AP1 Chapter 7 part 1

how thick is articular cartilage

2-3mm thick

how many bones in human adults

206

bones with spongy bone in the middle do what (spongy bone sandwich)

absorb shock (like skull)

hyoid bone part of what skeleton

axial skeleton

sacrum part of which skeleton

axial skeleton! but hip bones that join to that sacrum are appendicular

why do we have variations in number of bones in skeletons

bc sesamoid bones form in response to a tension and can have extra bones in skull: wormian/sutural bones

main organ of skeletal system

bone

lever system

bones multiply a force that is generated during the contraction of that muscle to move our skeleton through space

skeletal system consists of

bones, cartilage, ligaments

bone is a depot for

calcium

bones are warehouses of what

calcium and phosphate ions

most numerous fiber in bone

collagen fibers

two textures of osseous tissue

compact bone and spongy bone

types of tissues in bone organ

compact bone, hyaline cartilage (articular), adipose tissue, nerves, dense irregular connective tissue, reticular tissue (specialized form yellow and red), blood (simple squamous line bvs), smooth muscle (walls of bv)

what is the function of sesamoid bones

decrease friction when tendon crosses a joint, reduces wear and tear in the tendon in which it is embedded

ligaments

dense regular connective tissue that joins two bones across a joint

shaft of long bone; expanded end of long bone

diaphysis, epiphysis

spongy bone middle layer in flat bones aka

diploë

two layers of periosteum

fibrous outer layer (dense irregular connective tissue) and osteogenic inner layer

short bone shape allows them to what

glide across a surface of the adjacent bone - so plane joints/gliding joints

ground substance in bone

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoprotiens - both soft (unmineralized) or hard (mineralized, crystalized)

irregular bones good for what

good to attach structures to

tissue in red marrow

hemopoietic - capable of producing blood cells

blood cell formation where

in red bone marrow

keystone bones

irregular bones

across two bones

joint

articulations

joints

function of spongy bone

lighter because not as densely organized, framework allows spongy bone to absorb impact/force coming from many different directions

trabeculae

like flat plates (little beams)

hollow chamber in the diaphysis

marrow cavity/medullary cavity

what are calcium and phosphate ions important in

muscle contraction and transmission of a signal in the nervous system and blood clotting process

red marrow aka

myeloid tissue

how do nutrients pass the shaft to get to the inner part of the bone

nutrient foramen

perforating fiber

penetrate and adhere to the tissue of the bone organ and is a good place where tendon or ligament can attach to the bone

function of flat bones

protect soft organs and provide space for attachment of muscles and other structures

functions of skeletal system

protection, support, movement, mineral storage, acid-base balance, blood cell formation, yellow bone marrow

endosteum

relatively thin reticular tissue that lines and covers every one surface on the interior of the bone - lines marrow cavity, all surfaces of spongy bone, and central canals of osteons

function of compact bone

resists stress that is placed upon it - very strong and resists a lot of stress and force that's placed upon it

specialized short bone

sesamoid bone

perforating fiber aka

sharpey's fibers

bones of the axial skeleton

skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage

where is red bone marrow in adults

skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

spicules

small needle like structures

ex of irregular bone

sphenoid

yellow bone marrow

storage of triglycerides. compact source of energy

job of appendicular skeleton

take the frame/core of the axial skeleton and move it around in space - all about motion

where are gliding/plane joints found

the bones of the wrist and the bones of the ankles

nutrient foramen

tunnel that penetrates diaphysis and provides extensive vasculature for bone organ

appendicular skeleton bones

upper and lower limbs, scapula, clavicle, hip bones (pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)

where do sesamoid bones form

within tendons

sutural bones aka

wormian bones

bone is highly metabolically active, what provides that energy?

yellow bone marrow- triglycerides in adipose tissue

are marrow spaces in spongy flat bones lined with endosteum?

yes! like long bones

can skeletal system play a role in us getting back in pH homeostasis?

yes!!