Biology Chapter 14

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What does geographic dispersion of a population show?

How individuals in a population are spaced

What are two important ways in which organisms interact?

Competition and predation

What are three types of dispersion?

1.) Clumped 2.) Uniform 3.) Random

Type I

Low level of infant morality and an older population

How can you calculate population density?

#ofindividuals/area

What are 2 types of competition?

- Intraspecific competition - Interspecific competition

What happens in succession?

- a sequence of biotic changes - damaged communities are regenerated - new communities arise in previously inhabited areas

What are 2 limiting factor categories?

- density dependent - limiting independent

What are the 3 main types of symbiotic relationships?

- mutualism - commensalism - parasitism

4 factors that effect the size of a population?

-Immigration -Births -Emigration -Deaths

What are changes in a population's size determine?

-Immigration -Births -Emigration -Deaths

What are 3 density dependent limiting factors?

-Predation -Competition -Parasitism and Disease

What are 3 density independent limiting factors?

-Unusual weather -Natural disasters -Human activities

How does a habitat differ from a niche?

...

What is the 1st outcome for competitive exclusion?

1 Species is better suited to the niche and the other will either be pushed out or become extinct

Who benefits in parasitism?

1 benefits; other is harmed

Who benefits in commensalism?

1 benefits; other not effected

What is ecological succession?

A process of change in the species that make up a community

What is exponential growth?

A rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources

What is a habitat?

All aspects of the area in which an organism lives

What is an ecological niche?

All of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce

How does parasisitism meet their needs?

As ecoparasites and endoparasite

How do organisms interact?

As individuals and as populations

What is population growth based on?

Available resources

Who benefits in mutualism?

Both

How could you get a hookworm?

By eating something bad

Type II animals

Common to birds and reptiles

Type III

Common to invertebrates and plants

Type I animals

Common to large mammals and humans

What do survivor ship curves help to do?

Describe the reproduction strategy of a species

What is a survivorship curve ?

Diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births

When does succession occur?

Following a disturbance in an ecosystem

What do species share?

Habitats and resources

What is an example of endoparasites?

Hookworm?

What is carrying capacity?

Is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support

What is logistic growth?

It is due to a population facing limited resources

What is a limiting factor?

It is something that keeps the size of a population down

What is an example of ecoparasites?

Leeches

What do ecological factors do?

Limit population growth

What started primary succession?

Pioneer species

What are two types of succession?

Primary succession & secondary succession

When does succession do?

Regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance

What started secondary succession?

Remaining species

What gives structure to a community?

Resource availability

What are ecological equivalents?

Species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical region

Type II

Survivorship rate is equal at all stages of life

What is the 3rd outcome for competitive exclusion?

The 2 species will further diverge

What is the 2nd outcome for competitive exclusion?

The niche will be divided

What is population density?

The number of individuals that live in a defined area

What are density dependent limiting factors?

They are affected by the number of individuals in a given area

What is density independent limiting factors do?

They limit a population's growth regardless of density

Type III

Very high birth rate, very high infant mortality

When does predation occur?

When 1 organism captures and eats another

When does competition occur?

When 2 species use resources in the same way

When does competition occur?

When two organisms fight for the same limited resource

The size of a population...

is always changing

What are examples of a habitat?

• Biotic factors • Abiotic factors

What are examples of an ecological niche?

• Food • Abiotic Conditions • Behavior


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