Biology C190
What byproducts are produced in both glycolysis and the krebs cycle?
ATP and NADH
inorganic molecule examples
Water, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, ionic salt's (sodium chloride) Relatively stable, simple , store little energy
necleoid region
Where DNA is found inside prokaryotic cells
gene
a region of chromosome that has a specific funtion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
a series of sacs and tubes in a cells where proteins and other cellular components are put together
Nitrogenous base in RNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
Nitrogenous bases in DNA
adenine, thymine guanine, cytosine,
Organic molecules contain
all have (C-H) bonds...many also have oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur
Exocytosis
an internal vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases contents to the outside
Lipids
are gererated by combining separate fatty acid chemical components
The most abundant class of macromolecules found in living systems
carbohydrates
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Main function of carbohydrates in the membrane?
cellular identification
In the process of ____________________, glucose is broken apart, releasing carbon dioxide and water, and the energy carrier molecule ATP is produced. Cells can use ATP to do the work required for life.
cellular respiration
A single molecule of DNA
chromosome
Prophase
chromosomes condense and become visible
Characteristics that describe organic molecules
covenantly bonded, made up of carbon and hydrogen, important in living things, modular can be found in non-living and living things
two sugar monomers bonded together
disaccharide
Lipids
diverse group of hydrophobic macromolecules, nonpolar (Fats) used to store energy, structural support and cushion
Chromatids are
duplicate halves of a chromosome
ATP
energy currency of the cell
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in Prokaryotic cells, chromosomes are located
in a particular area of the cytoplasm
cholorplast
in plant cells; capture energy from the sun and use it to build sugar molecules
citric acid (krebs) cycle
in the mitochondria. pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down into acetyl coA....which is further broken down to release energy and CO2. the energy it used to build ATP, NADH and FADH2
cell membrane funtions
interacts with the environment and determines what enters and exits cell
RNA
involved in protein synthesis, leaves the nucleus, single stranded, A, U, C, G
Eukaryotes
larger and more complex cells, multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi)
Steroids
lipids that are not fats. Cholesterol is an example of a steroid.
nucleic acids
macromolecules that carry out 2 main functions in the cell: storage of genetic information and synthesis of proteins.
plant cell wall
made of cellulose
Vaculoes
mainly storage, their membranes do not fuse with membranes of other cellular components
Endocytosis
material is engulfed within an infolding of the membrane and then brought into the cell within a cytoplasmic vesicle
Sexual cell division
meiosis
vesicles and vacuoles
membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport
Cancer cells compared to regular cells would have more cells in
mitosis (or mitotic phases)
organic modules are
modular, smaller= monomers can be linked to together to make larger molecules = polymers
simple diffusion
molecules move from high to low concentration due to random movement
single sugar molecule
monosaccharide
Glucose
monosaccharide, one of the most common. cells break it apart and use the energy inside
Telophase
new nuclear membranes form around clusters of chromosomes on each side of the cell
Smooth ER
no ribosomes, often site of synthesis of lipids
Nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane
nuclear envelope
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
nucleotide with three phosphate groups- an adenine base, pentose sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. provides energy for cellular activities
in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are in the
nucleus
Gogli Apparatus
packing and shipping center of cells....packs proteins in vesicles and vacuoles. (within and out of the cell)
Phospholipids
phosphate group has negative charge and is hydrophilic while the tail is made up of nonpolar fatty acids amd is hydrophobic
only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
phospholipids
Proteins
play a role in storage, replication, transmission, and regulation of DNA. Some bind and reduce the expression of a gene while others activate the expression of a gene
Proteins
polymers made up of amino acids (the monomers)
Carbohydrates
polymers made up of sugars (the sugars are the monomers)
nucleic acids
polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides
many monomers
polysaccharide
Endoplasmic Reticula
produces proteins and lipids
Mitosis phases in order
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
PMAT
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Biological molecules that are essential for carrying out most of the necessary functions of life
proteins
Anaphase
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Vesicles
small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
Prokaryotes
small, simple cells that make single-celled organisms (bacteria are most prevalent)
salt
solute
water
solvent
single celled eukaryotic
some protists
organelles
specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions
Proteins
speed up reactions, Role in DNA, move substances in and out of cells, transport material throughout body (hemoglobin), recognize specific molecules, facilitate mechanical movement (flex muscles), help maintain structure
Interphase
stages G1, S, and G2 90% of cells life cycle the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.
DNA function
stores and transmits inherited genetic information; and contains the coded directions for making proteins
DNA
stores genetic information, remains in the nucleus, double stranded, A, T, C, G
Waxes
structure = Esters of fatty acids; Function = forms protective layers on plants and animals
fats and oils
structure = glycerol and fatty acids ; function = stores energy
nucleotides
subunit of nucleic acids; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
DNA
the genetic material that stores information for making proteins in all living organisms.
Steroids
(lipids) building blocks of many hormones and an important constituent of the cell's plasma membrane
IPMAT
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase
hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
In mitosis a single Diploid cell produces
2 diploid cells
In Meiosis a single diploid cell produces
4 haploid cells
Cellulose
A complex carbohydrate used in plant structures for structural support.
organic molecule
A molecule containing a carbon to hydrogen (C-H) covalent bond. often complex
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA, only in eukaryotic cells
Biological molecule that is essential for energy storage, cellular communication, and structural support
Carbohydrates
4 major groups of organic molecules in living things...known as biological molecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids
Phosphorylation
Chemical reaction in which a phosphate group (PO4) is added to another molecule. EX. ADP is phosphorlated to form ATP
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
Which kinds of bonds form a water molecule?
Covalent in a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are covalently bonded together
Chromosomes are made of
DNA and proteins (histones)
Alleles
Different forms of a gene
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division into 2 new cells
Which structure is involved in protein and lipid synthesis?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
5 Stages of the Cell Cycle
G1, S (synthesis), G2, M (mitosis), cytokinesis
Which structure is composed of a set of membraneous folds and is involved in exporting proteins by the cell?
Golgi
Which property of water makes it a good ingredient for the inside of cells?
Good Solvent (it helps dissolve the contents of thr cells)
Rough ER
Has ribosomes attached and helps them produce protein modifies and packs protein after ribosomes produce them
What kind of bonds form between 2 different water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
sister chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.
What defines a molecule as organic.0
It is made of mostly carbon and hydrogen.
Biological molecules that are essential for energy storage and maintaining a boundary between the living organism and its environment
Lipids
Biological molecules that are a central for information storage within a cell and passing on this information to the next generation
Nucleic Acids (such as DNA)
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production (converts glucose into ATP) site of cellular respiration
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalyze)
Centromere
Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach
Steroids
Structure = carbon ring molecules ; funtion = provides structure to membranes, regulates many developmental, metabolic, and energy processes.
Phospholipids
Structure = fatty acids and phosphates ; function = provides structure to cell membranes, a protective barrier surrounding the cell or separating compartments and forming organelles within the cell
S phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
Which characteristic of organic molecules is related to the fact that they are modular?
They are made of repeating subunits. Modular refers to the subunits that link together to form the molecule
Lipid examples
fats, oils, waxes, phospholipds, steroids
Phospholipids
found in cell membranes and organelles
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
organic molecule examples
glucose, methane, DNA, protein, and fat
G1 and G2
growth phases
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes inside the cell
Homeostasis
to maintain a balance of conditions
RNA function
transmits the information in the DNA so that it can be used to produce proteins
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Large complex carbohydrates
used to store energy (ex. starch)
Complex Carbohydrates
used to store energy for longer period of time, structural components, cell signaling and recognition within multicellular organisms.
Describe an atom
vary in type as number proteins change, electrons configured in shells, electrons and protons that are oppositly charged, positively charged protons and neutral neutrons in the center
Lysosomes
vehicles found only in animal cells...powerful digestive enzymes....can recycle cellular parts or destroy external invaders
Phenotype
visible or physical traits