Biology 2 Exam 2

Which of the following statements about bacteria is false?

Bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms

Which of the following statements concerning mycorrhizae is FALSE?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular

Pili are involved in adhesion of bacterial cells to a substrate or host, or in transmission of __________ between bacteria.

DNA

Late blight of potatoes that caused the Irish potato famine is caused by members of the genus __________.

Phytophthora

The characteristic brown, blue-green, pink, or other tints of ascomycetes are due to the color of their __________.

conidia

Which of the following is not a seedless plant?

conifer

Members of which group are one of the most important producers in marine ecosystems, although sometimes they form blooms known as red tides?

dinoflagellates

Malaria is caused by an __________, which is carried to a host by a __________.

apicomplexan; mosquito

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

asci

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

basidiocarps

Alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of

diploid and haploid stages.

In flowering plants, the __________ generation is dominant.

diploid sporophyte

The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the __________ generation

diploid sporophyte

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

binary fission.

An example of a member of phylum Zygomycota is:

black bread mold

Moss sperm are transported to the archegonia by:

both insects and water

Yeasts reproduce asexually by:

budding

Some protists consist of a single cell with multiple nuclei. This condition is known as:

coenocytic

Which group of fungi has hyphae that are multinucleate and not divided by septa?

coenocytic

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

chemoautotroph

The cell walls of fungi are composed of

chitin

Characteristics shared between green algae and plants include:

chlorophylls a and b in plastids

Microphylls are found only in __________.

club mosses

Members of the __________ are thought to have given rise to plants.

green algae

A basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants is:

gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.

If a flower has sepals, petals, and stamens but lacks carpels, then that flower is:

incomplete and imperfect

Mycorrhizae benefit plants by:

increasing absorptive surface area of roots

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

monoecious

In a mushroom, the primary mycelium is composed of __________ cells.

monokaryotic

Bacteria

move by means of a rotating flagella.

A __________ is a tangled mass of hyphae.

mycelium

Dikaryotic cells are denoted as:

n + n

The female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the:

ovule of the ovary

Symbiotic association in which one partner lives on or in another and metabolically depends on it is called:

parasitism

Small circles of DNA called __________ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome.

plasmids

Members of this group are characterized by a multinucleate amoeboid-like feeding form called a plasmodium.

plasmodial slime molds

In flowering plants, the immature male gametophyte is the:

pollen grain.

In plants, phloem is associated with transport of:

dissolved sugars

In plants the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular __________ (young plant) within a female gametangium.

embryo

Mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells probably originated from:

endosymbionts

Who am I? I have the same photosynthetic pigments as plants, but I can also obtain nutrients by ingestion.

euglenoids

One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:

flagellated cells

During pollination of flowering plants, pollen lands on the:

stigma

A chain of round bacteria would be called:

streptococci

The most significant difference between the Archaea and the Bacteria is:

the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea.

Which is NOT a member of phylum Ascomycota?

the black bread mold

Koch's postulates include all the following except

the microorganism must be visible in the electron microscope

Which group of algae are a commercial source of agar and carrageenan?

red algae

Members of this group typically consist of amoeboid cells surrounded by a hard outer shell through which cytoplasmic projections extend.

rhizarians

After fertilization in angiosperms, the ovule develops into the:

seed

Seeds are reproductively superior to spores because:

seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat

The endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically:

triploid (3n).

What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?

underground mycelium

An example of a unicellular fungus is:

yeast

Reproduction in the black bread mold occurs between __________ hyphae

+ and -

How many sperm cells contribute to the process of reproduction in angiosperms?

2

Which of the following statements concerning gymnosperms and angiosperms is FALSE?

Both groups have free-living gametophytes

You find a unicellular organism that forms lobe-like pseudopodia. When you expose the cells to cAMP, they aggregate into a slug like structure. Based on this information, you correctly conclude that this organism is:

Dictyostelium discoideum

Which of the following phyla is unusual, as it is composed of a single species?

Ginkgophyta

__________ are small leaves with a single vascular strand

Microphylls

The most economically important bryophyte is:

Sphagnum

Which of the following statements concerning biofilms is FALSE?

They are usually less than 2 mm thick.

Which of the following statements concerning microsporidia is FALSE?

They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes.

You find a protist that has a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. You correctly conclude that this organism is:

a choanoflagellate

Fungi can grow under all of the following conditions except:

a dry environment

Prokaryotes have their genetic information stored in:

a large, circular piece of DNA.

Leaf __________ in the fall is an adaptation for flowering plants to survive harsh winters in temperate climates.

abscission

Which of the following is not an adaptation of flowering plants that contributed to their evolutionary success?

adaptability of the gametophyte generation

When plants have a distinct haploid stage and diploid stage, this is referred to as:

alternation of generations

Coal deposits formed when forested areas were inundated with water and the __________ conditions that resulted promoted incomplete decomposition of the vegetation into coal.

anaerobic

Rod-shaped bacteria are called:

bacilli

The cuticle in plants helps in preventing:

dessication

Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?

diatoms

The sori of most ferns are found on the:

fronds

In plants, ovaries develop into:

fruits

The __________ generation is dominant in mosses, as it can live independently.

haploid gametophyte

Black bread mold is __________, which means that it is self-sterile.

heterothallic

Most bacteria are:

heterotrophs

What am I? I have a jointed hollow stem with reduced megaphylls.

horsetail

Evidence from vascular tissues and developmental stages suggests that stamens evolved from:

leaves.

The largest cones produced on a pine tree, the ones we are typically most familiar with, are the female cones that contain:

megasporangia

When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:

spores

Penicillin works most effectively against gram-positive bacteria because:

they have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, and penicillin affects the synthesis of peptidoglycans.

Mosses and liverworts are limited in size because they lack:

vascular tissues

__________ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

Conjugation

Which of the following gymnosperm groups has the most efficient water-conducting cells?

Gnetophyta

Which of the following is a vascular plant?

fern

What am I? I am a unicellular, biflagellate stramenopile that forms a significant portion of the nonplankton.

golden algae

Many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as:

homospory

A __________ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi.

hypha

A key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce __________, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that function in support and conduction.

lignin

Microsporocytes divide by __________ to form __________.

meiosis; microspores

Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for ingesting food as well as for:

movement

Most fungal spores are __________ reproductive cells that are produced __________.

nonmotile; sexually or asexually

A(n) __________ bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen.

obligate anaerobic

What am I? I am an anaerobic excavate that is an endosymbiont of animals.

parabasilid

Based on the most recent data available, the protist kingdom is:

paraphyletic

The gametophyte generation of ferns is called the:

prothallus

The first eukaryotic cells to evolve from ancestral prokaryotes were:

protists

In mosses, the __________ grows into the leafy gametophyte plant.

protonema

Gram-positive bacteria would stain __________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of __________ in their cell walls.

purple; peptidoglycan

In plants, ovules develop into:

seeds

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

their capsule.

In plants, xylem is associated with the transportation of:

water and minerals

Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over the counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm are also sold in OTC medicines, some of which have useful effects and others of which have controversial effects?

Ephedra

__________ are Archaea that are typically found in abnormally hot environments.

Extreme thermophiles

What am I? I am coenocytic, lack sexual reproduction, and reproduce asexually via blastospores.

Glomeromycetes

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called:

a fruiting body

A plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as:

a monocot.

Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by:

a rigid cell wall.

The volume of a typical bacterium is about __________ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

a thousandth

Terrestrial plants obtain carbon dioxide, required for photosynthesis, from the:

atmosphere

In Paramecium, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hair-like __________.

cilia

Asexual reproduction in sac fungi involves production of spores called:

conidia

Individuals in this group often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates.

dinoflagellates

Cycads may be characterized as being:

dioecious and having motile sperm

The __________ are excavates that lack functional mitochondria and Golgi.

diplomonads

Heterospory was an important evolutionary development, as it led to the evolution of:

seeds

Angiosperms have __________ in their phloem.

sieve tube elements

Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

the plasma membrane.

One unique characteristic associated with some of the extreme halophilic Archaea is that:

they have photosynthetic ability involving a purple bacteriorhodopsin pigment.

All of the following statements about the brown algae are true except

they share a common ancestor with representatives of the plant kingdom

An example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete is:

wheat rust

Pine pollen is primarily disseminated by:

wind

The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the:

angiosperms

The most recent group of plants to evolve are the:

angiosperms

In a flowering plant, the __________ is the site of meiosis and, ultimately, the production of pollen.

anther

The __________ is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants.

antheridium

__________ is a common chytridiomycete which exhibits alternation of generation.

Allomyces

Which one of the following is mismatched?

Dutch elm disease-glomeromycetes

__________ are dormant structures formed by bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions.

Endospores

The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:

basidia

Which of the following is not a characteristic of fungi?

cell wall of lipopolysaccharides

Bacterial __________ cause systemic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial __________ cause more specific maladies.

endotoxins; exotoxins