Biology

Terminal chiasmata are seen during which phase of meiosis?

metaphase I

Monosomy

missing a chromosome

Homologous chromosome

one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

prophase I

what is the purpose of cytochrome b6fin the first electron transport chain

pump protons across membrane

the colors of light that are most effective for photosynthesis are

red, blue, and violet.

Centriole

structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

Cytokenisis is

the separation of cytoplasm and the formation of two cells.

Why do plants split water molecules during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

to provide electrons for the light (photo) reactions and hydrogen atoms needed in the synthesis (dark) reactions

Diploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

What pigments are needed for for optimal photosynthetic potential?

-Chlorophyll A, B, & Keratin Oids

What is ATP and what two abilities does ATP have that allows it to provide energy for chemical reactions

-Phosphorylate -Heat Energy

What is photolysis? And why is it important?

-Using the energy from light to breakdown molecules into simpler compounds -It is important because many kinds of bacteria, many of which can be very harmful to your body

Regarding humans, when would mitosis not be appropriate?

. for sexual reproduction

Haploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

What must be attached to the molecule after the waste product is removed?

Carbon Dioxide

Does this provide genectic offspring (binary fussion)

No.

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

S

Is binary fission fast or slow?

fast

Which of the following is not a stage of aerobic respiration?

glycolysis

How is ATP formed from the electron transport chain?

harge difference of outer and inner membrane gives motive force to generate ATP

Nondisjunction:

leads to the unequal distribution of genetic material during cell division.

The primary fuel for cellular respiration is glucose however, your diet is made up of other components such as _____________________ that can be used as cellular fuels.

lipids and proteins

What is the purpose of the proton pumps in the ETC?

Pump electrons across membrane

What molecule must be formed before the remnants of sugar can enter the Krebs Cycle?

Pyruvate

Chromatid

Readable (uncoiled)

Genetic diversity is greatest in

Sexual reproduction

Why can't nerve cells divide?

Stuck in G0 phase- cannot divide.

The most important part of the first two steps of aerobic cellular respiration is:

That NAD+ and FAD collect electrons and hydrogen ions for the electron transport chain

If plants make ATP during the process of photosynthesis, then why do they also need to do the process of cellular respiration?

The ATP made in photosynthesis is only enough to fuel the synthesis reactions. The plant had to do cellular respiration to make larger amounts of ATP

The most ATP is formed during this step of cellular respiration:

The Electron Transport Chain

How did it get into glucose? The role of water? Oxygen?

The carbon dioxide travels through the stoma at the bottom of the leaf. The water comes through the roots The light energy, which the chloroplast creates turns the carbon dioxide and the water into glucose, which the plant keeps for energy and then releases the oxygen for humans to breathe in.

Which statement concerning sex differences in humans is false?

The maternal parent determines gender of the offspring

What is happening during the Kreb cycle?

The pyruvates produced in glycolysis are converted to Acetyl CoA NAD+ to NADH FAD to FADH2

In the fall, most of the trees outside don't have leaves. How are they getting the energy they need to stay alive?

They are performing cellular respiration using glucose from starch

A photosystem consists of

a group of chlorophyll molecules held together by proteins.

Visible light occupies what part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

a small portion in the middle

Fertilization results in

a zygote. b). a diploid cell. c). a cell with a new genetic combination

Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration?

a. humans b. bacteria c. plants d. insects

Which stage of mitosis is not matched correctly?

a. metaphase: spindle fibers form

Which of these statements best explains why your body prefers to perform aerobic respiration as opposed to anaerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration produces far more ATP than anaerobic respiration

In cellular respiration, energy-depleted electrons are donated to an inorganic molecule. In fermentation, what molecule accepts these electrons?

an organic molecule

Ethanol and lactic acid are unfortunate, but necessary, waste products created as a result of

anaerobic respiration

During mitosis, the sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles during which stage of mitosis?

anaphase

In order for cells to reduce the accumulation of significant genetic damage over time, many of them undergo programmed cell death. This is called ___________.

apoptosis

Centromere

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

what is binary fission

asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes

Deforestation (removal of trees and vegetation) can ultimately cause a problem for animals because:

atmospheric O2 levels decrease

Binary fission describes cell division that occurs in:

bacteria

Bacterial cells divide by:

binary fission

Why does mitosis occur?

body growth and development Replacement of damaged/dead cells

The overall purpose of the Calvin cycle is to:

build organic (carbon) molecules.

the overall purpose of the Calvin cycle is to:

build organic (carbon) molecules.

explain why fats harbor twice as much potential energy as carbohydrates

carbohydrates are easily broken down for quick bursts of energy, while complex carbohydrates take longer to break down because of the size of their molecules

Which of the following items is an output of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide

Apoptosis

cell death.

What process of cellular respiration generates the most ATP?

chemiosmosis

During photosynthesis, ATP molecules are generated by

chemiosmosis.

How is ATP generated during photosynthesis?

chemiosmosis.

For crossing over to increase genetic variation, it must involve the exchange of material between:

chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes

Unreplicated/Replicated

chromosome is unreplicated and consists of a single DNA double helix. replicated chromosome contains two identical DNA double helices.

Mitosis produces cells that have a _________ chromosome number, whereas meiosis produces cells that have a _________chromosome number.

diploid, haploid

Mitosis results in two ________ cells, while meiosis results in _______ haploid cells.

diploid/four

Chromosomes are visible under a light microscope

during mitosis.

Telomere

either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome

During cellular respiration the primary items needed from glucose are __ and the waste product created from glucose will be___.

electrons and hydrogen ions; carbon dioxide

What happens when mitosis is uncontrolled?

ells divisions are being made continuously, without an end point. As a result, cancer.

Nondisjunction

error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration rely on electrons to generate ATP. In photosynthesis, electrons are released from chlorophyll. What is the source of electrons used to generate ATP in respiration?

glucose only

Which step of cellular respiration requires an energy (ATP) investment to begin?

glycolysis

The correct order of steps in cellular respiration is:

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Synapsis is the process whereby

homologous chromosomes become closely associated.

After chromosome replication and during synapsis,

homologous chromosomes pair along their lengths.

Where is the etc happening?

mitochondria

Trisomy

one extra chromosome

The electron transport chain pumps protons

out of the mitochondrial matrix.

A lack of _________________ limits the rate at which mitochondria can break down fuel and produce ATP. The slow down occurs because aerobic cellular respiration is halted.

oxygen

Which photosystem is believed to have evolved first?

photosystem II

The final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation is:

pyruvate

The colors of light that are most effective for photosynthesis are

red, blue, and violet.

Replicate copies of each chromosome are called _____________ and are joined at the _________________.

sister chromatids/centromere

what is the purpose of b vitamins to the respiration

source of NAD+

Within chloroplasts, the semiliquid matrix in which the Calvin cycle occurs

stroma.

Within chloroplasts, the semiliquid matrix in which the Calvin cycle occurs is called:

stroma.

What region of the chromosome limits the number of times a chromosome can be duplicated and, thus the number of times a cell can divide?

telomeres

Pyruvate must be modified to acetyl-CoA prior to participating in the reactions of

the Krebs cycle

Your have purchased two nearly identical plants for your dorm room. One plant will be a control plant receiving only water. The second plant will receive both water and a recommended dose of fertilizer. Two months later, you find that the fertilized plant is a little bigger than the control plant. What is the best explanation for this?

the fertilizer contained elements needed for the plant to produce more chlorophyll

Which steps in glycolysis require the input of energy?

the glucose priming steps b). the phosphorylation of glucose c). the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate

crossing over

the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis

Plants are particular about the type of light they can use for photosynthesis. If you were to use a filter on a light so that the plant only received green wavelengths of light, what would you expect to happen?

the light (photo) reactions of photosynthesis would slow way down

There is a great amount of similarity between the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Which of the following represents a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

the number of cellular divisions performed whether crossing over occurs or not the number of daughter cells formed at the end of the process

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a multienzyme complex that catalyzes a series of reactions. Which of the following is not carried out by pyruvate dehydrogenase?

the production of ATP

Chromatin

the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins

In mitosis, the chromosome number of each of the daughter cells will be _____________ the chromosome number of the parent cell.

the same as

What is the role of NAD and FAD in Cellular Respiration?

to capture and carry H+ and e- to the electron transport chain

Why do organisms perform cellular respiration?

to extract energy from chemical bonds in food

How do the electrons help the proton pumps do their job?

uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

The function of the enzyme ATP synthase is to..

utilize the energy of the proton motive force to convert ADP to ATP.

When oxygen is used to perform aerobic cellular respiration, what molecule does that oxygen eventually become part of?

water

Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis when

water molecules are split to provide electrons for photosystem II.

Most eukaryotic organisms have ______________ chromosomes in their cells.

10-50

Suppose an experiment is performed in which plant #1 is supplied with normal CO2 but with water that contains radioactive oxygen atoms. Plant #2 is supplied with normal water but with CO2 that contains radioactive oxygen atoms. Each plant is allowed to perform photosynthesis and the oxygen gas and G3P molecules are analyzed for the presence of radioactive oxygen. Plant # ___ will produce radioactive oxygen gas and plant # ___ will produce radioactive G3P.

1; 2

What is the role of ATP & NAD+ in Glycolosis?

2 ATP is required to start reaction NAD+ picks up a hydrogen to turn into NADH

What are the end products of Glycolis?

2 Pyruvate

Somatic

2 copies of each chromosome

The end result of glycolysis produces:

2 pyruvate molecules

How much ATP was used? Gained? Generated?

2 was Used.. 4 generated

How many cells result from mitosis?

20 billion

The diploid number of chromosomes in humans is 46. The haploid number is

23

What is the end product of the ETC

32 ATP & WATER

What are the waste products of Kreb Cycle

4 Carbon Dioxide

How many molecules of CO2 are produced for each molecule of glucose that passes through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

6

A human cell fails to undergo cytokinesis while performing mitosis so that the daughter cells do not form (meaning that everything up to cytokinesis has occurred normally). How many chromosomes will be in the resulting cell?

92

Karyotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration

Act as electron carriers

Is Kreb Cycle Active/Passive?

Active

Is the ETC Anaerobic/Aerobic

Aerobic

Is Glycolis Anaerobic or Aerobic?

Anaerobic

Which organisms reproduce this way?

Bacteria

What is the difference the difference between C4/Cam plants?

C4 plants: Able to store CO2 in Organic chemicals during hot/dry conditions Cam: Store during the night

In theory, a plant kept in total darkness could still manufacture glucose, if it were supplied with which molecules?

CO2 ATP NADPH

C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to hot, dry conditions in which

CO2 is fixed and stored in the leaf.

An animal is kept in a sealed container by itself. What would happen to the gases in the container?

CO2 would increase and O2 would decrease

in the krebs cycle what is the role of adp nad+ and fad

Change ADP to ATP

The source of new genetic variations that arise during meiosis is due to:

Crossing over

Where does Glycolis take place?

Cytoplasm

During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated?

DNA synthesis

The eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled at several points; which of these statements is not true?

Environmental conditions are assessed at the Go checkpoint.

oxidizing which of the following substances yields the most energy

Fatty Acids

Which of the following processes is NOT correctly paired with the location in which it occurs?

Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm. The electron transport chain occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Kreb's cycle occurs in the cytoplasm This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

The final product of the Calvin cycle is

G3P

The final product of the Calvin cycle is

G3P.

Chromosome

Get DNA from one side to the other. (coiled)

What is happening in Glycolysis?

Glucose is being broke down

Where did the Carbon in glucose come from?

Glycogen

What proteins are used to control cell growth specifically in multicellular eukaryotic organisms?

Growth factors

What would happen to the ph of the thylakoid space?

High

The burning of fossil fuels is related to increased levels of atmospheric CO2 levels. This might seem like a good thing for plants, but in reality it is not. Which would be the best explanation for this?

Increased CO2 levels trap heat in the atmosphere which may change climates and prevent certain plant species from surviving.

Which of the following is not a hypothesis about the evolution of sex?

It evolved as a way to eliminate individuals.

The carbon dioxide (CO2) you are exhaling right now was produced in this step of cellular respiration:

Krebs cycle

What would happen to the ph of the stroma?

Low

Where does the Kreb Cycle occur?

Mitochondria

Where is the most ATP made?

Mitochondria. Cellular Res

The electrons generated from the Krebs cycle are transferred to ____________ and then are shuttled to _______________.

NAD+ / electron transport chain

what are the most important products of the krebs cycle?

NADH & FADH2

Which critically important molecules provide the high energy electrons used by the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

NADH and FADH2 are both electron donors for the electron transport chain!

Which of the following occurs during anaphase I?

One version of each chromosome moves toward a pole.

When the electrons get to the end of the ETC, where do they go from there?

Oxygen

The energy transformation pathways of cellular respiration and photosynthesis are related in which of the following ways?

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water.