Biology 1450 pre-lab 7-12
What is a dihybrid cross? (Lab 9)
A cross between two organisms involving two traits
In this lab you will use pieces of paper with a letter designated on each side. What does one piece of paper represent? (Lab 9)
A gene
What is an open reading frame? (Lab 12)
A long string of consecutive condons that are nonstop codons
What does one side of a piece of paper represent? (Lab 9)
A single allele
What are pop beads meant to represent in this lab? (Lab 8)
Chromatids
What molecule will we use to monitor photosynthesis in the experiment? (Lab 7)
Colorimeter
What font are you instructed to use to record the sequences of DNA from the 6 Neanderthal individuals? (Lab 12)
Courier
Provide a diagram of the Central Dogma. (Lab 11)
DNA ------> mRNA ------> Proteins Transcription Translation
What is the chromosomal difference between haploid and diploid cells? (Lab 8)
Diploid = two sets of homologous chromosomes Haploid = set of normal chromosomes (two sister chromatids)
What does an electropherogram display? (Lab 12)
Displays results from analysis done by electrophoresis automatic sequencing
From what organism will you isolate plasmid DNA? (Lab 10)
Ecoli bacteria
What is crossing over? (Lab 8)
Exchanging segments between two chromatids in a pair
What web browsers should you use when searching for open reading frames in Part 5? (Lab 12)
Firefox or Chrome
When we add the molecule IPTG, what do we expect to happen to lac Z? (Lab 11)
Gene expression should begin (amount will increase)
If a yellow color does not appear in our experiment, what would you conclude? (Lab 11)
Gene was not expressed
In a living organism what 2 monosaccharides are produced when β-galactosidase is cleaved?
Glucose and galactose
What molecule does β-galactosidase act on in our experiment to produce a colored product? (Lab 11)
It acts on ONPG
Why do you need to wear gloves and goggles when working with ethidium bromide(EtBr)? (Lab 10)
It can easily stain your clothes/skin and it is dangerous to work without gloves
What happens to the blue dye, DPIP, as photosynthesis progresses? What is causing this change? (Lab 7)
It changes from blue to colorless, caused by a reduction of the dye
What is the purpose of the "boiling plasmid miniprep"? (Lab 10)
It separates the bacteria and pulls out of the plasmid
When a cell undergoes meiosis, how will the chromosomes of the resulting cells resemble those of the original cell in terms of number and kinds of chromosomes and similarity of genetic information? (Lab 8)
It will produce cells with half as many chromosomes and will not have exactly the same genetic information
If no photosynthesis occurs in a treatment, what will happen to the spectrophotometer measurement? (Lab 7)
It will remain the same
Why are linked traits not inherited according to the principles of Mendelian genetics? (Lab 9)
Linked genes are more likely to be inherited together, they are not totally capable of complete independent assortment
What variable are we measuring in lab to monitor gene expression? (Lab 11)
Monitoring the accumulation of a gene product (enzyme), measuring the rate of appearance of yellow color
What is a recessive allele? (Lab 9)
One that can be suppressed by the other allele
What is a dominant allele? (Lab 9)
One that can suppress the phenotypic expression of the other
How many times are chromosomes replicated in meiosis? (Lab 8)
One time
What is the purpose of ethidium bromide? (Lab 10)
Powerful mutagen; agent that can cause genetic mutation
What five stages of mitosis will you study today? (Lab 8)
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What does shaking the paper bag and pouring the contents on the bench simulate? (Lab 9)
Random nature of fertilization
How would DNA sequence information provide information on evolutionary relationships? (Lab 12)
Shows direct comparison of genome sequences displaying evolutionary relationships between individuals
Do the larger or smaller DNA fragments migrate through the electrophoresis gel faster? (Lab 10)
Smaller fragments migrate faster
What is the purpose of adding ONPG? (Lab 11)
So we can see the product, turns it yellow
Will the restriction enzymes that you use today to cut the plasmid randomly or at very specific sequences? (Lab 10)
Specific sequences
What is the purpose of the fluorescent dideoxyribonucleotides used in the dideoxychain termination method of DNA sequencing? (Lab 12)
Terminate the extension in a random fashion but will label fragments ending in the same nucleotide with a single florescent color
When we add the molecule IPTG, what change occurs in the diagram in Figure 2? (Lab 11)
The IPTG will bond to the repressor protein, because it acts as lactose, and lac Z will be expressed.
A computer program will be recording the measurements. These will be on the y- axis of the computer monitor. What will be on the x-axis? (Lab 7)
The amount of time that has passed
What chemical change will the spectrophotometer detect when photosynthesis occurs? (Lab 7)
The change of DPIP from blue to colorless
When a cell undergoes mitosis, how will the chromosomes of the resulting cells resemble the original cell in terms of number and kinds of chromosomes and similarity of genetic information? (Lab 8)
The chromosome number and genetic information will be the same
What is lac Z? (Lab 11)
The gene for B-galactosidase, helps divide lactose into glucose and galactose
What does it mean if a gene is heterozygous for a character? (Lab 9)
There are two different alleles for a given gene
What does it mean if a gene is homozygous for a character? (Lab 9)
There are two of the same allele for a given gene
What does the dideoxy chain termination method help us to learn? (Lab 12)
To determine the complete nucleotide sequence using machines
If a restriction enzyme cuts a circular plasmid two times, how many linear fragments will be generated? (Lab 10)
Two linear fragments
How many times are chromosomes pulled to opposite poles in meiosis? (Lab 8)
Two times
What is the purpose of the non-digested plasmid DNA sample? (Lab 10)
Use as a comparison to the digested sample using gel electrophoresis
What treatments (comparisons) will we use to study the rate of respiration and photosynthesis of a plant? (Lab 7)
We will look at leaves in the dark and light, graphing the amount of respiration/photosynthesis against time
How will we monitor respiration and photosynthetic carbon fixation? (Lab 7)
We will use LoggerPro and a CO2 gas sensor to measure the amount of carbon dioxide consumed or produced by a plant
What treatments (comparisons) will we use to study the effect of light on photosynthesis? (Lab 7)
We will use the treatments boiled, unboiled, and dark chloroplasts