Biology

Lag phase

"flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth

Cell theory

1. All live is made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. Cells come from other cells 4. Cells carry genetic data in DNA, pass it along

What extra role does mitochondria have for the cell?

Apoptosis Kills cell via release of ETC enzymes. Programmed cell death

Archaea diff with eukaryota

Archaea have a single, circular chromosome, and divide by binary fission.

Conjugation

Bacterial mating/sexual reproduction Two cells form a conjugation bridge, and transfer genetic material. From the donor (male) + to female -, unidirectional. Bridge is made of sex pili on the donor male. Sex factor exists as a plasmid until transformed into genome

Chemotaxis

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

Basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

How are mitochondria different from the rest of the cell?

Code their own genes, replicate independently via binary fission. Example of an extranuclear inheritance

9 + 2 structure

Common structure of cilia and flagella. Seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility, bacterial have a different one

Where does transcription take place in the prokaryotic cell?

Cytoplasm, since it has no nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell Contains pores

What do connective tissues produce to form the ECM?

Elastin and collagen

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Archaea- how are they similar to eukaryota?

Extremophiles, phospholipid monolayer Many are chemosynthetic and generate energy from sulfur and nitrogenous compounds Like euk, they start translation with Met, have similiar RNA pol, and have histones in DNA

Prok vs euk differences

Flagella are different enough to be targetted by antibiotics that don't hurt us Ribosomes are also different

Transposons

Genetic elements that can insert and remove self from genome

What features do eukaryotes have tht prokaryotes do not?

Golgi, ER, mitochondria, most membrane bound organelles Prok DO have vacuoles

Do antibiotics work better on gram negative or positive bacteria?

Gram positive Gram negatives have an impermeable cell wall/membrane

Does penicillin work better on gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

Gram positive- it doesn't have to go through an outer membrane

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for moving things on a cell's surface

gram positive and negative

If envelope absorbs the crystal violet stain and turns blue-purple, it is Gram positive If it absorbs the safranin counterstain, it is pink-red and is gram negative

Fibroblasts

In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

lipoteichoic acid

LTA may set off human immune system

Do archaea have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles?

No

What is the prokaryote nucleus?

Nucleoid region

Transduction

Only process that requires a vector Virus carries genetic material from one bac to another. Bacteriophages release original host DNA into new host and it can integrate into genome

Mitochondria

Outer and inner membrane Out membrane is a barrier against cytosol, relatively permeable. Inner is restrictive

Bacilli

Rod shaped (like e coli)

Lipopolysaccharides of gram negatives

Set off a strong immune response in humans

Sex pilus and sex factor

Sex pilus is the bridge, sex factors are the plasmids that contain the needed genes

Squamos, Cuboidal, Columnar

Shapes of Epithelial Tissue Columnar: long and thin Squamos: flat and scale-like

Smooth vs rough ER function

Smooth lacks ribsomes and synthesizes lipids Rough uses ribosomes to make membrane-bound proteins for secretion

Nucleolus

Subsection where rRNA is made by RNA pol I 25% of nucleus

How do prokaryotes' ETC work?

The cell membrane is used

What happens when a genome contains a sex factor?

The entire genome replicates, and the cell attempts to transfer the whole genome to the female Bridge usually breaks off first Cells like this are called Hfr or high frequency of replication

Why are Gram-negative bacteria relatively more resistant to antibiotics?

Their outer membrane makes them harder to attack

How do bacteria produce ATP?

They have a version of ATP synthase Mitochondria is like a bacterium, so this makes sense

How do bacteria make ATP?

They have their own ATP synthase, utilizing a proton gradient in their membrane

How does the smooth ER help the rough ER's function?

Transports proteins from rough ER to the Golgi for processing

Flagella

Variable number Composed of flagellin Filament, basal body, hook Used for chemotaxis

Virus to prokaryote size comp

Virus: 20 to 300 nm prok: 10 um euk: 100 um

What type of organism poses a problem for cell theory?

Viruses- unable to reproduce on their own, do not have DNA but RNA Viruses are not considered life

Do prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?

Yes, but it is primitive

Fertility factor

a bacterial episome whose presence confers donor ability (maleness) F+ cells

Pseudostratified epithelia

appear to have many layers, but are just one big layer.

Bacteria vs archaea., histones

archaea have true histones, bacteria have histone-like proteins

Binary fission

asexual reproduction Circular chromosome attaches to cell wall and replicates while the celll keeps growing in size. Eventually the membrane and cel wall grow inward and vaginate/divide cell in two Different from mitosis, much faster

Mutalistic symbiotes

beneficial bacterial relationships- ex, some bacteria make vitamin K and biotin

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Pathogens

can live inside or outside cells

faculative anaerobes

can use oxygen if present, but have other methods as well

aerotolerant anaerobes

cannot use oxygen but are not harmed by its presence

What do all bacteria have? What do some have?

cell membrane and cytoplasm Flagella and fimbriae.

Endothelial cells

cells lining the blood vessels. Secret NO

Genes

coding regions of DNA

Basal body

complex structure that anchors flagellum to membrane of cytoplasm, and is the motor of flagella

Hook

connects filament to basal body, exerts torque on the filament, spinning it forward

Peroxisomes

contain hydrogen peroxide. Break down very long chain fatty acids via Beta-oxidation Synthesize phospholipids and contain PPP enzymes

Epithelial tissue

cover and line the body, protect organs. Joined by the basement membrane.

inner membrane of mitochondria

cristae foldings contains proteins for ETC

How did we get mitochondria?

eukaryote ancestor engulfed an aerobic proteobacterium, created a symbiote

Plasmids

extragenomic DNA can carry virulence factors

Intermediate filaments

filamentous proteins like keratin, desmin, lamin, vimentin Cell-cell adhesion and integrity of cytoskeleton. Withstand tremendous tension, anchor organelles

Flagella filament is made of...

flagellin. It is hollow and helical

Parenchyma

functional parts of organ, often made of epithelial cells. Ex: nephrons

Cytoskeleton

gives a cell structure and support. Help transport materials around cell Three components: microfilaments, microtubules, intermeditate filaments MMI

transformationn

integration of foreign genetic material into the genome Often from lysed bacteria spilling their DNA out Often by gram-negative rods (bacilli)

ER

membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope. Highly folded. Smooth and rough

Lysosomes

membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes to digest things engulfed by cell or for new synthesis work with endosomes

Flagella

move cell itself

Bacterial ribosome

much smaller than ours targetted by AB

Gram negative cell walls

much thinner, less peptidoglycan separated from cell membrane by the periplasmic space Negatives are like the minus sign, thinner

Stratified epithelia

multiple layers of cells

Simple epithelia

one layer of cells

Obligate anaerobes

organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present

Centrioles

organizing center of microtubules, structured as nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center Migrate to opposite poles of dividing cells and organize mitotic spindle, attaching at kinetochores

Gram negative bacteria also have...

outer membranes of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide (lipocarbs)

Bacteria vs human cells

outnumber our cells 10:1

exponential phase

period of rapid growth, also called log phase

Episomes

plasmids that can integrate into the host genome

Microfilaments

polymerized rods of actin, organized into bundles and networks, resist compression and fracture also use ATP to generate movement by interacting with myosin Play a role in cytokinesis during cell div, forming cleavage furrow by forming a circle at the site of connection and contracting

How is the proton gradient set up?

protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space flow back via ATPsynthase

Autolysis

release of lysosomic enzymes, destroying cell via apoptosis

Obligate aerobic bacteria

require oxygen

stationary phase

resource deplation slows reproduction

alpha-cells

secrete glucagon

Plasmids

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome Not essential for survival, but confer advantages typically

Cocci

spherical bacteria like strep

Spirilli

spirally s shaped syphillis is very few pathogens are spirilli

Golgi apparatus

stacked membrane sacs. Materials arrive in vesicles to be modified via prosthetic groups in the Golgi. Also attaches signal sequences to direct them to a destination secretes products in a vesicle, some bound for release

Connective tissue

supports body, provides framework for epithelial function Main contributors to the stroma Takes form of bone, caritlage, tendons, blood, adipose tissue, etc

intermembrane space

the fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

stroma

the supporting tissue of an organ (as opposed to parenchyma)

Gram positive cell walls

thick layer of peptidoglycan, a polymer of amino acids and sugars. Tight against the membrane also contains lipoteichoic acid, which may set off our immune system

Cell wall (bacteria)

together with cell membrane, forms envelope gram positive or negative

Virulence factors

traits that increase pathogenicity, perhaps toxins or projections

Microtubules

unlike microfilaments, they're hollow tubulin polymers Radiate out from the cell as the pathway for motor proteins kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles Also compose cilia and flagella

Anaerobes

use fermentation or other non-O2 involving metabolism

Endosomes

vesicles that carry endocytosed material around, often to lysosomes. Things in endosomes will generally be also to the trans-golgi, membrane, or membrane

linear DNA organization

wrapped around histones, further wound into chromosomes