Biology 2 Exam 3
Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.
oviparous; internal
Which cells or cell components play an essential role in the clotting of blood?
platelets
For gas exchange to occur quickly and efficiently, which type of epithelium must be present on all respiratory surfaces?
simple squamous epithelium
Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on __________, which attach to bones.
tendons
During contraction of your arm muscle
the I band and the H zone shorten.
Gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through:
the use of tracheae
Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:
therapsids.
Muscles occur in antagonistic pairs because:
they are only capable of contracting and not pushing.
One of the disadvantages of exoskeletons in arthropods is that:
they must be shed when the animal grows.
One adaptation of insects that is specific to this group among all arthropods is:
wings
By the Late ____ period the Chordates had expanded to include a number of different taxa with skeletal elements such as a rudimentary braincase.
Cambrian
Which of the following arthropod groups is almost exclusively aquatic in habitat?
Crustacea
Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.
Echinoidea
Which of the following statements about UV radiation is true?
Exposure to ultraviolet rays causes the epidermis to thicken and produce more melanin.
Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.
Testudines
Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their __________. This allows transfer of __________ from one worm to the other.
clitellum; sperm
A tissue is represented by a group of __________ adapted to carry out __________.
closely associated, similar cells; specific functions
Which of the following statements is false? Typically, one surface of an epithelial tissue layer:
consists of loosely packed cells with several intermediate spaces
The flight muscles of insects:
contain more mitochondria than any known variety of muscle
Epithelial tissue is least likely to:
contract
Skeletal systems can serve all of the following purposes except
contraction
Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin?
dermis
If it were possible, which of the following methods would be the most effective at eliminating parasitic flukes?
eliminate freshwater snails
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:
endoderm
The four basic animal tissues are:
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Which of the following is not a specialized function of epithelial coverings?
facilitation of flexibility for movement
A sprinter would have a high proportion of __________, and a marathon runner would have a high proportion of __________.
fast-oxidative fibers; slow-oxidative fibers
Sutures can be classified as __________ joints.
immovable
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
increased muscle contractions during labor
The nervous system of many species of flatworms:
is a "ladder-type."
Your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs:
is a coelom lined by mesoderm
Most mollusks are:
marine
Which structure places a fish in the class Actinopterygii?
more flexible fins with less bone
Sea stars eat:
mostly crustaceans and mollusks.
Currently, for any organism to be considered as an animal it must:
not be an autotroph.
The __________ are very common arthropod Paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today.
trilobites
The coelacanth is found in the class:
Actinistia
The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are
Myxini and Petromyzontida
Insects are most closely related to:
crustaceans
The anti-bacterial peptides secreted by frogs and toads is produced by:
epithelial cells
A person with fair skin produces less __________ than a person with dark skin
melanin
The __________ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
mesoderm
Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in:
movement.
In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?
reptiles
A negative feedback system is designed to set off mechanisms that will:
return the system to steady-state levels
Critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion are:
setae.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of any animal?
share a common body plan
A single, quick contraction of skeletal muscle is called a:
simple twitch.
The adult form of which of the following animals is not capable of locomotion?
sponges
Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?
swim bladder
The fluid that provides lubrication for movable joints is called:
synovial fluid.
The components of the pectoral girdle are:
the clavicles and the scapula
Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?
Amphibia
Animals apparently evolved:
in the ocean
Traditionally, the _______ were assigned to the basal group called Parazoa.
sponges
Most representatives of the phylum Porifera gain nutrition as:
suspension feeders
Sharks that are ____ incubate their eggs within the mother's body.
ovoviviparous
The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.
three; four
Snakes are most closely related to:
lizards
Marsupials include the:
opossum
Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to:
sea anemones
Which of the following is not a region of the vertebral column?
cranial region
Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:
feathers.
Hundreds or thousands of individuals of certain __________ form colonies in which each polyp has a special function such as feeding, reproduction, or defense.
hydrozoans
All echinoderms are found
in marine habitats.
Animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel are the:
rotifers
A primary difference between a normal cell and a cancerous cell is
the cell must lose normal cell division controls
Class ____ includes mostly extinct species and a few current species such as feather stars and sea lilies.
Crinoidea
The condition that is characterized by the wearing-down of joints due to insufficient cartilage repair is called:
osteoarthritis
Large, multinucleate cells that break down bone are called:
osteoclasts
Bone cells called __________ continually remodel bone.
osteocytes
A person with a severe calcium deficiency:
would have a problem with cross bridge formation.
About ____ species of birds have been described.
9,000
How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?
A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.
__________ are parasites that infect humans and, as adults, reside in the small intestines of the host.
Ascarid worms
Salamanders are members of the order:
Caudata
The wide adaptive radiation of mammals occurred during the early ____ era.
Cenozoic
A closed circulatory system is found in the:
Cephalopoda
A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:
Chondrichthyes.
Which statement about muscle contraction is false?
During contraction, the muscle length does not change, but the actin and myosin filaments shorten.
Which of the following statements about stress is true?
It causes a body response to attempt to maintain homeostasis
Which of the following statements about keratin is false?
It facilitates diffusion across the body surface
Which statement best describes a lophophore?
It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth
Which of the following statements concerning the heart is false?
It is an organ system
Which of the following statements concerning an exoskeleton is false?
It is composed of living tissue that grows along with the animal
Which of the following statements concerning malignant melanoma is false?
It is the third most common form of cancer in humans
Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon
Proterozoic
Order ____ includes the snakes.
Squamata
The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:
Urochordates
Studies suggest that to become malignant, neoplasms must establish
a blood supply.
An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is called:
a centipede
An arthropod with chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands would be:
a spider
Although corals can capture prey, they also depend on __________ for nutrition.
a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic zooxanthellae
Which of the following is not a modification of epithelial cells?
an endoskeleton
Which of the following does not characterize arthropods?
an incomplete digestive tract
The head end of an animal is termed its:
anterior end
Sponge larvae:
are flagellated and able to swim
Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers:
are under involuntary control
The first air-breathing land animals were:
arthropods
The first function of feathers was most likely:
as color displays in courtship rituals
Placoid scales are found on:
cartilaginous fishes.
You take a dog's temperature at the rectal end of the large intestine. Which surface is this?
caudal
Bone cells communicate with one another by:
cellular extensions running through canaliculi
The type of epithelial tissue you would expect to find lining the upper respiratory tract is:
ciliated columnar epithelium
In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed in specialized cells called:
cnidocytes
The major constituent of regular dense connective tissue is:
collagen fibers
The type of tissue forming the covering around muscle fibers is:
connective tissue.
Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:
do not have nipples.
The earliest mammals resembled small:
dogs
The state of torpor caused by lack of food or water during periods of high temperature is called:
estivation
Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:
hagfishes lack vertebrae.
Members of the class Bivalvia:
have a mantle that may form pearls
One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:
have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.
Annelids
have a segmented body.
All cephalic organisms:
have bilateral symmetry
Which membrane type lines body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive tract?
mucous membrane
Which of the following molecules has an enzymatic site that splits ATP during muscle contraction?
myosin
Extinct jawless fish include the:
ostracoderms.
Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?
oviparous
Which term describes an animal that lays eggs?
oviparous
Which of the following is not a source of energy for muscle contraction?
oxygen
Birds are most closely related to:
reptiles
The organizational unit of skeletal muscle tissue is the
sarcomere.
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?
skin
Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____.
sponges, filter feeders
Select the best reason why collagen fibers are abundant in tendons.
strength
Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____.
urochordates; Chordata
The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:
water vascular system
As adults, __________ are sessile crustaceans
barnacles
Smooth muscle has all of the following characteristics except:
being attached to bones via tendons.
Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?
birds
Tapeworm(s):
bodies consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.
Lungs first evolved in which group?
bony fishes
Which chordate group has the most species?
bony fishes
Hox genes have been identified in:
both bilaterally symmetric and radially symmetric animals only
One difference between cardiac muscle fibers and skeletal muscle fibers is that cardiac muscle fibers:
branch and form complex networks, while skeletal muscle fibers do not.
Carcinomas describe:
cancers that develop from epithelial tissue
Intercalated disks are gap junctions between cells of:
cardiac muscle tissue
Which of the following correctly represents length of axons found in humans?
1 mm to 1 m
Within the kingdom Animalia there are about:
35 phyla.
Arrange the events of muscular contraction in chronological order. 1) muscle shortens 2) calcium binds to troponin 3) filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split
5 ® 4 ® 2 ® 6 ® 3 ® 1
You have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. The cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. They are members of the phylum:
Nematoda
Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity?
Ophiuroidea
All of the following are characteristic of life in a marine environment except?
Osmotic balance is very difficult for invertebrates to maintain
What do ribbon worms and flatworms have in common?
They are acoelomates.
Free-living flatworms belong to the class:
Turbellaria
The tetrapods include:
amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Clams and oysters are:
filter feeders
Lancelets are:
filter feeders
A __________ plane divides the animal body into dorsal and ventral parts.
frontal
Among the scyphozoans, the __________ stage is reduced or absent.
polyp
Ribbon worms have a unique __________ that is used to capture prey.
proboscis
Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage
radial; indeterminate
In a nerve cell, the function of the dendrites is to:
receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is true?
Fluid is moved throughout an organism due to alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles.
The ability of animals to adjust to seasonal changes in temperature is called:
acclimatization
Ectothermic animals:
depend on heat from the external environment to adjust their body temperatures.
Thermoregulation in ectotherms can be accomplished by all of the following except:
increasing their metabolism
The difference between spongy bone and compact bone is that spongy bone:
is filled with red bone marrow, while compact bone is not
Accumulation of __________ contributes to muscle fatigue.
lactic acid
Tissues associate to form:
organs
Which of the following is not a part of the axial skeleton?
pelvis
Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?
vertebral column
The primary problem animals faced in adapting to life on land was:
the dry atmosphere
Which of the following was not an adaptation for animals to live on land?
external respiratory surfaces
Sea stars are primarily
carnivores
Cartilage-producing cells occupy small cavities in cartilage called __________, while bone-producing cells occupy cavities in bone called __________.
lacunae; lacunae
Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics.
larva
Sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their:
lateral lines
The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:
lay eggs.
Echinoderms are unique because:
their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical.
There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.
50,000
You would not expect sebum to be involved in:
contributing to the color of the skin.
Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and __________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and __________.
ctenophores; endoderm
Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate.
eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads
The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:
sacropterygian fishes.
Calcium ions are commonly stored in the __________ of the muscle cell.
sarcoplasmic reticulum