Biology 141 Test 4 Chapter 6-9

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.

DNA synthesis

Men have one rib fewer than women.

FALSE

The mastoid process cannot be palpated on a living person.

FALSE

Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?

Some separate bones gradually fuse with age.

Which of the following sutures connects the greatest number of bones?

Squamous suture

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?

Storage of red blood cells

Which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system?

Tendons

Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle?

The sacroiliac joint

Filled with _________, which are osteoblasts encased in matrix, ________ are found between layers of concentric lamellae.

osteocytes,;lacunae

Spicules and trabeculae are found in __________.

spongy bone

The most active form of _________ is called calcitriol

vitamin D

Identify the correct statement(s) regarding the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.

*All of the fontanels ossify by the time an infant is 1 year old. *The frontal bones usually fuse by age 3 or 4.

Consider the number of bones found in each region of the adult body, including both the left and right sides of the body as well as the phalanges on the hands and feet. Identify the correct statement(s).

*There are 12 ribs. *There are 8 cervical vertebrae.

One hand of an adult has __________ bones.

27

Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening?

A deficit of appositional bone growth

Which of the following would directly affect osseous tissue?

A vitamin c deficiency

__________ is/are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.

Central canals

The spinous process has a bifid tip in most __________ vertebrae.

Cervical

Which of the following bones is a single unpaired bone?

Ethmoid bone

A vertebra is considered a long bone.

False

Adding pins and plates to a fracture to aid repair is called traction.

False

Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone.

False

Concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae.

False

Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

False

Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.

False

The ossicles serve as attachment sites of several muscles that control the mandible, tongue, and larynx.

False

There are three bones in the pollex.

False

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?

Hydroxyapatite

Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra?

It has a pair of transverse foramina.

Which of the following is found in the palm of your hand?

Metacarpal

Identify the correct statements regarding the treatment of fractures.

Most fractures are set by open reduction. Traction is used to treat fractures of the femur in adults because it aids in the alignment of the bone fragments by overriding the force of the strong thigh muscles. Fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal may be treated with electrical stimulation, which accelerates repair by amplifying the effects of parathyroid hormone.

Which of the following articulates with the vertebral column?

Occipital condyle

_________________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs.

Osteoblasts

Which bone helps form the coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures of the skull?

Parietal bone

Which of the following are not considered facial bones?

Parietal bones

Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?

Patella

In an adult, which of the following is a bone that does not contain red bone marrow?

Radius

Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia?

Removal of the thyroid gland

All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton.

Scalpula

Which of the following is the most common spinal curvature deformity?

Scoliosis

Several bones are closely associated with the skull, but not considered part of it. Select the accurate statements about them.

The hyoid bone serves for attachment of several muscles that control the maxilla, tongue, and larynx.

Choose the incorrect statement regarding the general features of the vertebral column.

The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?

Transitional epithelium

At birth, there are about 270, and even more bones form during childhood. With age, however, the number decreases as separate bones gradually fuse.

True

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments are tissues and organs of the skeletal system.

True

The atlantoaxial joint is the joint between C1 and C2.

True

The ischium is posterior to the pubis and inferior to the ilium.

True

The styloid process of the radius can be palpated proximal to the thumb.

True

Which bone is a part of the skull and not just associated with it?

Vomer bone

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means __________.

abnormal calcification of a tissue

The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by __________.

absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts

Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except __________.

amino acids

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone _________.

calcitonin

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.

calcitriol

The hormone_____________ influences both resorption and deposition of bone.

calcitriol

Osseous tissue matrix is composed of __________.

calcium phosphate

Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.

calcium; phosphate

Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will then turn the tissue into a soft _________

callus.

Osteocytes maintain contact with neighboring osteocytes in adjacent lamellae via dendrite-like extensions through ___________.

canaliculi.

To help regulate body calcium levels, bone has two reserves. The disadvantage of the stable reserve is that it ________

cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid

Bone elongation is a result of __________.

cartilage growth

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis.

cell proliferation

Located in the middle of osteons, the ________ contain the blood vessels, and nervous supply of the compact bones.

central canals

When the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates and the bone can get no longer.

close

If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.

collagen

Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of __________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.

collagen

A __________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.

comminuted

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.

comminuted

The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________

compact bone

A rounded knob that articulates with another bone is called a(n) __________.

condyle

Osseous tissue is a(an) ____________ tissue.

connective

When levels of blood calcium ____________, parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid.

decrease

Vitamin D stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the ________system.

digestive

The internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the _____________ .

epiphyseal line

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________.

epiphyseal plate

The is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side

epiphyseal plate

The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the __________.

epiphysis

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Healthy paranasal sinuses are filled with mucus.

false

Red bone marrow is important in the production of new bone cells.

false

The acetabulum articulates with the __________.

femur

The _____ is an example of bone as an organ; _____ bone is an example of bone as a tissue.

femur; spongy

Intramembranous ossification produces the __________.

flat bones of the skull

Any break in a bone is called a _________ and repair is done in stages by the body.

fracture

One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the subpubic angle of a female is generally __________.

greater than 100 degrees

A _______ will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury.

hematoma

The __________ is a U-shaped bone that sits above the larynx yet does not articulate with any other bone.

hyoid bone

Elongation of bones is accomplished via _______ growth

interstitial

Spines of the __________ form a part of the pelvic outlet.

ischium

The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called __________, and they contain __________.

lacunae; osteocytes

Growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the ________ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood.

length

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

low blood. calcium

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________.

marrow cavity

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of _________

mechanical stress on bone remodeling

You cannot palpate the __________ on a living person.

medial surface of the fibula

The ___________ are found deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult.

medullary cavities

The __________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.

metaphysis

There are __________ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult.

more

Hypocalcemia can cause __________.

muscle spasms

All of these contribute to the wall of the orbit except the __________ bone.

nasal

Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called __________.

open

Bone-forming cells are called __________.

osteoblasts

During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________.

osteoblasts

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.

osteoblasts; osteocytes

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

osteoclasts

The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________.

osteoclasts; mineral resorption

The plasma membrane of __________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas __________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.

osteoclasts; osteocytes

The most common bone disease is __________.

osteoporosis

When blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete ________________hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity.

parathyroid

Which of the following bones is adjacent to both the coronal and lambdoid sutures?

parietal

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) __________ fracture.

pathologic

A newborn passes through the__________ of its mother during birth.

pelvic outlet

Any bony prominence is called a(n) ___________.

process

The antebrachium contains the __________.

radius and ulna

The process finishes with bone __________________ converting spongy to compact bone.

remodeling

The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called __________ in children and __________ in adults.

rickets; osteomalacia

A(n) __________would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system.

ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

The acromion is an anatomical feature of the __________.

scalpula

The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________.

scapula; humerus

All of the following are found on the temporal bone except the __________.

sella turcica

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called __________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called __________.

soft callus; hard callus

Fontanelle are __________ in an infant.

spaces between the unfused cranial bones

The __________ suture separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone.

squamous

The __________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the __________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.

sternum; clavicle

The __________ can be easily palpated between the clavicles.

suprasternal notch

A soft callus forms during ___________.

the healing of a fracture

Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because __________.

their bones contain larger quantities of collagen

In an adult, a compound fracture of the __________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream

tibia

Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.

true

Osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.

true

Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis.

true

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.

true

The hemopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.

true

Red bone marrow does not contain __________.

yellow bone marrow