Biology Chapter 10/11 Quiz/Test

What happens and is produced in Crossing Over ?

Crossing Over is the process where homologous chromosomes cross and exchange info - each chromosome has a section of its pair

How can environmental influence the phenotype of an organism ?

Diet and exersize are some environmental influences on phenotypes, but water and sunlight can affect plant phenotypes and temperature can affect things like fur and other characteristics of animal and other organisms

What happens and is produced in Fertilization ?

Fertilization is the process where gametes combine - a diploid cell (zygote)

Homozygous A blood

IAIA

Heterozgous A blood

IAi

Homozygous B blood

IBIB

Heterozygous B blood

IBi

Explain how meiosis and fertilization produce genetic variation during sexual reproduction.

In meiosis, the chromosome cross to exchange some genetic info and in fertilization, half of the chromosomes come from the male and half from the female, which all lead to genetic variation

What happens and is produced in Meiosis ?

Meiosis is the process that forms sex cells or gametes - four haploid cells

What are the effects of Mendel's two laws ?

Mendel's law of segregation states that two alleles for a trait separate, which then eventually leads to hybrids which one allele from each trait. The law of independent assortment states that the distribution of alleles is random in gamete formation, which resulted in various ecotypes and phenotypes for the next generation.

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendelian law stating that a random distribution of alleles occurs during the formation of gametes

Law of Segregation

Menelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis ?

Mitosis - one division - dna reproduction in interphase - genetically identical daughter cells - only in body cells - growth and repair Meiosis - two sets of divisions - dna replication once before meiosis I - synapsis of homologous chromosomes - genetic variation - only in reproductive cells - production of gametes

Sex Chromosomes

X or Y chromosomes; paired sex chromosomes determine an individuals gender - XX for female - XY for males

Know how to make punnet squares !

You can look over them in the packet and i would look over the 5 steps

Haploid

a cell with half the number of chromosomes

Gametes

a haploid sex cells, formed during meiosis, that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg

Dominant

a trait that is expressed or shown over a different form of the trait

Recessive

a trait that may be hidden or overruled by a different form of a trait

Allele

alternative forms that a single gene may have for a particular trait

Heterozygous

an organism with two different alleles for a specific trait

Homozygous

an organism with two of the same alleles for a specific trait

Genotype

an organism's alleles

Polygenic Trait

characteristics, such as eye color or skin color, that results from the interaction of multiple gene pairs

Autosomes

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Sex-linked Traits

chromosomes, such as red green color blindness, controlled by the X chromosome; also called X linked traits

Incomplete Dominance

complex inheritance patter in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the two homozygous parent organisms

Codominance

complex inheritance pattern that occurs when neither alleles is dominant and both alleles are expressed

Pedigree

diagrammed family history that is used to study inheritance patterns of a trait through several generations and that can be used to predict disorders in future offspring

Egg

female reproductive cells

Gene

functional units that control inherited trait expression that passed on from one generation to another

Multiple Alleles

having more then two alleles for a specific trait

Polyploidy

having one or more extra sets of all chromosomes, which in polyploid plants, can often result in greater size and better growth and survival

Diploid

having two copies of each chromosome

O blood

ii

What is the importance of meiosis in providing genetic variation ?

in meiosis, the way chromosomes line up and during crossing over, it contributes to genetic variation

Carrier

individual heterozygous for a recessive disorder such as cystic fibrosis or Tay-Sacs disease

Epistasis

interaction between alleles in which one allele hides the affects of another allele

Know how to cross when the offspring can be a mix of the parents

just look in your packet

Sperm

male reproductive cells

Karyotype

micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in defending size

First filial generation

name of offspring of the first cross

Second filial generation

name of the offspring of the second cross

Genetic Recombination

new combination of genes produced by crossing over independent assortment

Know how to draw and describe the stages of meiosis I and meiosis II

not really a question - its in your packet

Phenotype

observable characteristics that are expressed as a result of an allele pair

Homologous Chromosomes

one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location

Hybrid

organism heterozygous for a specific trait

Fertilization

process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female parent and n chromosomes from the male parent

Meiosis

reduction division process, occurring only in reproductive cells in which now diploid cell produces four haploid cells that are not genetically identical

Genetics

science of heredity

What are examples of recessive genetic disorders and wha occurs as a result of them ?

some examples are Albinism which is where you don't have melanin in hair or eyes. It causes pail skin, white hair, and pink eyes. Galactosemia is another example which is an inability to digest galactose

What are examples of dominant genetic disorders and what occurs as a result of these disorders ?

some examples are Huntington's disease which affects the nervous system and Achondroplasia which causes small size of the body and limbs

Crossing over

the exchange of chromosomes segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

Gregor Mendel

the first scientist to interpret the pattern of heredity

Epistasis effect and example

this affects the color of organisms, like the fur of an animal because it is when an allele hides the effect of another a labradors fur can very from yellow to black because of which allele is hidden or not

X-linked traits

this affects weather or not people get recessive traits based on what is on their active X-chromosome baldness is an X-linked trait that is recessive in females x-chromosome and dominant in males

X-chromosomes inactivation

this results in multiple different traits showing because of the random inactivation of the X chromosome calico cats have multiple colors of fur based on which X-cromosome is inactivated

Polygenic traits

this results in variation of traits because there are multiple alleles for each trait a skin tone of people is determined by multiple alleles