections to one another through simple _ molecules. In other, less common, cases cells originated by _ of a single cell remain attached after _
simple, independent, aggregate, minimal, adhesion, division, mitosis
_ multicellularity: Slime mold colonies (_) form _ multicellular _ bodies that produce _
simple, protists, simple, fruiting, spores
In a desmosome, these integral membrane proteins _ interact with cytoskeleton _ and with the _ proteins on an _ cell. Desmosomes connect the interacting cell and form a structural _ _ between _ within a _
simultaneously, fibers, cadherin, adjacent, support system, cells, tissue
Multicellular organisms vary tremendously in their level of complexity, ranging from _, _ _to organisms with _ of cells and _ of _ cell types
small, undifferentiated clusters, trillions, hundreds, dedicated
In complex multicellular organisms, cells are genetically programmed to _ and take on _ functions. There can be many different cell _, which are organized into more complex _
specialize, unique, types, structures
The heart is an organ that contains cardiac muscle _ but also blood _ and connective _. The interactions of these different tissue types are necessary for the heart to function properly as an _, that is to contract to _ blood
tissue, vessels, tissue, organ, pump
The purpose of muscle tissue _
to generate force
One of the most fundamental distinctions among multicellular organisms is whether they stay _ during growth and develop _, or form a _ through the _ of free _ cells
together, clonally, group aggregation, living
The purpose of nerve cells is to _
use nerve cells to conduct signals, and cells that support a nerve cells function
The incoming water increases the cell's _, pushing the _ _ up against the wall. The force exerted by the cell against the wall is known as _ _
volume, plasma membrane, turgor pressure
In cells that form _, the _ _ _ also contains _, a complex polymer that forms an exceptionally _ network. Thick secondary cell walls of _ and _ help woody plants withstand the forces of _ and _
wood, secondary cell wall, lignin, rigid, cellulose, lignin, gravity, wind