Biology Ch.3
Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ______ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria.
Eukarya
Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
RNA cytoplasm DNA ribosomes
Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s. Multiple select question. All cells have nuclei. The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All cells can arise from spontaneous generation. All cells originate from preexisting cells. All organisms are made of one or more cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All cells originate from preexisting cells. All organisms are made of one or more cells.
The ______ theory states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life.
cell
Select all of the following that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.
cell wall chloroplasts
All living things consist of one or more ____________
cells
Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of
cells
What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?
central vacuole
What are the short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some eukaryotic cells like a fringe and enable the cells to have coordinated movements?
cilia
The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, called ______, contain the enzymes for cellular respiration.
cristae
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules comprise the ______, which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.
cytoskeleton
What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?
cytoskeleton
The ______ is a protein network that occurs within the cytosol, provides support, and helps form ______.
cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections
The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.
endomembrane
Select all the organelles that are thought to have arisen by the endosymbiosis .-endomembrane system -mitochondria -nucleus -chloroplasts
endomembrane system mitochondria chloroplasts nucleus
What theory describes how ancient organisms engulfed bacterial cells and, instead of being digested, the bacterial cells became organelles within the host cells?
endosymbiosis
Proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions on the cell membrane and in other parts of the cell are called
enzymes
What type of membrane protein speeds up chemical reactions?
enzymes
Select all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archaea.
evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes molecules that compose the membranes
Cellular extensions called ______ occur singly or in pairs and have a whiplike motion that propels eukaryotic cells.
flagella
Select all of the following types of organisms that usually have cell walls. fungi archaea animals Reason: Animal bacteria algae plants
fungi archaea bacteria algae plants
The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ________ junctions in animal cells.
gap
The ______ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane.
golgi apparatus
Select all of the functions of cell walls. organize microtubules impart shape store genetic material prevent the cell from bursting regulate cell volume
impart shape prevent the cell from bursting regulate cell volume
What type of microscope passes light through a transparent specimen to generate true-color views of cells? transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope light microscope
light microscope
All cells have a cell ______ that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.
membrane
What eukaryotic organelle is shown in the picture and functions in the production of cellular energy by cellular respiration?
mitochondria
Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system. nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria Golgi apparatus lysosomes chloroplasts
nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the
nucleus
All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the
outside environment
Biological membranes are selectively ______, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.
permeable
What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions?
peroxisome
Organelles that originate in the ER and contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances are called
peroxisomes
Select all of the following that may be components of cell membranes. -mitochondria -steroids -proteins -phospholipids
phospholipids proteins steroids
Cytoplasm can flow between adjacent plant cells through special openings in the cell wall called
plasmodesmata
Tunnels called ______ occur in the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells and allow the cells to communicate and exchange materials with each other.
plasmodesmata
Match each type of intercellular junction with its correct description. - tunnels for the exchange of substances between adjacent plant cells tight junctions - fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells, forming a barrier anchoring junctions - connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animal cells in one place - channels for the exchange of substances between adjacent animal cells
plasmodesmata tight junctions anchoring junctions gap junctions
What is the most ancient type of life on Earth?
prokaryotes
Select a component of the cell membrane that is able to move laterally within the membrane, giving it the description of a fluid mosaic.
protein
Select all the roles that membranes play in cells. - transcribe DNA into RNA and assemble ribosomes - receive and respond to external stimuli - enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells - transport substances into and out of the cell
receive and respond to external stimuli enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells transport substances into and out of the cell
Proteins to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
______ microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal-coated three-dimensional object to observe the exterior texture.
scanning electron
Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer without the assistance of transport proteins. -small nonpolar molecules -ions and polar molecules -O2 and CO2 -lipids
small nonpolar molecules, O2 and CO2, lipids
'' Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the __________ endoplasmic reticulum.
smooth
What structure is indicated by the arrow in this picture of the endomembrane system and lacks ribosomes covering the exterior?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Molecules called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.
steroids
What type of microscope has the highest resolution and can resolve objects less than 1 Angstrom apart?
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Two types of electron microscopes are ______ electron microscopes, which pass electrons through a specimen, and ______ electron microscopes, which beam electrons over the surface of a metal-coated specimen.
transmission; scanning
Select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell. detoxification of chemicals transportation aid for cell division structural support production of most of the cell's ATP
transportation aid for cell division structural support
True or false: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms.
true
Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.
vacuoles
Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called
vesicles
