Biology Chapter 14
What does geographic dispersion of a population show?
How individuals in a population are spaced
What are two important ways in which organisms interact?
Competition and predation
What are three types of dispersion?
1.) Clumped 2.) Uniform 3.) Random
Type I
Low level of infant morality and an older population
How can you calculate population density?
#ofindividuals/area
What are 2 types of competition?
- Intraspecific competition - Interspecific competition
What happens in succession?
- a sequence of biotic changes - damaged communities are regenerated - new communities arise in previously inhabited areas
What are 2 limiting factor categories?
- density dependent - limiting independent
What are the 3 main types of symbiotic relationships?
- mutualism - commensalism - parasitism
4 factors that effect the size of a population?
-Immigration -Births -Emigration -Deaths
What are changes in a population's size determine?
-Immigration -Births -Emigration -Deaths
What are 3 density dependent limiting factors?
-Predation -Competition -Parasitism and Disease
What are 3 density independent limiting factors?
-Unusual weather -Natural disasters -Human activities
How does a habitat differ from a niche?
...
What is the 1st outcome for competitive exclusion?
1 Species is better suited to the niche and the other will either be pushed out or become extinct
Who benefits in parasitism?
1 benefits; other is harmed
Who benefits in commensalism?
1 benefits; other not effected
What is ecological succession?
A process of change in the species that make up a community
What is exponential growth?
A rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources
What is a habitat?
All aspects of the area in which an organism lives
What is an ecological niche?
All of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce
How does parasisitism meet their needs?
As ecoparasites and endoparasite
How do organisms interact?
As individuals and as populations
What is population growth based on?
Available resources
Who benefits in mutualism?
Both
How could you get a hookworm?
By eating something bad
Type II animals
Common to birds and reptiles
Type III
Common to invertebrates and plants
Type I animals
Common to large mammals and humans
What do survivor ship curves help to do?
Describe the reproduction strategy of a species
What is a survivorship curve ?
Diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births
When does succession occur?
Following a disturbance in an ecosystem
What do species share?
Habitats and resources
What is an example of endoparasites?
Hookworm?
What is carrying capacity?
Is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support
What is logistic growth?
It is due to a population facing limited resources
What is a limiting factor?
It is something that keeps the size of a population down
What is an example of ecoparasites?
Leeches
What do ecological factors do?
Limit population growth
What started primary succession?
Pioneer species
What are two types of succession?
Primary succession & secondary succession
When does succession do?
Regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance
What started secondary succession?
Remaining species
What gives structure to a community?
Resource availability
What are ecological equivalents?
Species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical region
Type II
Survivorship rate is equal at all stages of life
What is the 3rd outcome for competitive exclusion?
The 2 species will further diverge
What is the 2nd outcome for competitive exclusion?
The niche will be divided
What is population density?
The number of individuals that live in a defined area
What are density dependent limiting factors?
They are affected by the number of individuals in a given area
What is density independent limiting factors do?
They limit a population's growth regardless of density
Type III
Very high birth rate, very high infant mortality
When does predation occur?
When 1 organism captures and eats another
When does competition occur?
When 2 species use resources in the same way
When does competition occur?
When two organisms fight for the same limited resource
The size of a population...
is always changing
What are examples of a habitat?
• Biotic factors • Abiotic factors
What are examples of an ecological niche?
• Food • Abiotic Conditions • Behavior
