Biology 155 Test Review

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells, cytoplasm divides

metaphase 2

chromosomes line up at the equator (vertically)

Law of independent assortment

that the inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair

chromosomes

structures that carry the genetic information

diploid

any cell with two chromosome sets (2n)

What accounts for the unity and diversity of life

evolution

List the phases of Interphase

1. G1 2. S 3. G2

List the phases of Meiosis 2

1. Prophase 2 2. metaphase 2 3. anaphase 2 4. telophase 2 and cytokinesis

What does Mendel's law of inheritance include

1. law of dominance 2. law of segregation 3. law of independent assortment

List the things that living things do

1. order 2. energy processing 3. evolutionary adaptation 4. growth and development 5. response to the environment 6. regulation 7. reproduction

List the themes of biology

1. organization 2. information 3. energy and matter 4. interactions 5. evolution

List the phases of mitosis

1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase and cytokinesis

List the phases of Meiosis 1

1. prophase 1 2. metaphase 1 3. anaphase 1 4. telophase 1 and cytokinesis

What is the result of meiosis

4 haploid cells/cells with half the number of chromosomes sets as the original cell

alleles

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Cell A has half as much DNA as cells B, C, and D in a mitotically active tissue. Cell A is most likely in

G1 phase

Describe the process of science

Science is a way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

G1 phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

complete dominance

The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

S phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

organs

a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

molecules

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

All the organisms on your campus make up

a community

genes

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

variables

a feature or quantity that varies in an experiment

energy and matter

a fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their use of energy to carry out life's activities

locus

a genes specific location along the length of a chromosome

tissues

a group of cells that work together, preforming a specialized function

gametes

a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, that is formed by meiosis or is the descendent of cells formed by meiosis

prophase 2

a new spindle forms around the chromosomes

telophase 2 and cytokinesis

a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. The cytoplasm divides

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely

a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis

centromere

a region made up of repetitive sequences in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

haploid

a single set of chromosomes (n)

a human cell containing 22 autosomes and a y chromosome is

a sperm

evolution

accounts for the unity and diversity of life/it's one idea that makes logical sense of everything we know about living organisms

somatic cells

all body cells except the reproductive cells

community

an array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem, including many kinds of plants, various animals, mushrooms, and other fungi, and enormous numbers of diverse microorganisms such as bacteria

hypothesis

an explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction

Homozygote (homozygous)

an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

phenotype

appearance or observable traits

interactions

at any level of the biological hierarchy, interactions between the components of the system ensure smooth integration of all the parts, such that they function as a whole

What is the purpose of mitosis

cell reproduction, regeneration, and growth

in the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in

cells with more than one nucleus

anaphase 2

centromeres divide, chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cells

Describe the structure of DNA

composed of molecules chained together, is a double-stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs

ecosystem

consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light

population

consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

Mitosis Synapsis of homologous chromosomes

does not occur

Mitosis Role in animals, fungi, and plants

enables multicellular animal, fungus, or plant to arise from a single cell; produces cells for growth, repair, and, in some species, asexual reproduction; produces gametes in the plant gametophyte

scientific method

exploration and discovery/observation forming and testing hypothesis interpreting results

Meiosis number of daughter cells and genetic composition

four, each haploid (n); genetically different from the parent cell and from each other

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

chromatid

half of the copy of the original chromosome

anaphase 1

homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell

Law of dominance

hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are called as the recessive traits while the alleles that determine the trait are known as the dormant traits.

which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science

hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power

which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry

if my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results

organisms

individual living things

sister chromatids

joined copies of the original chromosome

cells

life's fundamental unit of structure and function

How does meiosis introduce genetic variation into populations

making new combinations of gene variants (alleles). In some cases, these new combinations may make an organism fit (able to survive and reproduce), thus providing the raw material for natural selection

the two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of dividing cell during

meiosis 1

Meiosis DNA replication

occurs during interphase before meiosis 1 but not meiosis 2

Mitosis DNA replication

occurs during interphase, before mitosis begins

Meiosis synapsis of homologous chromosomes

occurs during prophase 1 along with crossing over between non sister chromatids; resulting chiasmata hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion

F2 generation

offspring of the F1 generation

F1 generation

offspring of the P generation

Mitosis Number of divisions

one, including prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

heterozygote/heterozygous

organism that inherits two different alleles for a given gene

metaphase 1

pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell (horizontally)

information

processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information/ within the cells, structures contain genetic material in the form of DNA

What is the purpose of meiosis

produce gametes/Allows sexual reproduction of diploid organisms, it enables genetic diversity, and it aids the repair of genetic defects

Meiosis role in animals, fungi, and plants

produces gametes (in animals) or spores (in fungi and in plant sporophytes); reduces number of chromosomes sets by half and introduces genetic variability among the gametes or spores

which of the following does not occur during mitosis

replication of the DNA

meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis in that

sister chromatids separate during anaphase

Law of segregation

states that every individual possesses two alleles and only one allele is passed on to the offspring

a controlled experiment is one that

tests experimental and control groups in parallel

prophase 1

the chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down, crossing over occurs

chromatin

the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

genome

the entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

dependent variable

the factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable

telophase and cytokinesis

the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun

Prophase

the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form

What is the result of mitosis

the formation of two cells, called daughter cells, that are genetically identical to the original cell

anaphase

the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated, and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell

zygote

the resulting fertilized egg

prometaphase

the second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosome

which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms

the structure and function of DNA

organization

the study of life on earth extends from the microscopic scale of the molecules and cells that make up organisms to the global scale of the entire living planet/divided this enormous range into different levels of biological organizations ex. (the biosphere, ecosystems, populations, community, etc.)

metaphase

the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate

organelles

the various functional components present in cells

homologous chromosomes

two chromosomes of a pair have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern

Mitosis Number of daughter cells and genetic composition

two, each genetically identical to the parent cell, with the same number of chromosomes

Meiosis number of divisions

two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

systems biology is mainly an attempt to

understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts