Biology

30. The ________________________, a small, hollow, finger-like pouch, hangs at the end of the cecum. It does not appear to be useful to the digestive process.

Appendix

13. A chewed mass of food is called a __________________.

Bolus

27. Another name for the large and small "intestine" is the ______________________.

Bowel

28. The __________________is a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine that joins the small intestine to the large intestine with the ____________________ ____________ that prevents food from returning to the small intestine.

Cecum

14. The upper ________________________ ____________________ muscle is the valve at the opening into the esophagus. Smooth muscles will contract behind the bolus to prevent it from being squeezed back onto the mouth.

Esophageal Sphincter

16. If the bolus gets stuck or is slow moving, secondary peristaltic wave(s) will force the bolus further down the esophagus , and will continue indefinitely until the bolus passes the Lower ____________________________ __________________ muscle.

Esophageal Sphincter

9. _________________________ or chewing is the repetitive sequence of jaw opening and closing is the process by which food is mashed and crushed by teeth. It is the first step of digestion and it increases the surface area of foods to allow more efficient break down by salivary enzymes and gastric acids.

Mastication

3. The mouth or ___________________ cavity or oral cavity is the orifice through which we take in food or water.

Oral

7. Small nodules of tissue on the tongue called ___________________ cover the surface.

Papillae

15. Rhythmic, downward-directional waves of contractions called ___________________ will work to rapidly force the food into the stomach. The primary peristaltic wave lasts about 8-9 seconds, even if the bolus descends at a faster rate.

Peristalsis

5. Salivary glands under the tongue and near the lower jaw secrete___________________ in response to the sensory stimulation of seeing, smelling, tasting, or even imagining good-tasting food.

Saliva

8. Between the papillae are ______________ __________, detecting 5 basic taste components: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory (umami).

Taste Buds

33. Intestinal gas in the rectum is _______that is ____________________through the nose and mouth while eating and drinking and gases ____________________________ within the digestive tract. The latter results from ___________________ _______________ or as a _________________________of certain foods, especially those containing complex sugars such as beans, lentils, milk, onions, radishes, sweet potatoes, cheese, cashews, Jerusalem artichokes, oats, yeast in breads, broccoli, cabbage, and dairy products.

~Air ~Ingestion ~Produced ~Incomplete Digestion ~By-product

6. ____________________(ăm'ə-lāce') or __________________(tī'ə-lĭn) is the digestive enzyme found in saliva. It starts to break down carbohydrates (sugars and starches) in the mouth.

~Amylase ~Ptyalin

23. The pancreatic juice contains a high concentration of __________________________ (hydrogen carbonate), neutralizing the acidic gastric acid in the chyme, which would damage the lining of the duodenum. The digestive _______________________ of the pancreatic juice work on the macromolecular nutrients - proteins, fats and starch, which must be broken down much further before their constitutents can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

~Bicarbonate Ions ~Enzymes

25. The villi slow the passage of food, and allow food particles to be captured so that the blood inside the villi can absorb the nutrients in the food. Villus _________________________ (tiny blood vessels) collect amino acids and and simple sugars taken up by the villi into the blood stream. Villus _____________________ collect absorbed fatty acids.

~Capillaries ~Lacteals

29. The _______________has three main parts: the _____________________ colon extending from the cecum up the right side of the abdomen; the _____________________ colon across the upper abdomen, which absorbs fluids and salts; and the ________________________ colon down the left side of the abdomen and ending with the _______________________ colon where it is connected to the rectum, which holds the resulting waste.

~Colon ~Ascending ~Transverse ~Descending ~Sigmoid

34. ___________________________ or _______________________is the act or process by which we eliminate solid or semisolid waste material (feces) from the digestive tract via the anus, which is controlled by the internal and external ___________________________ muscles. For defecation, we have to consciously relax the ______________________ anal sphincter muscle to expel the waste.

~Defecation ~Egestion ~Sphincter Muscles ~External

2. The _________________________ or GI tract or_________________________ canal is the system of organs that takes food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.

~Digestive ~Alimentary

23. There are 3 sections of the small intestine: ________________________ : a short section that receives secretions from the pancreas and liver via the pancreatic and common bile ducts; the most chemical digestion occurs here; the acidic chyme with a creamy consistency is converted to ________________ , which is alkaline with a watery consistency. _______________________: its layers of mucous membrane called the _____________________: covered in tiny projections called ____________and even smaller microvilli, which increase the surface area of tissue available to absorb nutrients ______________________: absorbs vitamin B12; contains enzymes responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion; completes absorption of water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, and potassium) and dietary organic molecules; empties into the large intestine

~Duodenum ~Chyle ~Jejunum ~Epithelium ~Villi ~lleum

18. Two smooth muscle valves, or sphincters, keep the contents of the stomach contained. They are the: lower _______________________ ________________ at the top of the stomach. _________________ ___________________dividing the stomach from the small intestine.

~Esophageal Sphincter ~Pyloric Sphincter

12. The ____________________, or __________________, is an organ which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

~Esophagus ~Gullet

17. The words __________________- and ________________ are derived from Greek, meaning "related to the stomach".

~Gastro ~Gastric

10. There are several types of teeth, each performing a different function. ______________________ cut foods when you bite into them. ______________________ cut foods when you bite into them.different function. The sharper and longer ________________________ tear food. The premolars or_______________________grind and mash food. _________________ with points and grooves, are responsible for vigorous chewing.

~Incisors ~Canines ~Bicuspids ~Molars

26. Other intestinal features: _____________________________ - these secrete enzymes, hormones and mucus _____________________________ - lymph nodes (filter or trap foreign particles and contain white blood cells); found primarily in the ileum, preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream _____________________________ - these produce an alkaline mucus which protects the intestinal wall from gastric acid

~Intestinal Crypts ~Peyer's Patch ~Brunner's Glands

31. Absorption of nutrients from the large intestine is minimal, but does include small amounts of vitamin _____and vitamin ______ produced by the bacteria. During the fermentation process, _____________(gas) is produced. It is amixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulphide, some of which has a foul odor when voluntarily or involuntarily expelled: _______________________.

~K ~B ~Flatus ~Flatulence

20. The _________________ is a large organ in the abdominal cavity. Its primary contribution to digestion is the production of ________________. Also called gall, it's a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid , some of which drains directly into the duodenum (top part of the small intestine), and some is stored in the gallbladder. It travels through the _________________ _____________, which merge together. Bile has several major components: A. ________________________, a fat naturally manufactured in the liver. B. Bile ________________ or _______________, which break down large globules of fat into tiny droplets that can be more easily digested. C. A pigment called ______________________ is created as a byproduct when the liver breaks down the ___________________________ in used red blood cells. This pigment gives the feces their characteristic brown color. 21. Bile is stored in the ___________________________until the time of its discharge when fat is detected in the duodenum. It leaves through the _________________ duct which will become the ___________________ _____________ duct. Bile "breaks down" or ________________________ fat, so is important in the absorption of the fat soluble vitamins D, E, K, and A.

~Liver ~Bile ~Paptic Ducts ~Cholestrol ~Acids ~Salts ~Bilirubin ~Hemoglobin

1. Digestion is the _______________________ and _____________________ processes taking place in the gastrointestinal tract by which food is broken down into absorbable forms. It is related to , but not the same as, metabolism.

~Mechanical ~Chemical

4. The membrane-covered roof of the mouth is called the ________________, the bony portion called the _________________________ and the fleshy rear part called the ____________________________.

~Palate ~Hard Palate ~Soft Palate

22. The ____________________ is a long, irregularly shaped gland organ lying behind the stomach. It secretes _____________________________ into the duodenum via the ________________________________ which merges with the common bile duct. This pancreatic juice contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions.

~Pancreas ~Pancreatic Juice ~Pancreatic Duct

11. The _______________________ (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity. A flap of connective tissue called the ______________________ closes over the__________________ (voice box) opening when food is swallowed. This prevents choking or ___________________________, the entry of secretions or foreign material into the _____________________ (windpipe) and lungs. _____________________is a complex act that involves the coordinated activity of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus.

~Pharynx ~Epiglottis ~Larynx ~Aspiration ~Trachea ~Swallowing

32. The _____________________is where _______________ are stored until they leave the digestive system, through the _______________as a bowel movement. The rectum _______________________ is the dilated section at the top of the rectum.

~Rectum ~Feces ~Anus ~Ampulla

19. The stomach is an organ between the esophagus and the small intestine. It has three tasks: A. The stomach serves as a ______________________________________. B. It mixes the food with stomach acids (primarily ________________________ acid to kill bacteria ingested with food) and ____________________enzymes initiating the digestion of proteins, primarily __________________. C. The ___________________ or vigorous contractions stimulated by hormones of the gastric smooth muscle of the _________________crushes, grinds, and mixes foodstuffs with gastric secretions, liquefying it to a form called ________________. The chyme is then slowly forced through the pyloric canal into the small intestine for further processing, a process called ________________ ____________________.

~Storage ~Hydrochloric ~Prodiase ~Pepsin ~Motilatle ~Antrom ~Chyme ~Gastric Emptying

24. The primary enzymes discharged from the pancreas into the duodenum are: ________________, __________________, and __________________: which break down complex sugars into simple glucose ______________________: for the digestion of lipids (fats) into fatty acids ______________________: for the digestion of proteins into amino acids

~Sucrace ~Lipase ~Trypsin ~Lipase ~Trypsin