Biology Ch.3

Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ______ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria.

Eukarya

Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

RNA cytoplasm DNA ribosomes

Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s. Multiple select question. All cells have nuclei. The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All cells can arise from spontaneous generation. All cells originate from preexisting cells. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All cells originate from preexisting cells. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

The ______ theory states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life.

cell

Select all of the following that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.

cell wall chloroplasts

All living things consist of one or more ____________

cells

Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of

cells

What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?

central vacuole

What are the short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some eukaryotic cells like a fringe and enable the cells to have coordinated movements?

cilia

The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, called ______, contain the enzymes for cellular respiration.

cristae

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules comprise the ______, which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.

cytoskeleton

What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?

cytoskeleton

The ______ is a protein network that occurs within the cytosol, provides support, and helps form ______.

cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections

The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.

endomembrane

Select all the organelles that are thought to have arisen by the endosymbiosis .-endomembrane system -mitochondria -nucleus -chloroplasts

endomembrane system mitochondria chloroplasts nucleus

What theory describes how ancient organisms engulfed bacterial cells and, instead of being digested, the bacterial cells became organelles within the host cells?

endosymbiosis

Proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions on the cell membrane and in other parts of the cell are called

enzymes

What type of membrane protein speeds up chemical reactions?

enzymes

Select all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archaea.

evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes molecules that compose the membranes

Cellular extensions called ______ occur singly or in pairs and have a whiplike motion that propels eukaryotic cells.

flagella

Select all of the following types of organisms that usually have cell walls. fungi archaea animals Reason: Animal bacteria algae plants

fungi archaea bacteria algae plants

The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ________ junctions in animal cells.

gap

The ______ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane.

golgi apparatus

Select all of the functions of cell walls. organize microtubules impart shape store genetic material prevent the cell from bursting regulate cell volume

impart shape prevent the cell from bursting regulate cell volume

What type of microscope passes light through a transparent specimen to generate true-color views of cells? transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope light microscope

light microscope

All cells have a cell ______ that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.

membrane

What eukaryotic organelle is shown in the picture and functions in the production of cellular energy by cellular respiration?

mitochondria

Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system. nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria Golgi apparatus lysosomes chloroplasts

nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the

nucleus

All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the

outside environment

Biological membranes are selectively ______, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.

permeable

What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions?

peroxisome

Organelles that originate in the ER and contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances are called

peroxisomes

Select all of the following that may be components of cell membranes. -mitochondria -steroids -proteins -phospholipids

phospholipids proteins steroids

Cytoplasm can flow between adjacent plant cells through special openings in the cell wall called

plasmodesmata

Tunnels called ______ occur in the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells and allow the cells to communicate and exchange materials with each other.

plasmodesmata

Match each type of intercellular junction with its correct description. - tunnels for the exchange of substances between adjacent plant cells tight junctions - fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells, forming a barrier anchoring junctions - connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animal cells in one place - channels for the exchange of substances between adjacent animal cells

plasmodesmata tight junctions anchoring junctions gap junctions

What is the most ancient type of life on Earth?

prokaryotes

Select a component of the cell membrane that is able to move laterally within the membrane, giving it the description of a fluid mosaic.

protein

Select all the roles that membranes play in cells. - transcribe DNA into RNA and assemble ribosomes - receive and respond to external stimuli - enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells - transport substances into and out of the cell

receive and respond to external stimuli enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells transport substances into and out of the cell

Proteins to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.

rough

______ microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal-coated three-dimensional object to observe the exterior texture.

scanning electron

Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer without the assistance of transport proteins. -small nonpolar molecules -ions and polar molecules -O2 and CO2 -lipids

small nonpolar molecules, O2 and CO2, lipids

'' Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the __________ endoplasmic reticulum.

smooth

What structure is indicated by the arrow in this picture of the endomembrane system and lacks ribosomes covering the exterior?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Molecules called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.

steroids

What type of microscope has the highest resolution and can resolve objects less than 1 Angstrom apart?

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Two types of electron microscopes are ______ electron microscopes, which pass electrons through a specimen, and ______ electron microscopes, which beam electrons over the surface of a metal-coated specimen.

transmission; scanning

Select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell. detoxification of chemicals transportation aid for cell division structural support production of most of the cell's ATP

transportation aid for cell division structural support

True or false: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms.

true

Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.

vacuoles

Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called

vesicles