Biology C190

What byproducts are produced in both glycolysis and the krebs cycle?

ATP and NADH

inorganic molecule examples

Water, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, ionic salt's (sodium chloride) Relatively stable, simple , store little energy

necleoid region

Where DNA is found inside prokaryotic cells

gene

a region of chromosome that has a specific funtion

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

a series of sacs and tubes in a cells where proteins and other cellular components are put together

Nitrogenous base in RNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

adenine, thymine guanine, cytosine,

Organic molecules contain

all have (C-H) bonds...many also have oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

Exocytosis

an internal vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases contents to the outside

Lipids

are gererated by combining separate fatty acid chemical components

The most abundant class of macromolecules found in living systems

carbohydrates

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Main function of carbohydrates in the membrane?

cellular identification

In the process of ____________________, glucose is broken apart, releasing carbon dioxide and water, and the energy carrier molecule ATP is produced. Cells can use ATP to do the work required for life.

cellular respiration

A single molecule of DNA

chromosome

Prophase

chromosomes condense and become visible

Characteristics that describe organic molecules

covenantly bonded, made up of carbon and hydrogen, important in living things, modular can be found in non-living and living things

two sugar monomers bonded together

disaccharide

Lipids

diverse group of hydrophobic macromolecules, nonpolar (Fats) used to store energy, structural support and cushion

Chromatids are

duplicate halves of a chromosome

ATP

energy currency of the cell

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in Prokaryotic cells, chromosomes are located

in a particular area of the cytoplasm

cholorplast

in plant cells; capture energy from the sun and use it to build sugar molecules

citric acid (krebs) cycle

in the mitochondria. pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down into acetyl coA....which is further broken down to release energy and CO2. the energy it used to build ATP, NADH and FADH2

cell membrane funtions

interacts with the environment and determines what enters and exits cell

RNA

involved in protein synthesis, leaves the nucleus, single stranded, A, U, C, G

Eukaryotes

larger and more complex cells, multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi)

Steroids

lipids that are not fats. Cholesterol is an example of a steroid.

nucleic acids

macromolecules that carry out 2 main functions in the cell: storage of genetic information and synthesis of proteins.

plant cell wall

made of cellulose

Vaculoes

mainly storage, their membranes do not fuse with membranes of other cellular components

Endocytosis

material is engulfed within an infolding of the membrane and then brought into the cell within a cytoplasmic vesicle

Sexual cell division

meiosis

vesicles and vacuoles

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport

Cancer cells compared to regular cells would have more cells in

mitosis (or mitotic phases)

organic modules are

modular, smaller= monomers can be linked to together to make larger molecules = polymers

simple diffusion

molecules move from high to low concentration due to random movement

single sugar molecule

monosaccharide

Glucose

monosaccharide, one of the most common. cells break it apart and use the energy inside

Telophase

new nuclear membranes form around clusters of chromosomes on each side of the cell

Smooth ER

no ribosomes, often site of synthesis of lipids

Nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane

nuclear envelope

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

nucleotide with three phosphate groups- an adenine base, pentose sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. provides energy for cellular activities

in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are in the

nucleus

Gogli Apparatus

packing and shipping center of cells....packs proteins in vesicles and vacuoles. (within and out of the cell)

Phospholipids

phosphate group has negative charge and is hydrophilic while the tail is made up of nonpolar fatty acids amd is hydrophobic

only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol

phospholipids

Proteins

play a role in storage, replication, transmission, and regulation of DNA. Some bind and reduce the expression of a gene while others activate the expression of a gene

Proteins

polymers made up of amino acids (the monomers)

Carbohydrates

polymers made up of sugars (the sugars are the monomers)

nucleic acids

polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides

many monomers

polysaccharide

Endoplasmic Reticula

produces proteins and lipids

Mitosis phases in order

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

PMAT

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Biological molecules that are essential for carrying out most of the necessary functions of life

proteins

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Prokaryotes

small, simple cells that make single-celled organisms (bacteria are most prevalent)

salt

solute

water

solvent

single celled eukaryotic

some protists

organelles

specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions

Proteins

speed up reactions, Role in DNA, move substances in and out of cells, transport material throughout body (hemoglobin), recognize specific molecules, facilitate mechanical movement (flex muscles), help maintain structure

Interphase

stages G1, S, and G2 90% of cells life cycle the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

DNA function

stores and transmits inherited genetic information; and contains the coded directions for making proteins

DNA

stores genetic information, remains in the nucleus, double stranded, A, T, C, G

Waxes

structure = Esters of fatty acids; Function = forms protective layers on plants and animals

fats and oils

structure = glycerol and fatty acids ; function = stores energy

nucleotides

subunit of nucleic acids; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

DNA

the genetic material that stores information for making proteins in all living organisms.

Steroids

(lipids) building blocks of many hormones and an important constituent of the cell's plasma membrane

IPMAT

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

In mitosis a single Diploid cell produces

2 diploid cells

In Meiosis a single diploid cell produces

4 haploid cells

Cellulose

A complex carbohydrate used in plant structures for structural support.

organic molecule

A molecule containing a carbon to hydrogen (C-H) covalent bond. often complex

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA, only in eukaryotic cells

Biological molecule that is essential for energy storage, cellular communication, and structural support

Carbohydrates

4 major groups of organic molecules in living things...known as biological molecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids

Phosphorylation

Chemical reaction in which a phosphate group (PO4) is added to another molecule. EX. ADP is phosphorlated to form ATP

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

Which kinds of bonds form a water molecule?

Covalent in a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are covalently bonded together

Chromosomes are made of

DNA and proteins (histones)

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division into 2 new cells

Which structure is involved in protein and lipid synthesis?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

5 Stages of the Cell Cycle

G1, S (synthesis), G2, M (mitosis), cytokinesis

Which structure is composed of a set of membraneous folds and is involved in exporting proteins by the cell?

Golgi

Which property of water makes it a good ingredient for the inside of cells?

Good Solvent (it helps dissolve the contents of thr cells)

Rough ER

Has ribosomes attached and helps them produce protein modifies and packs protein after ribosomes produce them

What kind of bonds form between 2 different water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.

What defines a molecule as organic.0

It is made of mostly carbon and hydrogen.

Biological molecules that are essential for energy storage and maintaining a boundary between the living organism and its environment

Lipids

Biological molecules that are a central for information storage within a cell and passing on this information to the next generation

Nucleic Acids (such as DNA)

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production (converts glucose into ATP) site of cellular respiration

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalyze)

Centromere

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

Steroids

Structure = carbon ring molecules ; funtion = provides structure to membranes, regulates many developmental, metabolic, and energy processes.

Phospholipids

Structure = fatty acids and phosphates ; function = provides structure to cell membranes, a protective barrier surrounding the cell or separating compartments and forming organelles within the cell

S phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

Which characteristic of organic molecules is related to the fact that they are modular?

They are made of repeating subunits. Modular refers to the subunits that link together to form the molecule

Lipid examples

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipds, steroids

Phospholipids

found in cell membranes and organelles

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

organic molecule examples

glucose, methane, DNA, protein, and fat

G1 and G2

growth phases

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes inside the cell

Homeostasis

to maintain a balance of conditions

RNA function

transmits the information in the DNA so that it can be used to produce proteins

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Large complex carbohydrates

used to store energy (ex. starch)

Complex Carbohydrates

used to store energy for longer period of time, structural components, cell signaling and recognition within multicellular organisms.

Describe an atom

vary in type as number proteins change, electrons configured in shells, electrons and protons that are oppositly charged, positively charged protons and neutral neutrons in the center

Lysosomes

vehicles found only in animal cells...powerful digestive enzymes....can recycle cellular parts or destroy external invaders

Phenotype

visible or physical traits