Biology 2 Lecture Connect HW - Ch. 31 Plants and the Conquest of Land

Angiosperms Distinguishing Features

Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue

How does an apical meristem benefit land plants?

Produces thick bodies that resist drought and mechanical stress

A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of:

cyanobacteria

One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the:

embryo

Very young plant sporophytes, called ________________ would be susceptible to drought, heat, UV rays, and microbial attack if they were not enclosed in maternal tissues.

embryo

Angiosperm comes from the Greek word(s) for:

enclosed seed

Angiosperm seeds are unique in that they possess a specialized seed tissue called ______________.

endosperm

What is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of angiosperms?

endosperm

Because plant cells contain nuclei, plants are said to be _______________.

eukaryotic

In land plants, gametes are produced when:

gametophyte cells undergo mitosis

We can gain insight into the evolution of plants through _____________ sequences and preserved ____________ plants.

genome; fossil

The ginkgos, cycads, and conifers are:

gymnosperms

The two types of seed plants are ______________ and ______________

gymnosperms; angiosperms

The main role of gametophytes is to produce __________

haploid gametes

Comparing genomes among different types of plants allows scientists to:

identify genes associated with evolutionary transitions.

Plant structures specialized for photosynthesis are called:

leaves

Xylem contains a material that provides several benefits, including structural support, compression-resistane, and decay-resistance. What is this material called?

lignin

Thick plant bodies have a:

low surface to volume ratio

The surface to volume ratio in a plant body is:

lower than that in a filamentous alga

The first complete genome sequence for a seedless vascular plant was reported for a(n) ______________.

lycophyte

Species that belong in the kingdom Plantae:

lycophytes and mosses

The tracheophytes consist of ____________, _____________, and seed-producing vascular plants.

lycophytes; pteridophytes

What supplies nutrients to land plant embryos during their development?

maternal tissues

In land plants, tissues are produced by cell division in regions called apical ____________.

meristems

Land plants develop tissues that are relatively thick and can withstand drought and stress; these tissues grow from localized regions of cell division called apical _________________.

meristems

Localized regions of cell division occurring at the growing tips of plants are called apical _____________.

meristems

Xylem and phloem enable plants to conduct organic compounds, _____________, and ____________ through the plant body.

minerals; water

Vascular plants are ______ than bryophytes.

more promient

Which of the following plant organs are primarily involved in the uptake of water and minerals?

roots

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ______ plants.

seed

Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as

seedless vascular plants.

Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called _______________.

seeds

The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as:

seeds

The genome sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens reveals genes that aid in heat and drought tolerance, which are useful in which type of habitat?

terrestrial

Bryophytes Distinguishing Features

Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves

Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce with:

both spores and seeds

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?

bryophytes

The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the ______.

bryophytes

Seeds store large quantities of _______________, ____________, and ___________, which are molecules necessary for seedling growth.

carbohydrates; lipids; proteins

Name all plant groups that are considered tracheophytes:

1.) Angiosperms 2.) Lycophytes 3.) Pteridophytes

Name all traits that illustrate adaptation of bryophytes to a terrestrial environment:

1.) Apical meristems 2.) Alternation of generations

Name all types of data that are commonly used to classify plants.

1.) Fossil data 2.) Molecular data 3.) Physical characteristics

Plant embryos are enclosed in maternal tissues, which protects them from which dangers?

1.) Heat 2.) UV light 3.) Drought 4.) Microbial attack

Which land plants are the simplest?

1.) Liverworts 2.) Hornworts 3.) Mosses

Reproductive characteristics of land plants:

1.) Maternal nourishment of embryos 2.) Alternation of generations 3.) Life cycle with two types of multicellular bodies

Name all features that enhance the ability of bryophytes to live on land:

1.) Multicellular embryos 2.) thick-walled spores

Name all features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

1.) Reproduction using spores 2.) Presence of vascular tissue

Name all features that have helped land plants to thrive in terrestrial environments:

1.) Specialized structures to disperse gametes and spores 2.) Apical meristems that produce tissues

Name all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth.

1.) They aided animals in the colonization of land 2.) They helped to create the first substantial soils

Name all storage compounds in seeds.

1.) carbohydrates 2.) lipids 3.) protein

Characteristics of lignin:

1.) decay resistant 2.) water resistant 3.) compression resistant

Angiosperms are distinguished from other plants by the presence of:

1.) flowers 2.) fruits 3.) endosperms

Roles of xylem in vascular plants:

1.) mineral transportation 2.) structural support

What materials pass through stomata?

1.) oxygen 2.) carbon dioxide 3.) water

Vascular tissues allow vascular plants to:

1.) produce more spores than bryophytes 2.) grow taller than bryophytes 3.) produce a large number of sporangia per sporophyte

The major plant organs include:

1.) roots 2.) stems 3.) leaves

Name all structures produced by gymnosperms.

1.) seeds 2.) vascular tissues

_____________ refers to the phylum that include cycads, conifers, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms Distinguishing Features

Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte

Vascular tissues not only provide structural support but also serve a role in:

conduction of water and nutrients.

Apical meristems give rise to:

plant tissues

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes made of cells containing organelles called:

plastids

The function of lignin in the cell walls of tracheids is:

support

What characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.

_____________ is the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants.

Endosperm

True or false: Gymnosperms possess seeds, flowers, fruits, and endosperm.

False

True or false: Phylogenies for plants usually rely solely on molecular data.

False

Lycophytes Distinguishing Features

Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems

Pteridophytes Distinguishing Features

Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves

The kingdom _________ is composed of land plants.

Plantae

True or False: Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.

True

True or false: Decreased surface area to volume ratios mean that water is less likely to be lost through the outer surface of the organism.

True

Which of the following tissues contains tracheids?

Xylem

The ______ life cycle exhibited by bryophytes illustrates an adaptation for life on land.

alternation of generations

A tissue is defined as:

an association of similar types of cells

The division Anthophyta contains _________________ which are also known as flowering plants.

angiosperm

In the plant life cycle, alternation of generations refers to:

multicellular gametophytes and sporophytes

The main function of plant leaves is to carry out ________________

photosynthesis

Land plants can be placed into nine taxonomic groups, called __________.

phyla

Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor.

protist

Tissue production benefits land plants by:

reducing water loss

All of the living and fossil seed plant phyla are collectively known as:

spermatophytes

In the alternation of generations life cycle of land plants, the two generations are called ____________ and ____________.

sporophyte; gametophyte

The land plants evolved from a:

streptophyte alga

Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called ____________.

stromata

The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because:

the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues

What adaptation to the terrestrial habitat is an important feature of plant evolution?

three-dimensional tissue and apical meristems

The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.

tissues

Tissues that provide structural support and serve in conduction are known as _________ tissues

vascular

In addition to being a conduction tissue, specialized vascular tissue called _______________ also provides structural support to the plant body.

xylem

Tracheids can be found in ________, a specialized conducting tissue produced by vascular plants.

xylem