Biology 141 Test 4 Chapter 6-9
Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.
DNA synthesis
Men have one rib fewer than women.
FALSE
The mastoid process cannot be palpated on a living person.
FALSE
Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?
Some separate bones gradually fuse with age.
Which of the following sutures connects the greatest number of bones?
Squamous suture
Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?
Storage of red blood cells
Which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system?
Tendons
Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle?
The sacroiliac joint
Filled with _________, which are osteoblasts encased in matrix, ________ are found between layers of concentric lamellae.
osteocytes,;lacunae
Spicules and trabeculae are found in __________.
spongy bone
The most active form of _________ is called calcitriol
vitamin D
Identify the correct statement(s) regarding the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.
*All of the fontanels ossify by the time an infant is 1 year old. *The frontal bones usually fuse by age 3 or 4.
Consider the number of bones found in each region of the adult body, including both the left and right sides of the body as well as the phalanges on the hands and feet. Identify the correct statement(s).
*There are 12 ribs. *There are 8 cervical vertebrae.
One hand of an adult has __________ bones.
27
Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening?
A deficit of appositional bone growth
Which of the following would directly affect osseous tissue?
A vitamin c deficiency
__________ is/are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.
Central canals
The spinous process has a bifid tip in most __________ vertebrae.
Cervical
Which of the following bones is a single unpaired bone?
Ethmoid bone
A vertebra is considered a long bone.
False
Adding pins and plates to a fracture to aid repair is called traction.
False
Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone.
False
Concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae.
False
Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
False
Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.
False
The ossicles serve as attachment sites of several muscles that control the mandible, tongue, and larynx.
False
There are three bones in the pollex.
False
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling
Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?
Hydroxyapatite
Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra?
It has a pair of transverse foramina.
Which of the following is found in the palm of your hand?
Metacarpal
Identify the correct statements regarding the treatment of fractures.
Most fractures are set by open reduction. Traction is used to treat fractures of the femur in adults because it aids in the alignment of the bone fragments by overriding the force of the strong thigh muscles. Fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal may be treated with electrical stimulation, which accelerates repair by amplifying the effects of parathyroid hormone.
Which of the following articulates with the vertebral column?
Occipital condyle
_________________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs.
Osteoblasts
Which bone helps form the coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures of the skull?
Parietal bone
Which of the following are not considered facial bones?
Parietal bones
Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?
Patella
In an adult, which of the following is a bone that does not contain red bone marrow?
Radius
Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia?
Removal of the thyroid gland
All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton.
Scalpula
Which of the following is the most common spinal curvature deformity?
Scoliosis
Several bones are closely associated with the skull, but not considered part of it. Select the accurate statements about them.
The hyoid bone serves for attachment of several muscles that control the maxilla, tongue, and larynx.
Choose the incorrect statement regarding the general features of the vertebral column.
The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.
Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?
Transitional epithelium
At birth, there are about 270, and even more bones form during childhood. With age, however, the number decreases as separate bones gradually fuse.
True
Bones, cartilage, and ligaments are tissues and organs of the skeletal system.
True
The atlantoaxial joint is the joint between C1 and C2.
True
The ischium is posterior to the pubis and inferior to the ilium.
True
The styloid process of the radius can be palpated proximal to the thumb.
True
Which bone is a part of the skull and not just associated with it?
Vomer bone
Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means __________.
abnormal calcification of a tissue
The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by __________.
absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts
Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except __________.
amino acids
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.
an elevated level of osteoblast activity
Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone _________.
calcitonin
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.
calcitriol
The hormone_____________ influences both resorption and deposition of bone.
calcitriol
Osseous tissue matrix is composed of __________.
calcium phosphate
Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.
calcium; phosphate
Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will then turn the tissue into a soft _________
callus.
Osteocytes maintain contact with neighboring osteocytes in adjacent lamellae via dendrite-like extensions through ___________.
canaliculi.
To help regulate body calcium levels, bone has two reserves. The disadvantage of the stable reserve is that it ________
cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid
Bone elongation is a result of __________.
cartilage growth
Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis.
cell proliferation
Located in the middle of osteons, the ________ contain the blood vessels, and nervous supply of the compact bones.
central canals
When the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates and the bone can get no longer.
close
If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.
collagen
Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of __________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.
collagen
A __________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.
comminuted
A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.
comminuted
The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________
compact bone
A rounded knob that articulates with another bone is called a(n) __________.
condyle
Osseous tissue is a(an) ____________ tissue.
connective
When levels of blood calcium ____________, parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid.
decrease
Vitamin D stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the ________system.
digestive
The internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the _____________ .
epiphyseal line
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________.
epiphyseal plate
The is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side
epiphyseal plate
The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the __________.
epiphysis
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
estrogen; osteoclast activity
Healthy paranasal sinuses are filled with mucus.
false
Red bone marrow is important in the production of new bone cells.
false
The acetabulum articulates with the __________.
femur
The _____ is an example of bone as an organ; _____ bone is an example of bone as a tissue.
femur; spongy
Intramembranous ossification produces the __________.
flat bones of the skull
Any break in a bone is called a _________ and repair is done in stages by the body.
fracture
One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the subpubic angle of a female is generally __________.
greater than 100 degrees
A _______ will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury.
hematoma
The __________ is a U-shaped bone that sits above the larynx yet does not articulate with any other bone.
hyoid bone
Elongation of bones is accomplished via _______ growth
interstitial
Spines of the __________ form a part of the pelvic outlet.
ischium
The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called __________, and they contain __________.
lacunae; osteocytes
Growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the ________ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood.
length
Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
low blood. calcium
The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________.
marrow cavity
Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of _________
mechanical stress on bone remodeling
You cannot palpate the __________ on a living person.
medial surface of the fibula
The ___________ are found deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult.
medullary cavities
The __________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.
metaphysis
There are __________ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult.
more
Hypocalcemia can cause __________.
muscle spasms
All of these contribute to the wall of the orbit except the __________ bone.
nasal
Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called __________.
open
Bone-forming cells are called __________.
osteoblasts
During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________.
osteoblasts
When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
osteoblasts; osteocytes
Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
osteoclasts
The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________.
osteoclasts; mineral resorption
The plasma membrane of __________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas __________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.
osteoclasts; osteocytes
The most common bone disease is __________.
osteoporosis
When blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete ________________hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity.
parathyroid
Which of the following bones is adjacent to both the coronal and lambdoid sutures?
parietal
A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) __________ fracture.
pathologic
A newborn passes through the__________ of its mother during birth.
pelvic outlet
Any bony prominence is called a(n) ___________.
process
The antebrachium contains the __________.
radius and ulna
The process finishes with bone __________________ converting spongy to compact bone.
remodeling
The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called __________ in children and __________ in adults.
rickets; osteomalacia
A(n) __________would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system.
ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
The acromion is an anatomical feature of the __________.
scalpula
The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________.
scapula; humerus
All of the following are found on the temporal bone except the __________.
sella turcica
Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called __________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called __________.
soft callus; hard callus
Fontanelle are __________ in an infant.
spaces between the unfused cranial bones
The __________ suture separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone.
squamous
The __________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the __________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.
sternum; clavicle
The __________ can be easily palpated between the clavicles.
suprasternal notch
A soft callus forms during ___________.
the healing of a fracture
Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because __________.
their bones contain larger quantities of collagen
In an adult, a compound fracture of the __________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream
tibia
Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.
true
Osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.
true
Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis.
true
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.
true
The hemopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.
true
Red bone marrow does not contain __________.
yellow bone marrow