Biology Chapter 10

A

ATP, a higher-energy molecule than ADP, is synthesized from ADP in the electron transport chain. Given that molecules cannot go from a lower energy to a higher energy on their own without an external input of energy, how does the energy for this reaction enter the system? A. Energy enters the system when NADH and FADH2 carry their high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain where, through chemiosmosis, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the membrane into the intermembrane space, causing the buildup of a charge difference. B. Energy enters the system when NAD+ and FAD carry their high-energy electrons to glycolysis, where, through kinesis, their energy is used to transport acetyl-CoA across the membrane into the intermembrane space, causing the buildup of a charge difference. C. Energy enters the system when NADH and FADH2 carry their high-energy electrons to the Calvin cycle where, through chemiosmosis, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the membrane into the intermembrane space, causing a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. D. Energy enters the system when NAD+ and FAD carry their high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain where, through chemiosmosis, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the membrane into the matrix, causing the buildup of lactic acid.

B and D

Celeste and Raymond are studying the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They learn that in eukaryotic cells the electron transport chain is in a different location than in prokaryotic cells. Which statements give the correct explanation of this difference? A. In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is in the nucleus. B. In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. C. In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the Golgi apparatus. D. In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is in the cell membrane.

Anaerobic, sour, and L. bulgaricus and S. thermophiles group

Certain bacteria that produce lactic acid as a waste product during fermentation, an _______ process, are important to the food industry. This lactic acid is what gives yogurt its _______ taste. From the graph, based on the pH after 4 hours, the _______ would taste the most acidic.

C

In the process of glycolysis, four ATP molecules are synthesized from four ADP molecules. Why does glycolysis not yield four molecules of ATP? A. Two ATP molecules are lost in the cytoplasm. B. Two ATP molecules are converted immediately back to ADP. C. Two ATP molecules are required to start the process. D. Two ATP molecules are absorbed in the mitochondria.

Cellular respiration, an aerobic process, releases energy from food by combining glucose and oxygen. The products of the overall chemical reaction are water and carbon dioxide, and the energy released is used to convert ADP to ATP.

Kawana knows that the sandwich she eats for lunch will give her energy for lacrosse practice that afternoon, but she wonders exactly how the food will reach her cells and enable her muscles to move. Give a brief description of how energy from food is made available for cellular use.

B and D

Morgan has diabetes and must carefully monitor his food intake. He is learning the calorie count of the different macromolecules—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—so that he can make choices to keep his blood sugar in the proper range. He notices that the word calorie is sometimes spelled with a capital C. Which statements accurately describe calories and Calories? Select all of the answers that apply. A. A kilocalorie is equal to 1000 Calories. B. A Calorie is equal to 1000 calories. C. A calorie is equal to 1000 Calories. D. A Calorie is equal to a kilocalorie.

C

Natasha is making a model of cellular respiration. Her model shows the pathway followed when there is enough oxygen available. What does Natasha's model show? A. an aerobic pathway consisting of glycolysis and fermentation B. an anaerobic pathway consisting of glycolysis and fermentation C. an aerobic pathway consisting of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain D. an anaerobic pathway consisting of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

C

Savannah is asked to explain the locations of the stages of cellular respiration. What location should she give for the site of the Krebs cycle reactions? A. the cell membrane, which surrounds the cell B. the nucleus, the innermost part of the cell C. the matrix of the mitochondria D. the cytoplasm of the cell

A

What process will occur next to make the dough rise? A. Alcoholic fermentation takes place and ethyl alcohol and CO2 gas are formed, creating pockets in the dough. B. Alcoholic fermentation takes place, and the yeast give off oxygen, creating pockets in the dough. C. Alcoholic fermentation takes place, and during the Krebs cycle, CO2 is produced, creating pockets in the dough. D. Alcoholic fermentation takes place, and the H2O byproduct of the electron transport chain vaporizes to create pockets in the dough.

D

Xavier and Jill are practicing the 100-meter sprint. Which statement BEST describes the metabolic pathways their muscles will utilize to produce the quick energy needed for this intense exercise? A. Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid, followed by the aerobic pathways of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. B. Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid and 2 molecules of ATP, then in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis running. C. The pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is broken down in the Krebs cycle. D. Glycolysis begins glucose metabolism, and in the absence of oxygen, lactic acid fermentation takes over.

A and C

ATP is produced in all stages of cellular respiration. Which two statements describe the process of ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain? A. The ATP synthase spins when the hydrogen ions rush past, acting as a "matchmaker" and grabbing another phosphate group to attach to an ADP molecule. B. The high concentration of NAD+ acts as a catalyst to speed up the formation of ATP from ADP. C. The high concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space allows them to diffuse across the membrane into the matrix. D. The FADH2 synthase spins as the high-energy electrons rush past, synthesizing ATP from ADP.

Plants perform photosynthesis, which takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plants and animals perform cellular respiration, which returns the carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Construct an explanation for how photosynthesis and cellular respiration contribute to the carbon cycle.

Cytoplasm, not available, alcohol, lactic acid, much less

Fermentation is a chemical reaction that takes place in the _________ and occurs when oxygen is _________. Byproducts of fermentation may include _________ or _________. Fermentation yields _________ than the electron transport chain.

Carbon dioxide, pipettes, oxygen, growth an reproduction, make, an eat

Look at the diagram. A product of cellular respiration is _______ which can escape from the test tubes through the _______. A reactant of cellular respiration is _______, which will be used up. Plants, like animals, need energy for _______. The difference is that plants first _______ food that later undergoes cellular respiration, whereas animals must _______ food.

Group 3 will undergo cellular respiration, because the germinating peas are actively growing and need energy for cell division.

Look at the diagram. Predict which test group will undergo cellular respiration and explain why.

Mitochondria, ATP

Marathon runners have a much higher percentage of "slow twitch" fibers in their muscles, which make it possible for them to run long distances at a steady pace. On the other hand, sprinters' muscles are composed mostly of "fast twitch" fibers, which allow to allow for intense bursts of exertion. Therefore, marathon runners have more _________ in their muscles to allow for greater _________.

B

Mariana eats an orange. Which statement describes the ultimate source of the energy that her body receives when she digests the orange? A. Organic matter, rich soil in which the orange tree grows, and adequate water all work together to generate the energy that can be obtained from the orange. B. The light energy that originates from the sun provides the energy to grow oranges, which contain macromolecules. C. The orange tree obtains energy from the nitrogen and other compounds in fertilizer. D. The orange contains the energy-rich nutrients that it draws from the soil.

C

The Krebs cycle consists of many small steps, each catalyzed by an enzyme. What is another name for the Krebs cycle? A. the pyruvic acid cycle B. the carbon dioxide cycle C. the citric acid cycle D. the Calvin cycle

D

The molecules in the food we eat contain chemical energy stored in chemical bonds. Which statement BEST explains how this energy is released? A. Cells burn food molecules, releasing energy as heat that powers movement while keeping the body at the correct temperature. B. Chemical energy is released as eaten food is digested, giving off heat as a by-product. C. Cells extract and capture the energy in food molecules all at once, then store it for later use. D. Chemical bonds in food molecules are broken, releasing energy and allowing cells to use the energy to make ATP.

B

Air and water pollution from industrial waste is a major global challenge, and is largely driven by societal needs and wants. Biochemists know that plants function as small chemical factories, yet produce no toxic waste. These tiny factories in plants are everywhere, synthesizing carbohydrates from photosynthesis, utilizing cellular respiration for energy production, and producing food for animals all at the same time. How can this knowledge, along with modern technology, best be applied to reduce industrial pollution? A. Hazardous industrial wastes can be treated with fertilizer and spread on croplands. B. Plants can be genetically modified to synthesize compounds that currently are made in chemical factories that produce hazardous wastes. C. Plants can be genetically modified to transform heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, into less toxic elements. D. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify plants that could naturally decontaminate industrial wastes.

B

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and is an anaerobic process. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid. How is glycolysis kept functioning during cellular respiration? A. Two high-energy electrons are passed to the carrier NADH, which transports electrons back to glycolysis. B. Two molecules of ATP from the cell are invested at the beginning of the process of glycolysis. C. Pyruvic acid from glycolysis reacts to form acetyl-CoA, which then combines with a four-carbon compound in the Krebs cycle and re-enters glycolysis. D. Hydrogen ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through chemiosmosis and re-enter glycolysis.

2, 32

Glycolysis yields _________ molecules of ATP, while the electron transport chain yields _________ molecules of ATP due to the presence of oxygen.

A and D

The overall reactions for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite of each other. Select two statements that describe the two processes. A. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and produces oxygen. B. Cellular respiration uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and produces oxygen. C. Photosynthesis uses oxygen to release energy from food and produces carbon dioxide as a by-product. D. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to release energy from food and produces carbon dioxide as a by-product.

B and C

The process of combustion, or burning, is similar to the chemical processes that release energy in cells. Wood burns at a very high temperature, about 600°C. Which two statements explain how the human body is able to obtain energy without becoming too hot? A. A large percentage of the cell is protein, which prevents rapid combustion. B. The breakdown of glucose occurs in many small steps. C. Low-temperature breakdown of glucose is enabled by enzymes that catalyze specific reactions. D. Both fuel and ample oxygen are required for fire; oxygen concentration is too low in the body to allow combustion.