biology chapter 12

females produce how many haploid egg cells of ____ size and ___ smaller ____ because uneven cytokinesis where __ cytoplasm is donated to the ____

1, large, polar bodies, more

haploid cells provide an extensive underground network of ____. When environmental conditions are right, the haploid cells at the tips of filaments fuse to form a ____ cell. This cell reproduces asexually via ___ to form a mushroom, a ___ structure. The gills on the underside of the mushroom reproduce sexually using ___ to make haploid spores to fall to the ground to grow new filaments.

Mushrooms: hyphae, dikaryotic, mitosis, diploid, meiosis

base of the carpel, contains the ovules where the egg or ova is produced first through meiosis to generate 1 haploid cell (the other 3 disintegrate). The egg then undergoes 3 rounds of mitosis to produce and egg, 5 supporting cells and a dikaryotic cell which is a sngle cell with 2 nuclei.

Ovary

the predominant state is ___, called the _____. Male and female gametophytes produce egg and sperm by ___. Fertilization occurs when the sperm units with the egg to form a ___ zygote. The zygote undergoes ____ to form the diploid structure called the sporophyte made of a spore and stalk capsule. Haploid spores form in the capsule via ___ and fall to the ground. By mitosis they form new gametophytes.

Seedless avascular plants Moss: haploid, mitosis, diploid, mitosis, meiosis

the predominant stage is the ___ sporophyte which creates haploid spores through ____. The spores fall to the ground and undergo __ to produce a gametophyte with both male and female structures. Eggs and sperm are made by ___ and when fertilization occurs a new diploid sporophyte forms.

Seedless vascular plants- includes ferns: diploid, meiosis, mitosis, mitosis

the male reproductive structure

Stamen

conjugation

a form of sexual reproduction occurs when cytoplasmic bridges form between single cells to allow the exchange of genetic information

homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and are pulled along spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell

anaphase 1

centromeres break and individual chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

anaphase 2

also known as flowering plants, spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state. They produce gametes (eggs and sperm) by mitosis and meiosis. They do not require water for gamete fertilization. The male gamete is stored in the pollen grain.

angiosperms

contains diploid germ cells that form the male gametophyte (pollen - first meiosis then mitosis)

anther

making offspring by 1 parent offspring genetically identical to the parent

asexual reproduction

chromosomes that carry genetic info. that are not related to gender 1-22

autosomes

mechanisms of prokaryotic cell division : simple DNA replicates and cytoplasm divides

binary fission

prokaryotes primarily reproduce by a process called ....

binary fission

occurs in invertebrate animals i.e. hydra offspring forms as a bud from the body of the parent organism

budding

the female reproductive structure

carpel

somatic cell nuclear transfer whatever gives the nucleus is what the offspring looks like

cloning

occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis when homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic info. when they overlap (synapsis)

crossing over

refers to a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes one set from maternal and one set from paternal i.e. human cells

diploid

union of male and female gametes outside of the body 1. More primitive in _______ and ______ i.e. frogs 2. characteristics: Release ___ number of gametes because most are never _____

external fertilization 1. invertibrates, amphibians 2. large, become fertilized

produce 1 central egg and 3 smaller polar bodies

female meiosis

secondary sex characteristics female: by estrogen male: by androgen (testosterone)

female: hips, breast tissue male: hair distribution, deepening of voice

occurs when the male and female gametes unite

fertilization

stock that holds the anther

filament

occurs in invertebrate animals i.e. starfish regrowth of the body from a body fragment or regrowth of a portion of the body

fragmentation

spawning occurs when male mounts female and releases sperm at the same time the female releases the eggs to increase the likelihood of fertilization

frog reproduction

haploid cell made for the purpose of sexual reproduction male- sperm female- ova

gamete

another name for multicellular haploid stage

gametophyte stage

diploid cell in reproductive organs that undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes

germ cell

also known as conifers because the reproductive structures are the cones

gymnosperms

refers to a cell that only has 1 set of chromosomes formed from diploid cells by meiosis

haploid

an organism that have both male and female organs i.e. earth worm

hermaphrodites

a maternal and paternal pair of chromosomes that are the same size and carry the same genes

homologous chromosomes

eggs are harvested from the ovary and fertilized with sperm cell in the test tube

in vitro

occurs in metaphase 1 of meiosis when one set of homologous pairs of chromosomes align independent of the maternal/ paternal alignment of the other homologous pairs

independent assortment

the inability to conceive a child, can be caused by numerous factors

infertility

other mammals do not menstruate but go into heat when they ovulate and mate

instead of menstruating for mammals other than humans

the cells chromosomes are duplicated during DNA replication creating sister chromatids from each maternal and paternal chromosome of a homologous pair of chromosomes

interphase

produce 4 viable sperm cells

male meiosis

some organisms use _____ and ___ as methods of reproduction

meiosis and mitosis

a process of reductive cell division necessary for sexually reproducing organisms. it begins with a diploid germ cell that undergoes two rounds of cell division to reduce chromosome number and create 4 haploid gamete cells.

mesiosis

tetrads align on the spindle at the center of the cell

metaphase 1

recombined chromosomes align on the spindle at the center of the cell

metaphase 2

process of somatic cell division that produces 2 identical diploid daughter cells for GRR

mitosis

the female reproductive organ produces ova through meiosis of germ cells (oocytes)

ovaries

5th step in pollination 5. Seeds form in the ovule which is surrounded by the ___. In some species of flowering plants , a fleshy ovary develops around the seed(s) to form ____. A example would be an ___.

ovary, fruit, apple

occurs in animal kingdom occurs when the female fertilizes her own eggs *for organisms that reproduce asexually and sexually

parthenogenesis

highly vascular structure that provides nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus. connected to the fetus via umbilieus takes over for the corpus luteum as a source of progesterone and estrogen secretes a hormone into blood, HCG, filtered by the kidney into urine which can tell you if you are pregnant or not

placenta

contains 2 haploid sperm cells and 1 tube cell (creates a pollen tube through mitosis)

pollen

homologous chromosomes attach to sister chromatids at their centromere pair together to from tetrads homologous chromosomes undergo recombination by exchanging DNA segments in a process called crossing over. this creates crossovers of maternal and paternal versions of a chromosome the nuclear membrane breaks down, the spindle fibers form and bind to the centromeres of each pair of homologous chromosomes.

prophase 1

a second round of cell division begins immediately DNA is not copied prior to beginning meiosis 2 a new spindle forms in each cell to prepare for a second round of cell division

prophase 2

4th step in pollination 4. A protective coat surround the embryo and endosperm to form a ____.

seed

chromosomes that determine the gender of the offspring 23

sex chromosomes

offspring contain one half genetic info. of 2 parents favorable from an evolutionary standpoint

sexual reproduction

refers to all diploid body cells that are not germ line cells i.e. skin, bone, muscle perform mitosis for GRR

somatic cells

3rd step of pollination 3. A second ____ ____ fuses with the ____ _____ to form a ___ cell that will become the _____ which serves to nourish the developing ____ during seed germination.

sperm cell, polar nucleus, triploid, endosperm, embryo

another name for multicellular diploid stage

sporophyte stage

1st step of pollination 1. pollen lands on the ___, the tube cell germinates, mitosis of tube cell creates a pollen tube in the ___ down which the sperm will travel to the ovule.

stigma, style

the cell membrane forms a cleavage furrow and the cell divides into two unique haploid cells. each new cell contains only one set of chromosomes still attached to their sister chromatids

telophase 1

the cell membrane forms a cleavage furrow and each cell divides into two cells. the result is four genetically different haploid daughter cells.

telophase 2

male reproductive organs carry out spermatogenesis when spermatogonia perform meiosis

testes

form in prophase 1 of meiosis when homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up

tetrad

transfer of pollen to female structure of a flower through vectors (insects, animals, wind)

vector pollination

occurs in plants when plants generate lateral shoots or roots that can regrow new plants

vegetative propagation

the 1st diploid cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm

zygote

2nd step of pollination 2. one sperm cell fertilizes an egg to create a ____ which, through meiosis develops into an ____.

zygote, embryo

Hypothalamus 1. Releases ____ in response to low levels of estrogen and progesterone at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. 2. GnRH stimulates the release of ___, ____ from the pituitary gland. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - Stimulates ovary to mature an ___. LH stimulates the follicle to secrete _____. 3. Estrogen causes the lining of the ___ to ___. Through negative feedback, estrogen _____ further release of FSH and LH. 4. Mid cycle, rising estrogen levels stimulate the release of ____ from the pituitary which triggers ovulation, release of the egg from the ovary. 5. Corpus Luteum- refers to the ruptured _____ _____. Continues to release ____ and _____ to continue to thicken the uterine wall in preparation for implantation. 6. If egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum _____, levels of estrogen and progesterone ____ which signals the rich lining of the Uterus to break down and shed beginning the ____ ____ again. 7. If fertilization does occur, the ___ (a diploid cell) is carried along the fallopian tube by the movement of the cilia. Along the way, mitotic cell divisions occur creating an ____ which implants itself in the nutrient uterine wall. 8. During birth, a hormone ____ is released by the pituitary gland that causes contractions of uterine muscle. This same hormone stimulates the contraction of the mammary glands in nursing or ____ mothers eject milk from tissue.

1. GnRH 2. FSH, LH, egg, estrogen 3. uterus, thicken 4. LH 5. ovarian follicle, estrogen, progesterone 6. degenerates, decline, menstrual cycle 7.zygote, embryo 8. oxytocin, lactating

flowering plants are very successful and numerous because: 1. Dominant ___ stage during most of their lifecycle that allows them to develop complex reproductive structures. 2. Evolution of ___ allows sperm to be transferred without the use of ____. 3. Evolution of the ___ that ___ a dormant embryo and provides food for the germinating young plant. 4. evolution of adaptations that promote seed dispersal.

1. diploid 2. pollen, water 3. seed, protects

Egg production and the Menstrual Cycle: 1. The ovary matures into one ___ monthly 2. The egg move through the ____ tube which are lined by _____. _______ occurs in the Fallopian tube. 3. The embryo will ____ in the nutrient rich lining of the uterus. 4. If fertilization does not occur, the inner lining of the uterus will shed in a process called ____. Female ________ ___ is regulated by various organs, glands, and the nervous system.

1. egg 2. Fallopian, cilia, fertilization 3.implant 4.menstruation menstrual cycle

internal fertilization 1. _____ gametes are needed because they are protected internally. 2. Evolutionary advantage because the embryo develops in a protected environment inside an ___ or inside the ___. 3. Sperm cells tent to be small and _____ while the egg is nutrient and ____ 4. Because of the short lifespan of ___ and ____, typically numerous ___ are release at once. Enzymes in the head of sperm break through the egg causing _____ to occur.

1. fewer 2.egg, womb 3. motile, immotile 4. sperm, egg, sperm, fertilization

what 3 things does meiosis ensure

1. provides genetic variation 2. reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid 3. ensures equal chromosomes in daughter cells

sperm production 1. the testes lie outside of the body because 2. Sperm are produced by ____ in ____ tubules of the testes. Sperm cells mature and are stored in a coiled tube called the ______. Seminal fluid is secreted by the _____ _____ and _____ gland to provide a nutrient rich media for the transport of sperm cells out of the male. 3.Hormonal control a. LH stimulates (IcSH) b. FSH stimulates

1. sperm production must be done a slightly cooler temperature than the rest of the body. 2. meiosis, seminiferous, epididymis, seminal vesicles, bulburethra 3. leyding cells to secrete testosterone (along with testosterone) spermatogenesis

males produce how many ____ sperm cells of the ___ size

4, haploid, same