Biology Chapter 1-4 Test Review

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Lysosmes

(ANIMALS) contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules and broken organelles

Centrosome

(ANIMALS) pulls chromosomes to opposite end during cell division

Central Vacuole

(PLANT) regulates concentration of water in a plant

Chloroplast

(PLANT) where photosynthesis occurs, contains chlorophyll

Cell wall

(PLANTS) Protects and supports the cell

(OH-) = 1x10^-2 (H+) = 1x10^_____ What is the pH

-12 pH=12

Sulfhydryl

-SH, Polar

What is valance of Hydrogen?

1

What is the range of the pH scale?

1-14

What pH range is acidic?

1-6

What does cell theory state?

1. All living things are made up of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells

milli(base) to (base)

1m(base) = 10^-3 (base)

nano(base) to (base)

1n(base)=10^-9(base)

micro(base) to (base)

1u(base)= 10^-6(base)

What is Valance of Oxygen?

2

What is a disaccharide?

2 carbohydrate monomers bonded together

If you bond 4 molecules how many water molecules are lost?

3

What is Valance of Nitrogen?

3

How many bonds can carbon make?

4

How many bonds can water make,?

4

What is valance of Carbon?

4

How many calories are in 1 gram of carbohydrate

4 calories/gram (4 kcal)

How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?

4 calories/gram (4 kcal)

What is the structure of steroids?

4 fused carbon rings with methyl group

Avagadro's number

6.022 x 10^23 atoms

What pH does pure water have?

7

What pH range is basic?

8-14

How many calories are in 1 gram of fat (lipid)

9 calories/gram (9 kcal)

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Cholesterol

A steroid that is important in cell membranes and allows for synthesis of other steroids such as hormones. (Amphipathetic)

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

What are Buffers?

A weak acid or base that help resist change in pH

Chargaff's Rule

A----T and C----G

What are purines? Structure?

Adenine and Guanine (A, G) 2 rings (2 pure AGs)

What is evaporative cooling?

Allows evaporative water to cool a surface

What are the benefits of weak bonds?

Allows for dynamic and easily reversible interactions

What can misfolded proteins cause?

Alzheimer's and Parkinsons disease

What is heat of vaporization?

Amount of energy required to change 1 gram of a liquid substance to a gas

What is Electronegativity?

An atom's "want" for electrons

What is an isotope?

An element with a different number of NEUTRONS

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

What is Matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Atoms EQUAL sharing of electrons Both electrons have similar electronegativity

Polar Covalent Bond

Atoms UNEQUAL sharing of electrons Electrons have different electronegativity

What is Adhesion?

Attraction between water molecules and other substances

What do catabolic enzymes do?

BREAK down their substrates

What do anabolic enzymes do?

BUILD up complex molecules

What are the Domains of Life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Why is water such an efficient solvent?

Because of its polarity and ability to make hydrogen bonds.

What is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Benzene- used in amino acids and cholesterol

What are Carbohydrates?

Bodies source for immediate energy, 1:2:1 ratio

Where is OH ion on alpha glucose (a glucose)

Bottom

What is the carbohydrate structural isomer formula?

C6 H12 O6

Carbonyl

C=O, polar, ACIDIC

Methyl

CH3, Non polar

What is an example of Adhesion?

Capillary action- water moving up a tube by adhering to tube

What molecule makes up the structure of life?

Carbon

What are the type of enzymes?

Catabolic, anabolic, catalytic

What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Ribosomes

Cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis

What is the structure of amino acids made up of?

Central carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen, R group

What is a polypeptide?

Chain of amino acids

Waxes

Chain of esterified fats with an alcohol

What is pH?

Concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Nucleolus

Condensed chromatin region where ribosome synthesis occurs

Trans Isomer

Different arrangement of atoms around double bond DIFFERENT side

Cis Isomer

Different arrangement of atoms around double bond SAME side

How is pH related to H+ concentration?

Directly Related pH represents the H+ concentration

How is ocean acidification related to carbon dioxide?

Dissolved carbon dioxide can no longer make carbonate ions instead it creates more H+ and bicarbonate ions which deteriorate clams, mussels, and coral

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane structure that makes up outer portion of nucleus

Cristae

Folds within mitochondria to increase surface area for greater efficency

What is the N-terminus?

Free amino group at end of polypeptide chain

What is the C-terminus?

Free carboxyl group at end of polypeptide chain

microfilaments

Function in cellular movement

Intermediate filaments

Function in structure

What is the strength of ionic bonds?

Generally STRONG, but weak in solvents

what are Triglycerides made of?

Glycerol and three fatty acid chains

What is hydrogen ion symbol?

H+

What happens when pH goes up?

H+ concentration goes down

What happens when pH goes down?

H+ concentration goes up

Structural Isomer

Have different covalent arrangement of atoms

Water has _________ heat of vaporization?

High

Water has a ________ specific heat.

High

Nucleus

Holds DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons based on a chain of carbons

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons in a 5 or 6 membered ring of carbon

What bond is between Nitrogenous bases?

Hydrogen bonds

What periodic table trends show increasing electronegativity?

Increasing to the Right -----> Increasing up ^

How do phospholipids move in a cell membrane?

Laterally, constantly moving

What is the effect of acid rain?

Lowers the pH of the soil, lakes, and ponds

What is a polynucleotide?

Many nucleotides linked together. aka: POLYPEPTIDE

What is half-life used for?

Measures the amount of radioactive isotopes in a fossil in order to determine the age

What are examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons?

Methane, Ethane, Ethene

Molarity Formula

Molarity= moles/Liters M= mol/L

What is an amphipathic molecule? What is an example?

Molecule with both polar and nonpolar parts Phospholipid, cholesterol

What is an Isomer?

Molecules with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms

Amino

NH2, polar, BASIC

What does chiral mean?

Non-superimposable mirror image (your hands are non-superimposable)

What are lipids made of?

Nonpolar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chains

Carboxyl

O=C-OH, polar, hydrophilic, ACIDIC

Hydroxyl

OH, polar, hydrophilic

What is hydroxide ion symbol?

OH-

Phosphate

PO4, Polar, ACIDIC

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separate inside and outside of a cell Selectively permiable

___________ sugars and proteins are soluble.

Polar

Cellulose

Polysaccharides that are primarily in plants made of unbranched chains and B galactose. Animals cannot digest cellulose. (alternating OH and Ch2OH)

What is hydrolysis?

Process of ADDING water to BREAK bond

What is dehydration synthesis?

Process of REMOVING water to CREATE bond

What is radioactive decay?

Process where an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation

What is an Element?

Pure substance that cannot be broken down

Microtubules

Resist in compression of the Cell

Rough ER

Ribosomal- Ribosomes send proteins that undergo modifications

Enantiomer

Same molecules and bonds but are MIRROR images of each other.

Nucleoplasm

Semi-solid fluid in nucleus

Saturated Fats

Single bonds, solid at room temperature, BAD FOR YOU

What type of bonds can aromatic hydrocarbons make?

Single or double bonds

Smooth ER

Smooth- Synthesis of carbs, lipids, hormones, detoxification

Golgi apparatus

Sorting, tagging, and packaging of lipids and protiens sent by ER

What are the types of storage polysaccharides?

Starch and glycogen Starch= plants= UNBRANCHED Glycogen= animals= BRANCHED

What are the types of isomers?

Structural, Cis, Trans, Enantiomers

___________ effects Function

Structure

Chromosomes

Structures in DNA made up of hereditary material

Antiparallel structure

Sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions: 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'

What does cohesion allow for?

Surface tension

Anabolic Steroids

Synthetic version of testosterone. Used for performance enhancement.

What is an example of an Enantiomer?

Thalidomide (Pregnancy Drug)

What is concentration?

The amount of solute in a given volume

What happens when one atom is more electronegative that the other?

The atom pulls electrons towards itself

What is ocean acidification?

The decrease of pH in oceans (1-6)

What happens with radioactive isotopes?

The nucleus of one element spontaneously decays, emitting particles and energy, turning it into another element

What is half-life?

The time it takes for 1/2 of a substance to decay

How do buffers work?

They accept or release H+ as needed

Where is OH ion on beta glucose (B glucose)

Top

Water is the ________________ solvent

Universal

What are Hydrogenated fats?

Unsaturated fats that are chemically changed into saturated fats by adding hydrogen Creates "Trans fats" (increase cholesterol)

What are cis acids?

Unsaturated fatty acid chain with a kink at double bond, cannot be packed tightly, liquid at room temperature

What are trans acids?

Unsaturated fatty acid chain, NO kink at double bond

What are Vanderwaal interactions used in?

Used to hold geckos to walls Used to hold DNA together

What increases faster surface area or volume of a cell?

Volume

What is the most important molecule on Earth and why?

Water It's a polar molecule It forms hydrogen bonds

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

What is Cohesion?

Water molecules sticking to each other through hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds that hold together water molecules and nitrogenous bases in DNA

What is a covalent bond?

When two atoms SHARE valance electrons

What is surface tension?

a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

What is a gradient?

a physical difference in a particular substance of a fluid or space

What does cholesterol do in cell membrane?

acts as a buffer against temperature changes. @ high temp- restrains phospholipids @ low temp- allows movement

What do catalytic enzymes do?

affect the rate of reaction

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

Peripheral Proteins

attatched to inner/outer surface of cell membrane

Where are peptide bonds found?

between amino and carboxyl group (C---N)

Where are phosphate bonds made between?

between phosphate group and pentose sugar (O--H)

Receptor Proteins

bind to chemical messenger on the outside of the cell to initiate a response inside the cell

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What functional group are carbohydrates made of

carbonyl

Aldose

carbonyl group at END of carbon chain

Ketose

carbonyl group in MIDDLE of carbon chain

Peroxisomes

carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids, DETOXIFY body of toxins

What are structural polysaccharides?

cellulose and chitin

What is protein Denaturing?

changing of structure and shape of a protein due to the environment

Gap Junctions

channels between adjacent cells that allow for ion transport

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Ionic Bonds

complete transfer of electrons between atoms

Esterlinkage

covalent bond between carbonyl group and alcohol Glycerol attached to C===O in triglycerides

What are glycosidic bonds?

covalent bonds that join together carbohydrate molecules carbon to carbon bond

What is the structure of water as a solid?

crystiline structure

What are pyrimidines? Structure?

cytosine, thymine, uracil (C, T, U) 1 ring

What is membrane fluidity effected by?

degree of saturation of fatty acid tails Unsaturated- break @ high temp Saturated- Rigid @ cold temp

What is an Intercellular junction? What are the types?

different ways that cells communicate Plasmodesmata, Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junction

Solvent

dissolving substance in a solution

Unsaturated fats

double bonds, liquid at room temp

Mitochondria

double membrane structure that makes ATP, main organelle involved in cellular respiration

fluid mosaic model

fluid= water mosaic= protein

Cytoplasm

gel like fluid between membrane and nuclear envelope where organelles are found

What are monosaccharides of carbohydrates?

glucose, fructose, galactose

What is the extracellular matrix?

holds cells together to form tissue but allows cells to communicate

What is the structure of water as a liquid?

hydrogen bonds are broken and remade

What is the structure of water as a gas?

hydrogen bonds break and water escapes into air

What are the properties of a phospholipid?

hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail

What is attached to 3' end?

hydroxyl group

What are monomers?

individual subunits

Quaternary structure of protein

interaction between other polypeptide chains (folding)

Tertiary structure of protein

interaction of R groups in chain, held by many different types of bonds (folding)

Secondary structure of protein

interaction of groups in the peptide backbone, held by hydrogen bonds

What is a polysaccharide?

long chain of monosaccharides liked together through glycosidic linkages

Chromatin

material that makes up chromosomes

Vacuoles and Vesicles

membrane-bound sacs for transport and storage of materials in cell

What are the types of fibers in cytoskeleton?

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

What are prions? What disease did it cause?

misfolded versions of normal protein that can cause protein death Ex: mad cows disease

Endosymbiosis

mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

modifies proteins, synthesizes lipids

What are polymers?

monomers linked together through covalent bonds

Transmembrane proteins

most of the Integral proteins that span the membrane.

What are nucleotides composed of?

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What happens to pH when hydroxide ions increase?

pH decreases (Basic)

What happens to pH what hydroxide ions decrease?

pH increases (basic)

What holds Amino Acids together?

peptide bonds

What bonds hold together polynucleotides? What is lost?

phosphate bonds Water is lost (dehydration synthesis)

What is attached to 5' end?

phosphate group

What is a phospholipid?

phosphate group + 2 fatty acid tails + glycerol makes up the cellular membrane

What is the composition of the membrane?

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol

All cells share _____

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA

What are the types of Covalent bonds?

polar and nonpolar

What type of molecule is water?

polar molecule

Chitin

polysaccharides that are found in exoskeletons of arthropods B glycosidic linkages and contains Nitrogen appendage

Enzymes are a type of ____

protein

Integral Proteins

proteins embedded into the cell membrane

What are Enzymes?

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

What is protein renaturing?

refolding of protien back to original structure, only happens sometimes

a helix structure

secondary structure of a protein in SPIRAL

B pleated sheet structure

secondary structure of protein in SHEET

Primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids

What are hydrocarbons?

simplest organic compounds made of ONLY hydrogen and carbon

What type of bonds and shape do aliphatic hydrocarbons have?

single bonds- tetrahedral double bonds- planar/flat

What is a prokaryote?

single celled organism with NO nucleus or membrane bound organelles

What is the electronegativity of the atoms in a water molecule?

slightly POSITIVE hydrogen, slightly NEGATIVE oxygen

How does cell size affect function?

smaller cell size allows for quick diffusion and transport of ions throughout a cell

What is a cell?

smallest unit of life

What is an Atom?

smallest unit of matter with properties determined by subatomic particles

What are the states of water (3)

solid, liquid, gas

catalyst

speeds up a reaction ex: enzyme

What happens when a cell increases its size?

surface area to volume ration decreases, becomes less efficient

What is specific heat?

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celcius

endomembrane system

the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

Valance Electron

the outermost electron(s) of an atom

What are chaperones?

they assist in protein folding process

Trans and Cis acids

type of unsaturated fatty acid

Tight Junctions

watertight seal between cells

Vanderwall Interactions

weak bond that occurs when negative and positive regions of an atom interact with each other


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