Biology 2 Lecture Connect HW - Ch. 31 Plants and the Conquest of Land
Angiosperms Distinguishing Features
Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue
How does an apical meristem benefit land plants?
Produces thick bodies that resist drought and mechanical stress
A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of:
cyanobacteria
One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the:
embryo
Very young plant sporophytes, called ________________ would be susceptible to drought, heat, UV rays, and microbial attack if they were not enclosed in maternal tissues.
embryo
Angiosperm comes from the Greek word(s) for:
enclosed seed
Angiosperm seeds are unique in that they possess a specialized seed tissue called ______________.
endosperm
What is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of angiosperms?
endosperm
Because plant cells contain nuclei, plants are said to be _______________.
eukaryotic
In land plants, gametes are produced when:
gametophyte cells undergo mitosis
We can gain insight into the evolution of plants through _____________ sequences and preserved ____________ plants.
genome; fossil
The ginkgos, cycads, and conifers are:
gymnosperms
The two types of seed plants are ______________ and ______________
gymnosperms; angiosperms
The main role of gametophytes is to produce __________
haploid gametes
Comparing genomes among different types of plants allows scientists to:
identify genes associated with evolutionary transitions.
Plant structures specialized for photosynthesis are called:
leaves
Xylem contains a material that provides several benefits, including structural support, compression-resistane, and decay-resistance. What is this material called?
lignin
Thick plant bodies have a:
low surface to volume ratio
The surface to volume ratio in a plant body is:
lower than that in a filamentous alga
The first complete genome sequence for a seedless vascular plant was reported for a(n) ______________.
lycophyte
Species that belong in the kingdom Plantae:
lycophytes and mosses
The tracheophytes consist of ____________, _____________, and seed-producing vascular plants.
lycophytes; pteridophytes
What supplies nutrients to land plant embryos during their development?
maternal tissues
In land plants, tissues are produced by cell division in regions called apical ____________.
meristems
Land plants develop tissues that are relatively thick and can withstand drought and stress; these tissues grow from localized regions of cell division called apical _________________.
meristems
Localized regions of cell division occurring at the growing tips of plants are called apical _____________.
meristems
Xylem and phloem enable plants to conduct organic compounds, _____________, and ____________ through the plant body.
minerals; water
Vascular plants are ______ than bryophytes.
more promient
Which of the following plant organs are primarily involved in the uptake of water and minerals?
roots
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ______ plants.
seed
Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as
seedless vascular plants.
Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called _______________.
seeds
The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as:
seeds
The genome sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens reveals genes that aid in heat and drought tolerance, which are useful in which type of habitat?
terrestrial
Bryophytes Distinguishing Features
Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce with:
both spores and seeds
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?
bryophytes
The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the ______.
bryophytes
Seeds store large quantities of _______________, ____________, and ___________, which are molecules necessary for seedling growth.
carbohydrates; lipids; proteins
Name all plant groups that are considered tracheophytes:
1.) Angiosperms 2.) Lycophytes 3.) Pteridophytes
Name all traits that illustrate adaptation of bryophytes to a terrestrial environment:
1.) Apical meristems 2.) Alternation of generations
Name all types of data that are commonly used to classify plants.
1.) Fossil data 2.) Molecular data 3.) Physical characteristics
Plant embryos are enclosed in maternal tissues, which protects them from which dangers?
1.) Heat 2.) UV light 3.) Drought 4.) Microbial attack
Which land plants are the simplest?
1.) Liverworts 2.) Hornworts 3.) Mosses
Reproductive characteristics of land plants:
1.) Maternal nourishment of embryos 2.) Alternation of generations 3.) Life cycle with two types of multicellular bodies
Name all features that enhance the ability of bryophytes to live on land:
1.) Multicellular embryos 2.) thick-walled spores
Name all features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
1.) Reproduction using spores 2.) Presence of vascular tissue
Name all features that have helped land plants to thrive in terrestrial environments:
1.) Specialized structures to disperse gametes and spores 2.) Apical meristems that produce tissues
Name all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth.
1.) They aided animals in the colonization of land 2.) They helped to create the first substantial soils
Name all storage compounds in seeds.
1.) carbohydrates 2.) lipids 3.) protein
Characteristics of lignin:
1.) decay resistant 2.) water resistant 3.) compression resistant
Angiosperms are distinguished from other plants by the presence of:
1.) flowers 2.) fruits 3.) endosperms
Roles of xylem in vascular plants:
1.) mineral transportation 2.) structural support
What materials pass through stomata?
1.) oxygen 2.) carbon dioxide 3.) water
Vascular tissues allow vascular plants to:
1.) produce more spores than bryophytes 2.) grow taller than bryophytes 3.) produce a large number of sporangia per sporophyte
The major plant organs include:
1.) roots 2.) stems 3.) leaves
Name all structures produced by gymnosperms.
1.) seeds 2.) vascular tissues
_____________ refers to the phylum that include cycads, conifers, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms Distinguishing Features
Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte
Vascular tissues not only provide structural support but also serve a role in:
conduction of water and nutrients.
Apical meristems give rise to:
plant tissues
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes made of cells containing organelles called:
plastids
The function of lignin in the cell walls of tracheids is:
support
What characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.
_____________ is the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants.
Endosperm
True or false: Gymnosperms possess seeds, flowers, fruits, and endosperm.
False
True or false: Phylogenies for plants usually rely solely on molecular data.
False
Lycophytes Distinguishing Features
Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems
Pteridophytes Distinguishing Features
Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves
The kingdom _________ is composed of land plants.
Plantae
True or False: Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.
True
True or false: Decreased surface area to volume ratios mean that water is less likely to be lost through the outer surface of the organism.
True
Which of the following tissues contains tracheids?
Xylem
The ______ life cycle exhibited by bryophytes illustrates an adaptation for life on land.
alternation of generations
A tissue is defined as:
an association of similar types of cells
The division Anthophyta contains _________________ which are also known as flowering plants.
angiosperm
In the plant life cycle, alternation of generations refers to:
multicellular gametophytes and sporophytes
The main function of plant leaves is to carry out ________________
photosynthesis
Land plants can be placed into nine taxonomic groups, called __________.
phyla
Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor.
protist
Tissue production benefits land plants by:
reducing water loss
All of the living and fossil seed plant phyla are collectively known as:
spermatophytes
In the alternation of generations life cycle of land plants, the two generations are called ____________ and ____________.
sporophyte; gametophyte
The land plants evolved from a:
streptophyte alga
Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called ____________.
stromata
The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because:
the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues
What adaptation to the terrestrial habitat is an important feature of plant evolution?
three-dimensional tissue and apical meristems
The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.
tissues
Tissues that provide structural support and serve in conduction are known as _________ tissues
vascular
In addition to being a conduction tissue, specialized vascular tissue called _______________ also provides structural support to the plant body.
xylem
Tracheids can be found in ________, a specialized conducting tissue produced by vascular plants.
xylem