Biology 2 Exam 3

Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.

oviparous; internal

Which cells or cell components play an essential role in the clotting of blood?

platelets

For gas exchange to occur quickly and efficiently, which type of epithelium must be present on all respiratory surfaces?

simple squamous epithelium

Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on __________, which attach to bones.

tendons

During contraction of your arm muscle

the I band and the H zone shorten.

Gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through:

the use of tracheae

Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:

therapsids.

Muscles occur in antagonistic pairs because:

they are only capable of contracting and not pushing.

One of the disadvantages of exoskeletons in arthropods is that:

they must be shed when the animal grows.

One adaptation of insects that is specific to this group among all arthropods is:

wings

By the Late ____ period the Chordates had expanded to include a number of different taxa with skeletal elements such as a rudimentary braincase.

Cambrian

Which of the following arthropod groups is almost exclusively aquatic in habitat?

Crustacea

Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.

Echinoidea

Which of the following statements about UV radiation is true?

Exposure to ultraviolet rays causes the epidermis to thicken and produce more melanin.

Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.

Testudines

Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their __________. This allows transfer of __________ from one worm to the other.

clitellum; sperm

A tissue is represented by a group of __________ adapted to carry out __________.

closely associated, similar cells; specific functions

Which of the following statements is false? Typically, one surface of an epithelial tissue layer:

consists of loosely packed cells with several intermediate spaces

The flight muscles of insects:

contain more mitochondria than any known variety of muscle

Epithelial tissue is least likely to:

contract

Skeletal systems can serve all of the following purposes except

contraction

Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin?

dermis

If it were possible, which of the following methods would be the most effective at eliminating parasitic flukes?

eliminate freshwater snails

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:

endoderm

The four basic animal tissues are:

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Which of the following is not a specialized function of epithelial coverings?

facilitation of flexibility for movement

A sprinter would have a high proportion of __________, and a marathon runner would have a high proportion of __________.

fast-oxidative fibers; slow-oxidative fibers

Sutures can be classified as __________ joints.

immovable

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

increased muscle contractions during labor

The nervous system of many species of flatworms:

is a "ladder-type."

Your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs:

is a coelom lined by mesoderm

Most mollusks are:

marine

Which structure places a fish in the class Actinopterygii?

more flexible fins with less bone

Sea stars eat:

mostly crustaceans and mollusks.

Currently, for any organism to be considered as an animal it must:

not be an autotroph.

The __________ are very common arthropod Paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today.

trilobites

The coelacanth is found in the class:

Actinistia

The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are

Myxini and Petromyzontida

Insects are most closely related to:

crustaceans

The anti-bacterial peptides secreted by frogs and toads is produced by:

epithelial cells

A person with fair skin produces less __________ than a person with dark skin

melanin

The __________ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

mesoderm

Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in:

movement.

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

reptiles

A negative feedback system is designed to set off mechanisms that will:

return the system to steady-state levels

Critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion are:

setae.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of any animal?

share a common body plan

A single, quick contraction of skeletal muscle is called a:

simple twitch.

The adult form of which of the following animals is not capable of locomotion?

sponges

Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?

swim bladder

The fluid that provides lubrication for movable joints is called:

synovial fluid.

The components of the pectoral girdle are:

the clavicles and the scapula

Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?

Amphibia

Animals apparently evolved:

in the ocean

Traditionally, the _______ were assigned to the basal group called Parazoa.

sponges

Most representatives of the phylum Porifera gain nutrition as:

suspension feeders

Sharks that are ____ incubate their eggs within the mother's body.

ovoviviparous

The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.

three; four

Snakes are most closely related to:

lizards

Marsupials include the:

opossum

Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to:

sea anemones

Which of the following is not a region of the vertebral column?

cranial region

Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:

feathers.

Hundreds or thousands of individuals of certain __________ form colonies in which each polyp has a special function such as feeding, reproduction, or defense.

hydrozoans

All echinoderms are found

in marine habitats.

Animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel are the:

rotifers

A primary difference between a normal cell and a cancerous cell is

the cell must lose normal cell division controls

Class ____ includes mostly extinct species and a few current species such as feather stars and sea lilies.

Crinoidea

The condition that is characterized by the wearing-down of joints due to insufficient cartilage repair is called:

osteoarthritis

Large, multinucleate cells that break down bone are called:

osteoclasts

Bone cells called __________ continually remodel bone.

osteocytes

A person with a severe calcium deficiency:

would have a problem with cross bridge formation.

About ____ species of birds have been described.

9,000

How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?

A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.

__________ are parasites that infect humans and, as adults, reside in the small intestines of the host.

Ascarid worms

Salamanders are members of the order:

Caudata

The wide adaptive radiation of mammals occurred during the early ____ era.

Cenozoic

A closed circulatory system is found in the:

Cephalopoda

A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:

Chondrichthyes.

Which statement about muscle contraction is false?

During contraction, the muscle length does not change, but the actin and myosin filaments shorten.

Which of the following statements about stress is true?

It causes a body response to attempt to maintain homeostasis

Which of the following statements about keratin is false?

It facilitates diffusion across the body surface

Which statement best describes a lophophore?

It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth

Which of the following statements concerning the heart is false?

It is an organ system

Which of the following statements concerning an exoskeleton is false?

It is composed of living tissue that grows along with the animal

Which of the following statements concerning malignant melanoma is false?

It is the third most common form of cancer in humans

Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon

Proterozoic

Order ____ includes the snakes.

Squamata

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

Urochordates

Studies suggest that to become malignant, neoplasms must establish

a blood supply.

An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is called:

a centipede

An arthropod with chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands would be:

a spider

Although corals can capture prey, they also depend on __________ for nutrition.

a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic zooxanthellae

Which of the following is not a modification of epithelial cells?

an endoskeleton

Which of the following does not characterize arthropods?

an incomplete digestive tract

The head end of an animal is termed its:

anterior end

Sponge larvae:

are flagellated and able to swim

Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers:

are under involuntary control

The first air-breathing land animals were:

arthropods

The first function of feathers was most likely:

as color displays in courtship rituals

Placoid scales are found on:

cartilaginous fishes.

You take a dog's temperature at the rectal end of the large intestine. Which surface is this?

caudal

Bone cells communicate with one another by:

cellular extensions running through canaliculi

The type of epithelial tissue you would expect to find lining the upper respiratory tract is:

ciliated columnar epithelium

In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed in specialized cells called:

cnidocytes

The major constituent of regular dense connective tissue is:

collagen fibers

The type of tissue forming the covering around muscle fibers is:

connective tissue.

Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:

do not have nipples.

The earliest mammals resembled small:

dogs

The state of torpor caused by lack of food or water during periods of high temperature is called:

estivation

Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:

hagfishes lack vertebrae.

Members of the class Bivalvia:

have a mantle that may form pearls

One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:

have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.

Annelids

have a segmented body.

All cephalic organisms:

have bilateral symmetry

Which membrane type lines body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive tract?

mucous membrane

Which of the following molecules has an enzymatic site that splits ATP during muscle contraction?

myosin

Extinct jawless fish include the:

ostracoderms.

Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?

oviparous

Which term describes an animal that lays eggs?

oviparous

Which of the following is not a source of energy for muscle contraction?

oxygen

Birds are most closely related to:

reptiles

The organizational unit of skeletal muscle tissue is the

sarcomere.

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

skin

Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____.

sponges, filter feeders

Select the best reason why collagen fibers are abundant in tendons.

strength

Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____.

urochordates; Chordata

The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:

water vascular system

As adults, __________ are sessile crustaceans

barnacles

Smooth muscle has all of the following characteristics except:

being attached to bones via tendons.

Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?

birds

Tapeworm(s):

bodies consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.

Lungs first evolved in which group?

bony fishes

Which chordate group has the most species?

bony fishes

Hox genes have been identified in:

both bilaterally symmetric and radially symmetric animals only

One difference between cardiac muscle fibers and skeletal muscle fibers is that cardiac muscle fibers:

branch and form complex networks, while skeletal muscle fibers do not.

Carcinomas describe:

cancers that develop from epithelial tissue

Intercalated disks are gap junctions between cells of:

cardiac muscle tissue

Which of the following correctly represents length of axons found in humans?

1 mm to 1 m

Within the kingdom Animalia there are about:

35 phyla.

Arrange the events of muscular contraction in chronological order. 1) muscle shortens 2) calcium binds to troponin 3) filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split

5 ® 4 ® 2 ® 6 ® 3 ® 1

You have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. The cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. They are members of the phylum:

Nematoda

Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity?

Ophiuroidea

All of the following are characteristic of life in a marine environment except?

Osmotic balance is very difficult for invertebrates to maintain

What do ribbon worms and flatworms have in common?

They are acoelomates.

Free-living flatworms belong to the class:

Turbellaria

The tetrapods include:

amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Clams and oysters are:

filter feeders

Lancelets are:

filter feeders

A __________ plane divides the animal body into dorsal and ventral parts.

frontal

Among the scyphozoans, the __________ stage is reduced or absent.

polyp

Ribbon worms have a unique __________ that is used to capture prey.

proboscis

Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage

radial; indeterminate

In a nerve cell, the function of the dendrites is to:

receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is true?

Fluid is moved throughout an organism due to alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles.

The ability of animals to adjust to seasonal changes in temperature is called:

acclimatization

Ectothermic animals:

depend on heat from the external environment to adjust their body temperatures.

Thermoregulation in ectotherms can be accomplished by all of the following except:

increasing their metabolism

The difference between spongy bone and compact bone is that spongy bone:

is filled with red bone marrow, while compact bone is not

Accumulation of __________ contributes to muscle fatigue.

lactic acid

Tissues associate to form:

organs

Which of the following is not a part of the axial skeleton?

pelvis

Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?

vertebral column

The primary problem animals faced in adapting to life on land was:

the dry atmosphere

Which of the following was not an adaptation for animals to live on land?

external respiratory surfaces

Sea stars are primarily

carnivores

Cartilage-producing cells occupy small cavities in cartilage called __________, while bone-producing cells occupy cavities in bone called __________.

lacunae; lacunae

Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics.

larva

Sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their:

lateral lines

The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:

lay eggs.

Echinoderms are unique because:

their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical.

There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.

50,000

You would not expect sebum to be involved in:

contributing to the color of the skin.

Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and __________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and __________.

ctenophores; endoderm

Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate.

eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:

sacropterygian fishes.

Calcium ions are commonly stored in the __________ of the muscle cell.

sarcoplasmic reticulum