BIOLOGY 1500 PRACTICAL

Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles

-A dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one copy is present -A recessive allele is only expresses if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present)

Steps of PCR

1. Denaturation 2. Annealing 3. Extension

What voltage is gel electrophoresis run at?

100V

diploid number

2n=46

In order to separate PCR product bands produced by plant and GMO primers, a ____ agarose gel is required.

3%

How long is gel electrophoresis typically run for?

30 minutes

monohybrid cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

null hypothesis

A prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, or a statement or an idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong.

Allele

An alternative form of a gene.

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

what is the relationship between magnification and field size?

As one increases the magnification, your field of view decreases.

Your heart rate, or pulse, is the number of times your heart ______

Beats per minute

The linear relationship between the concentration of a colored solution and its light absorbance is known as the

Beer-Lambert Law

what is the difference between the fine adjustment knob and the course adjustment knob?

COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB — A rapid control which allows for quick focusing by moving the objective lens or stage up and down. It is used for initial focusing. FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB — A slow but precise control used to fine focus the image when viewing at the higher magnifications.

__________ is more resistant than ___________ to processing and can be extracted from highly processed foods, making it a better option for identifying GM in food.

DNA, Proteins

What is the purpose of DPIP in this experiment?

DPIP acts as the electron acceptor in this experiment

What molecule found in the chloroplasts does DPIP replace in this experiment?

DPIP replaces NADPH which is usually found in plants and accepts electrons.

What is the correct order for the steps of PCR amplification ?

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension

What is the primary difference between a compound microscope and a dissecting microscope?

Dissecting microscopes are useful for observing the surface features of the specimen. On the other hand, a compound microscope is meant for looking through the specimen.

What is the test that can be used to detect proteins that are produced in GM crops?

ELISA

What reasons can you give for the difference in the perfect transmittance between the live chloroplasts that were incubated in the light and those that were kept in the dark?

Electron flow and water photolysis were prevented in the dark cuvette due to a lack of light energy, but both processes were permitted to proceed in the illuminated cuvette.

A molecular weight ruler, aka ladder, is used as a reference to determine the charge (i.e. negative vs. positive) of your products.

False

The act of placing genes for selected traits directly into crop plants is a form of genetic modification known as______________

Genetic transformation

If the potato is placed in an isotonic solution would it gain weight, lose weight or have its weight remain the same? Why? Based on your graph and the trendline determine the molarity of the potato.

If the potato was placed in an isotonic solution, then the mass of the potato would remain the same. It would remain the same because the concentration of solute of the inside of the potato and the solution would be the same. The molarity of the potato would be around .2 M. This would be because this is when there was the least percent change in mass meaning that the solution was relatively isotonic.

Why was alkaline buffer used for parts 2 and 3 but not for part 1

In procedure one, we did not need the alkaline buffer because buffers are used to stabilize the temperature and Ph and don't allow for the Ph change to happen. However in parts two and three, our main goal was to try and keep the temperature and the pH at an optimal level, therefore we need the pH to keep that balance.

Compare the movement of the substance to their molecular weight. Explain what may have been the limiting factor for the substance that did not move through the dialysis tube.

In the experimental dialysis tube, the mass increased after being placed in the sucrose solution. This occurred because the concentration of the inside of the bag was much greater than the concentration of the starch and so osmosis occurred by entering through the bag to attempt to make the concentration of the solution equal.

The variable that is manipulated or varied by the researcher in an experiment is the:

Independent Variable

Your resting heart rate is___________

Is when your heart is pumping the least amount of blood and When your heart rate is at its slowest

What does cellular respiration inside the respirometer cause the dye to move into the pipette?

It causes the dye to move in the pipette because carbon dioxide is being released, causing it to move down the pipette.

What is the focal plane? How is it limited? Where did you see this limitation occur?

It is the imaginary plane perpendicular to the principle focal point. The limitation is that the focal plane decreases as the magnification increases and can be seen as you change the objectives on the microscope.

What results would you have expected if the light source used only shone green light?

It was anticipated that nothing would change and that a green light would just shine.If plants were not able to absorb green light in the same way that they do white light, the process of photosynthesis would not have been as effective.

TEM Microscope (Transmission Electron Microscope)

Magnification of 200,000x Uses a beam of electrons Can view dead/preserved specimens Can see inner details

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

law of independent assortment

Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation

P generation

Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

scientific method steps

Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analyze the Data, Conclusion

Blue-colored objects absorb which wavelength of light the most?

Red

Being able to reproduce the results of an experiment on a separate day follows the principles of:

Similarity of Causation

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA on the basis of what?

Size of DNA

What factors determine how fast water moves across a membrane? Select all that apply.

Solute concentration difference and Hydrostatic pressure

What is the name of the machine we will use in today's lab to measure the amount of light that is absorbed by a solution?

Spectrophotometer

What is added to a gel that allows us to visualize DNA?

SyberSafe dye

What type of buffer is used to run gel electrophoresis?

TAE

optimal temperature

Temperature at which an enzyme works the best

What is the course of the electrons that reduced the DPIP?

The active chloroplasts absorb light, which excites the electrons and causes them to leap to a higher energy level, lowering the DPIP. This comes from photolysis of water.

Why was it important to include the bead only respirometer in that experiment?

The beads in this experiment were used as a control because they are not living and therefore will have little to no effect on oxygen consumption.

at what point should you stop using the course adjustment knob on the compound microscope? why should you top using it?

The coarse adjustment knob should only be used with the lowest power objective lens. Once it is in focus, you will only need to use the fine focus. Using the coarse focus with higher lenses may result in crashing the lens into the slide.

what created the color change and how

The color change occurred because when the pNPP is hydrolyzed by the Alkaline phosphatase it turns into pNP because there is not an extra phosphate

What data do you have to support that this movement took place?

The data that supports this reaction occurred the fact that the color of the beaker changed but the color of the dialysis tubing did. When iodine. And starch mixed they form a purple solution and in our experiment the beaker turned purple meaning the small iodine molecules were able ti get through the membrane however the starch molecules were far too big to get in the bag and mix with the iodine solution.

what was the enzyme that was used and why?

The enzyme that we used in this lab was the Alkaline Phosphate. This enzyme in particular was used because it is able to hydrolyze the phosphate groups that are attached to the proteins and lipids in vivo, and in this experiment, we use in vitro otherwise known as pNPP.

What was measured with a spectrophotometer in this experiment?

The percentage of light transmittance through the cuvette that results from DPIP reduction is measured by the spectrophotometer.

What was the purpose of adding KOH to the cotton balls in the respirometer? Consider what gases will be consumed and produced during cellular respiration.

The purpose of adding the KOH on the cotton pads was to allow the object to perform cellular respiration because it would consume the oxygen from the KOH and the proceed to let carbon dioxide out with would indicate to us that oxygen was consumed

What substances were able to move through the dialysis tubing? How did you know? What was not able to move through the membrane? For the substances that moved through the membrane which direction did they move? Was this with or against their concentration gradient?

The substance that moved through the dialysis tubing was the iodine molecules, and the substance that did not move through the dialysis tubing was the starch. This was clear because the iodine molecules were small enough to pass the membrane and therefore mix with the starch solution and change the color of the beaker. However, the starch was too large to get through the dialysis tubing and therefore remained in the beaker causing the color of the inside of the dialysis tubing to remain the same. The iodine moved with the concentration gradient because it was small enough to seep through the pores of the dialysis tube easily. Therefore, it was working with a concentration gradient, because diffusion works with the concentration gradient and requires no additional energy.

What substance did not move through the membrane? Review your data and explain whether your data support your answer

The substance that was unable to move across the cell membrane was starch. Since the dialysis tubing is semipermeable it is only able to allow small molecules like iodine across. However, since starch is a bigger molecule, it is unable to get through the semibearable membrane of the dialysis tubing. This is clear because the color on the inside of the dialysis tubing did. Not turn a different color even though the outside of the bag did.

Independent variables are usually plotted on the X-axis of a graph, whereas dependent variables are usually plotted on the Y-axis

True

Potential allergic reactions to novel proteins and Antibiotic resistance from selectable markers are major arguments against/concerns associated with the GMO industry

True

Why was it essential to wait to add the enzyme

You have to wait to add the enzyme because enzymes react immediately when they are added to the solution therefore we have to wait before adding the enzyme in.

Chi-square

a statistical method that can be used to evaluate how observed ratios for a given cross compare with predicted ratios

what did you learn about accuracy and precision during this micro pipetting of this lab exercise?

accuracy pertains to percent error and precision pertains to standard deviation.

somatic cells

body cells

What color-producing chemical will be used in today's lab to determine the concentration of glucose solutions through absorbance readings?

chromagen

Annealing

complementary DNA strand hybridization via DNA primers

If you were to swab your phone right now and grow the bacteria. Which microscope would be ideal to look at the bacteria? Why?

compound microscope .This type of microscope provides the necessary magnification and resolution to visualize bacteria.

If you were to catch a bug in the forest and wanted to identify the species. Which microscope would you use and why?

dissecting microscope, because you would be able to identify the structures of the bug

From start to finish, place in order the laboratory steps that must be accomplished in order to identify DNA from samples/organisms.

dna isolation,pcr amplification,Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Products, analysis of gel results

extension

dna strand synthesis vio DNA polymerase

Which has a smaller wavelength: electrons or visible light?

electrons

Plant cells are like red blood cells and can potentially burst when placed in solutions of varying tonicity.

false

During the process of gel electrophoresis, combs are used to

form the wells that samples will be placed in

unlinked genes

genes that are found on different chromosomes

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

haploid number

half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells

Homozygous

having two identical alleles for a trait

DNA Polymerase is derived from a bacterium that lives in

high-temperature steam vents

P200

hundreds, tens, ones

There is a(n) __________ relationship between the color of a solution and the wavelength of light it best absorbs.

inverse

how to calculate percent error

measured value - accepted value / accepted value x 100 can be positive or negative

Denaturation

melting double stranded dna template into single strands

SEM electron microscope

microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen

In an experiment designed to determine the rate of reaction based on the content of each beaker, the hypothesis that states there will be no difference in the outcome of the experiment is:

null

F2 generation

offspring of the F1 generation

F1 gerneration

offspring of the P generation

Optimal pH

pH at which an enzyme works best

DNA from Bacillus thuringiensis is incorporated into the genomes of crops to make them

pest resistant

Gametes

sex cells

Which of the following molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane? Mark all that appl

small and uncharged molecules

Primers serve as _________ for amplifying the target region of the DNA to be copied.

start and stop points

P20

tens, ones, tenths

Resolution

the ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen or sample (clarity)

Magnification

the ability of a microscope to produce an image of an object at a scale larger (or even smaller) than its actual size

P1000

thousands, hundreds, tens

Why is it necessary to use oil immersion when using a 100x objective?

to eliminate any air gaps and loss of light due to refraction (bending of the light) as the light passes from glass

In the United States, genetically modified foods do not have to be labeled as such.

true

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient requires energy.

true

You must heat up the agarose to dissolve it. Correct!

true

The cause behind the results of an experiment will stay the same if we repeat the experiment tomorrow follows the principles of:

uniformity

describe the orientation of the image compared to the orientation of the object on the slide

upside down and backwards

why does your field of view become smaller as you increase your magnification?

when you increase magnification, you are magnifying or focusing on a smaller section of the specimen on the stage of the microscope.