Biology Chapter 1-4 Test Review
Lysosmes
(ANIMALS) contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules and broken organelles
Centrosome
(ANIMALS) pulls chromosomes to opposite end during cell division
Central Vacuole
(PLANT) regulates concentration of water in a plant
Chloroplast
(PLANT) where photosynthesis occurs, contains chlorophyll
Cell wall
(PLANTS) Protects and supports the cell
(OH-) = 1x10^-2 (H+) = 1x10^_____ What is the pH
-12 pH=12
Sulfhydryl
-SH, Polar
What is valance of Hydrogen?
1
What is the range of the pH scale?
1-14
What pH range is acidic?
1-6
What does cell theory state?
1. All living things are made up of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells
milli(base) to (base)
1m(base) = 10^-3 (base)
nano(base) to (base)
1n(base)=10^-9(base)
micro(base) to (base)
1u(base)= 10^-6(base)
What is Valance of Oxygen?
2
What is a disaccharide?
2 carbohydrate monomers bonded together
If you bond 4 molecules how many water molecules are lost?
3
What is Valance of Nitrogen?
3
How many bonds can carbon make?
4
How many bonds can water make,?
4
What is valance of Carbon?
4
How many calories are in 1 gram of carbohydrate
4 calories/gram (4 kcal)
How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?
4 calories/gram (4 kcal)
What is the structure of steroids?
4 fused carbon rings with methyl group
Avagadro's number
6.022 x 10^23 atoms
What pH does pure water have?
7
What pH range is basic?
8-14
How many calories are in 1 gram of fat (lipid)
9 calories/gram (9 kcal)
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
selective permeability
A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
Cholesterol
A steroid that is important in cell membranes and allows for synthesis of other steroids such as hormones. (Amphipathetic)
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
What are Buffers?
A weak acid or base that help resist change in pH
Chargaff's Rule
A----T and C----G
What are purines? Structure?
Adenine and Guanine (A, G) 2 rings (2 pure AGs)
What is evaporative cooling?
Allows evaporative water to cool a surface
What are the benefits of weak bonds?
Allows for dynamic and easily reversible interactions
What can misfolded proteins cause?
Alzheimer's and Parkinsons disease
What is heat of vaporization?
Amount of energy required to change 1 gram of a liquid substance to a gas
What is Electronegativity?
An atom's "want" for electrons
What is an isotope?
An element with a different number of NEUTRONS
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
What is Matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Atoms EQUAL sharing of electrons Both electrons have similar electronegativity
Polar Covalent Bond
Atoms UNEQUAL sharing of electrons Electrons have different electronegativity
What is Adhesion?
Attraction between water molecules and other substances
What do catabolic enzymes do?
BREAK down their substrates
What do anabolic enzymes do?
BUILD up complex molecules
What are the Domains of Life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Why is water such an efficient solvent?
Because of its polarity and ability to make hydrogen bonds.
What is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Benzene- used in amino acids and cholesterol
What are Carbohydrates?
Bodies source for immediate energy, 1:2:1 ratio
Where is OH ion on alpha glucose (a glucose)
Bottom
What is the carbohydrate structural isomer formula?
C6 H12 O6
Carbonyl
C=O, polar, ACIDIC
Methyl
CH3, Non polar
What is an example of Adhesion?
Capillary action- water moving up a tube by adhering to tube
What molecule makes up the structure of life?
Carbon
What are the type of enzymes?
Catabolic, anabolic, catalytic
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Ribosomes
Cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis
What is the structure of amino acids made up of?
Central carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen, R group
What is a polypeptide?
Chain of amino acids
Waxes
Chain of esterified fats with an alcohol
What is pH?
Concentration of H+ ions in a solution
Nucleolus
Condensed chromatin region where ribosome synthesis occurs
Trans Isomer
Different arrangement of atoms around double bond DIFFERENT side
Cis Isomer
Different arrangement of atoms around double bond SAME side
How is pH related to H+ concentration?
Directly Related pH represents the H+ concentration
How is ocean acidification related to carbon dioxide?
Dissolved carbon dioxide can no longer make carbonate ions instead it creates more H+ and bicarbonate ions which deteriorate clams, mussels, and coral
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane structure that makes up outer portion of nucleus
Cristae
Folds within mitochondria to increase surface area for greater efficency
What is the N-terminus?
Free amino group at end of polypeptide chain
What is the C-terminus?
Free carboxyl group at end of polypeptide chain
microfilaments
Function in cellular movement
Intermediate filaments
Function in structure
What is the strength of ionic bonds?
Generally STRONG, but weak in solvents
what are Triglycerides made of?
Glycerol and three fatty acid chains
What is hydrogen ion symbol?
H+
What happens when pH goes up?
H+ concentration goes down
What happens when pH goes down?
H+ concentration goes up
Structural Isomer
Have different covalent arrangement of atoms
Water has _________ heat of vaporization?
High
Water has a ________ specific heat.
High
Nucleus
Holds DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons based on a chain of carbons
What are aromatic hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons in a 5 or 6 membered ring of carbon
What bond is between Nitrogenous bases?
Hydrogen bonds
What periodic table trends show increasing electronegativity?
Increasing to the Right -----> Increasing up ^
How do phospholipids move in a cell membrane?
Laterally, constantly moving
What is the effect of acid rain?
Lowers the pH of the soil, lakes, and ponds
What is a polynucleotide?
Many nucleotides linked together. aka: POLYPEPTIDE
What is half-life used for?
Measures the amount of radioactive isotopes in a fossil in order to determine the age
What are examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Methane, Ethane, Ethene
Molarity Formula
Molarity= moles/Liters M= mol/L
What is an amphipathic molecule? What is an example?
Molecule with both polar and nonpolar parts Phospholipid, cholesterol
What is an Isomer?
Molecules with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms
Amino
NH2, polar, BASIC
What does chiral mean?
Non-superimposable mirror image (your hands are non-superimposable)
What are lipids made of?
Nonpolar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chains
Carboxyl
O=C-OH, polar, hydrophilic, ACIDIC
Hydroxyl
OH, polar, hydrophilic
What is hydroxide ion symbol?
OH-
Phosphate
PO4, Polar, ACIDIC
Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separate inside and outside of a cell Selectively permiable
___________ sugars and proteins are soluble.
Polar
Cellulose
Polysaccharides that are primarily in plants made of unbranched chains and B galactose. Animals cannot digest cellulose. (alternating OH and Ch2OH)
What is hydrolysis?
Process of ADDING water to BREAK bond
What is dehydration synthesis?
Process of REMOVING water to CREATE bond
What is radioactive decay?
Process where an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation
What is an Element?
Pure substance that cannot be broken down
Microtubules
Resist in compression of the Cell
Rough ER
Ribosomal- Ribosomes send proteins that undergo modifications
Enantiomer
Same molecules and bonds but are MIRROR images of each other.
Nucleoplasm
Semi-solid fluid in nucleus
Saturated Fats
Single bonds, solid at room temperature, BAD FOR YOU
What type of bonds can aromatic hydrocarbons make?
Single or double bonds
Smooth ER
Smooth- Synthesis of carbs, lipids, hormones, detoxification
Golgi apparatus
Sorting, tagging, and packaging of lipids and protiens sent by ER
What are the types of storage polysaccharides?
Starch and glycogen Starch= plants= UNBRANCHED Glycogen= animals= BRANCHED
What are the types of isomers?
Structural, Cis, Trans, Enantiomers
___________ effects Function
Structure
Chromosomes
Structures in DNA made up of hereditary material
Antiparallel structure
Sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions: 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
What does cohesion allow for?
Surface tension
Anabolic Steroids
Synthetic version of testosterone. Used for performance enhancement.
What is an example of an Enantiomer?
Thalidomide (Pregnancy Drug)
What is concentration?
The amount of solute in a given volume
What happens when one atom is more electronegative that the other?
The atom pulls electrons towards itself
What is ocean acidification?
The decrease of pH in oceans (1-6)
What happens with radioactive isotopes?
The nucleus of one element spontaneously decays, emitting particles and energy, turning it into another element
What is half-life?
The time it takes for 1/2 of a substance to decay
How do buffers work?
They accept or release H+ as needed
Where is OH ion on beta glucose (B glucose)
Top
Water is the ________________ solvent
Universal
What are Hydrogenated fats?
Unsaturated fats that are chemically changed into saturated fats by adding hydrogen Creates "Trans fats" (increase cholesterol)
What are cis acids?
Unsaturated fatty acid chain with a kink at double bond, cannot be packed tightly, liquid at room temperature
What are trans acids?
Unsaturated fatty acid chain, NO kink at double bond
What are Vanderwaal interactions used in?
Used to hold geckos to walls Used to hold DNA together
What increases faster surface area or volume of a cell?
Volume
What is the most important molecule on Earth and why?
Water It's a polar molecule It forms hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
What is Cohesion?
Water molecules sticking to each other through hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds that hold together water molecules and nitrogenous bases in DNA
What is a covalent bond?
When two atoms SHARE valance electrons
What is surface tension?
a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
What is a gradient?
a physical difference in a particular substance of a fluid or space
What does cholesterol do in cell membrane?
acts as a buffer against temperature changes. @ high temp- restrains phospholipids @ low temp- allows movement
What do catalytic enzymes do?
affect the rate of reaction
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
Peripheral Proteins
attatched to inner/outer surface of cell membrane
Where are peptide bonds found?
between amino and carboxyl group (C---N)
Where are phosphate bonds made between?
between phosphate group and pentose sugar (O--H)
Receptor Proteins
bind to chemical messenger on the outside of the cell to initiate a response inside the cell
What are the four macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What functional group are carbohydrates made of
carbonyl
Aldose
carbonyl group at END of carbon chain
Ketose
carbonyl group in MIDDLE of carbon chain
Peroxisomes
carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids, DETOXIFY body of toxins
What are structural polysaccharides?
cellulose and chitin
What is protein Denaturing?
changing of structure and shape of a protein due to the environment
Gap Junctions
channels between adjacent cells that allow for ion transport
Plasmodesmata
channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
Ionic Bonds
complete transfer of electrons between atoms
Esterlinkage
covalent bond between carbonyl group and alcohol Glycerol attached to C===O in triglycerides
What are glycosidic bonds?
covalent bonds that join together carbohydrate molecules carbon to carbon bond
What is the structure of water as a solid?
crystiline structure
What are pyrimidines? Structure?
cytosine, thymine, uracil (C, T, U) 1 ring
What is membrane fluidity effected by?
degree of saturation of fatty acid tails Unsaturated- break @ high temp Saturated- Rigid @ cold temp
What is an Intercellular junction? What are the types?
different ways that cells communicate Plasmodesmata, Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junction
Solvent
dissolving substance in a solution
Unsaturated fats
double bonds, liquid at room temp
Mitochondria
double membrane structure that makes ATP, main organelle involved in cellular respiration
fluid mosaic model
fluid= water mosaic= protein
Cytoplasm
gel like fluid between membrane and nuclear envelope where organelles are found
What are monosaccharides of carbohydrates?
glucose, fructose, galactose
What is the extracellular matrix?
holds cells together to form tissue but allows cells to communicate
What is the structure of water as a liquid?
hydrogen bonds are broken and remade
What is the structure of water as a gas?
hydrogen bonds break and water escapes into air
What are the properties of a phospholipid?
hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail
What is attached to 3' end?
hydroxyl group
What are monomers?
individual subunits
Quaternary structure of protein
interaction between other polypeptide chains (folding)
Tertiary structure of protein
interaction of R groups in chain, held by many different types of bonds (folding)
Secondary structure of protein
interaction of groups in the peptide backbone, held by hydrogen bonds
What is a polysaccharide?
long chain of monosaccharides liked together through glycosidic linkages
Chromatin
material that makes up chromosomes
Vacuoles and Vesicles
membrane-bound sacs for transport and storage of materials in cell
What are the types of fibers in cytoskeleton?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
What are prions? What disease did it cause?
misfolded versions of normal protein that can cause protein death Ex: mad cows disease
Endosymbiosis
mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
modifies proteins, synthesizes lipids
What are polymers?
monomers linked together through covalent bonds
Transmembrane proteins
most of the Integral proteins that span the membrane.
What are nucleotides composed of?
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What happens to pH when hydroxide ions increase?
pH decreases (Basic)
What happens to pH what hydroxide ions decrease?
pH increases (basic)
What holds Amino Acids together?
peptide bonds
What bonds hold together polynucleotides? What is lost?
phosphate bonds Water is lost (dehydration synthesis)
What is attached to 5' end?
phosphate group
What is a phospholipid?
phosphate group + 2 fatty acid tails + glycerol makes up the cellular membrane
What is the composition of the membrane?
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol
All cells share _____
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA
What are the types of Covalent bonds?
polar and nonpolar
What type of molecule is water?
polar molecule
Chitin
polysaccharides that are found in exoskeletons of arthropods B glycosidic linkages and contains Nitrogen appendage
Enzymes are a type of ____
protein
Integral Proteins
proteins embedded into the cell membrane
What are Enzymes?
proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
What is protein renaturing?
refolding of protien back to original structure, only happens sometimes
a helix structure
secondary structure of a protein in SPIRAL
B pleated sheet structure
secondary structure of protein in SHEET
Primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids
What are hydrocarbons?
simplest organic compounds made of ONLY hydrogen and carbon
What type of bonds and shape do aliphatic hydrocarbons have?
single bonds- tetrahedral double bonds- planar/flat
What is a prokaryote?
single celled organism with NO nucleus or membrane bound organelles
What is the electronegativity of the atoms in a water molecule?
slightly POSITIVE hydrogen, slightly NEGATIVE oxygen
How does cell size affect function?
smaller cell size allows for quick diffusion and transport of ions throughout a cell
What is a cell?
smallest unit of life
What is an Atom?
smallest unit of matter with properties determined by subatomic particles
What are the states of water (3)
solid, liquid, gas
catalyst
speeds up a reaction ex: enzyme
What happens when a cell increases its size?
surface area to volume ration decreases, becomes less efficient
What is specific heat?
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celcius
endomembrane system
the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
Valance Electron
the outermost electron(s) of an atom
What are chaperones?
they assist in protein folding process
Trans and Cis acids
type of unsaturated fatty acid
Tight Junctions
watertight seal between cells
Vanderwall Interactions
weak bond that occurs when negative and positive regions of an atom interact with each other
