Biology 155 Test Review
telophase 1 and cytokinesis
chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells, cytoplasm divides
metaphase 2
chromosomes line up at the equator (vertically)
Law of independent assortment
that the inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair
chromosomes
structures that carry the genetic information
diploid
any cell with two chromosome sets (2n)
What accounts for the unity and diversity of life
evolution
List the phases of Interphase
1. G1 2. S 3. G2
List the phases of Meiosis 2
1. Prophase 2 2. metaphase 2 3. anaphase 2 4. telophase 2 and cytokinesis
What does Mendel's law of inheritance include
1. law of dominance 2. law of segregation 3. law of independent assortment
List the things that living things do
1. order 2. energy processing 3. evolutionary adaptation 4. growth and development 5. response to the environment 6. regulation 7. reproduction
List the themes of biology
1. organization 2. information 3. energy and matter 4. interactions 5. evolution
List the phases of mitosis
1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase and cytokinesis
List the phases of Meiosis 1
1. prophase 1 2. metaphase 1 3. anaphase 1 4. telophase 1 and cytokinesis
What is the result of meiosis
4 haploid cells/cells with half the number of chromosomes sets as the original cell
alleles
Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
Cell A has half as much DNA as cells B, C, and D in a mitotically active tissue. Cell A is most likely in
G1 phase
Describe the process of science
Science is a way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
G1 phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
G2 phase
The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
complete dominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
S phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
organs
a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body
molecules
a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms
All the organisms on your campus make up
a community
genes
a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
variables
a feature or quantity that varies in an experiment
energy and matter
a fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their use of energy to carry out life's activities
locus
a genes specific location along the length of a chromosome
tissues
a group of cells that work together, preforming a specialized function
gametes
a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, that is formed by meiosis or is the descendent of cells formed by meiosis
prophase 2
a new spindle forms around the chromosomes
telophase 2 and cytokinesis
a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. The cytoplasm divides
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely
a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis
centromere
a region made up of repetitive sequences in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid
haploid
a single set of chromosomes (n)
a human cell containing 22 autosomes and a y chromosome is
a sperm
evolution
accounts for the unity and diversity of life/it's one idea that makes logical sense of everything we know about living organisms
somatic cells
all body cells except the reproductive cells
community
an array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem, including many kinds of plants, various animals, mushrooms, and other fungi, and enormous numbers of diverse microorganisms such as bacteria
hypothesis
an explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction
Homozygote (homozygous)
an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character
phenotype
appearance or observable traits
interactions
at any level of the biological hierarchy, interactions between the components of the system ensure smooth integration of all the parts, such that they function as a whole
What is the purpose of mitosis
cell reproduction, regeneration, and growth
in the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in
cells with more than one nucleus
anaphase 2
centromeres divide, chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cells
Describe the structure of DNA
composed of molecules chained together, is a double-stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs
ecosystem
consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light
population
consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
does not occur
Mitosis Role in animals, fungi, and plants
enables multicellular animal, fungus, or plant to arise from a single cell; produces cells for growth, repair, and, in some species, asexual reproduction; produces gametes in the plant gametophyte
scientific method
exploration and discovery/observation forming and testing hypothesis interpreting results
Meiosis number of daughter cells and genetic composition
four, each haploid (n); genetically different from the parent cell and from each other
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
chromatid
half of the copy of the original chromosome
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell
Law of dominance
hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are called as the recessive traits while the alleles that determine the trait are known as the dormant traits.
which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science
hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power
which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry
if my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results
organisms
individual living things
sister chromatids
joined copies of the original chromosome
cells
life's fundamental unit of structure and function
How does meiosis introduce genetic variation into populations
making new combinations of gene variants (alleles). In some cases, these new combinations may make an organism fit (able to survive and reproduce), thus providing the raw material for natural selection
the two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of dividing cell during
meiosis 1
Meiosis DNA replication
occurs during interphase before meiosis 1 but not meiosis 2
Mitosis DNA replication
occurs during interphase, before mitosis begins
Meiosis synapsis of homologous chromosomes
occurs during prophase 1 along with crossing over between non sister chromatids; resulting chiasmata hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion
F2 generation
offspring of the F1 generation
F1 generation
offspring of the P generation
Mitosis Number of divisions
one, including prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
heterozygote/heterozygous
organism that inherits two different alleles for a given gene
metaphase 1
pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell (horizontally)
information
processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information/ within the cells, structures contain genetic material in the form of DNA
What is the purpose of meiosis
produce gametes/Allows sexual reproduction of diploid organisms, it enables genetic diversity, and it aids the repair of genetic defects
Meiosis role in animals, fungi, and plants
produces gametes (in animals) or spores (in fungi and in plant sporophytes); reduces number of chromosomes sets by half and introduces genetic variability among the gametes or spores
which of the following does not occur during mitosis
replication of the DNA
meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis in that
sister chromatids separate during anaphase
Law of segregation
states that every individual possesses two alleles and only one allele is passed on to the offspring
a controlled experiment is one that
tests experimental and control groups in parallel
prophase 1
the chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down, crossing over occurs
chromatin
the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
genome
the entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
dependent variable
the factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable
telophase and cytokinesis
the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun
Prophase
the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form
What is the result of mitosis
the formation of two cells, called daughter cells, that are genetically identical to the original cell
anaphase
the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated, and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell
zygote
the resulting fertilized egg
prometaphase
the second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosome
which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms
the structure and function of DNA
organization
the study of life on earth extends from the microscopic scale of the molecules and cells that make up organisms to the global scale of the entire living planet/divided this enormous range into different levels of biological organizations ex. (the biosphere, ecosystems, populations, community, etc.)
metaphase
the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate
organelles
the various functional components present in cells
homologous chromosomes
two chromosomes of a pair have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
Mitosis Number of daughter cells and genetic composition
two, each genetically identical to the parent cell, with the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis number of divisions
two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
systems biology is mainly an attempt to
understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts