Biology Chapter 26

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophytes 3. sporangia 2, 3, 1 1, 2, 3 3, 1, 2 2, 1, 3 3, 2, 1

2, 3, 1

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? Karyogamy Spore Heterokaryotic Plasmogamy

Plasmogamy

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei. True False

True

A stamen consists of _____. anther and filament stigma and filament ovary and sepal stigma and style stigma and anther

anther and filament

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission

meiosis

Question 47

Chapter 26

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together. True False

False

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. A heterokaryotic mycelium forms. The mycelium forms. Hyphae are produced by mitosis.

Hyphae are produced by mitosis.

Challenges for survival of the first land plants include I. sources of water. II. sperm transfer. III. desiccation. IV. animal predation. I only II, III and IV only I, II and III only II only

I, II and III only

Commonalities to both charophytes and vascular land plants include I. sporopollenin. II. lignin. III. chlorophyll a. IV. cellulose. V. chlorophyll b. III and IV only I, III, IV, V only II and IV only I, II, III, V only

I, III, IV, V only

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and I. mosses. II. cyanobacteria. III. green algae. IV. gymnosperms III and IV II and III I and II I only

II and III

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? I. cells with a single haploid nucleus II. heterokaryotic cells III. cells with two diploid nuclei I only II only III only I and II only I, II, and III

II only

Which statement is true for all sexually reproducing plants and animals? The process of mitosis produces gametes. The process of mitosis always produces diploid cells. The process of meiosis produces diploid cells. The process of meiosis produces haploid cells. The process of meiosis produces gametes.

The process of meiosis produces haploid cells.

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into __________. spores gametes a gametophyte a sporophyte a fruit

a sporophyte

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia

surroundings

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

The following statements describe something about the body structures or functions of fungi. Identify those statements that are correct. Select all that apply. 1.Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms. 2.Cellulose gives rigidity and strength to the cell walls of fungi. 3.All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts. 4.Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption. 5.Nutrients can flow through the entire mycelium in fungi with coenocytic hyphae, but not in fungi with septate hyphae. 6.Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients.

1,3,4,6

Part complete Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet when hiking in this bone-dry desert it is not uncommon to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." Upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone, one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of flower of stone branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, flower of stone should be expected to possess which other characteristics? 1. a gametophyte generation that is dominant 2. lignified vascular tissues 3. microphylls 4. spores that are diploid when mature 1, 3, and 4 only 2, 3, and 4 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 5 only

2 and 3 only

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? Spores Mycelium Basidia Hyphae

Basidia

Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels? Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes. Carpels consist of an anther and a stamen. Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte. Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia. Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation.

Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.

Question 48

Chapter 26

Review Question 24

Chapter 26

Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. Plants produce spores. Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. Fungi have cell walls.

Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic.

Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. Basidiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Chytridiomycota Ascomycota

Glomeromycota

Consider the characteristics of moss and fern life cycles. Which of the following sets of statements is true? In mosses, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in both mosses and ferns. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in both mosses and ferns. Mosses require moisture for sperm to reach the egg, but ferns do not. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. Ferns require moisture for sperm to reach the egg, but mosses do not. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg.

In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg.

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? Basidia Gills Mycelium Spore

Mycelium

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? Basidium Mycelium Motile spores Asci

Mycelium

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period. Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. The sperm are non-flagellated. The gametophyte is the dominant generation.

Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? a dominant gametophyte a well-developed vascular system the presence of photosystem II a chitinous cuticle an unbranched sporophyte

a well-developed vascular system

Fungi obtain nutrients through __________. absorption chemosynthesis endocytosis ingestion photosynthesis

absorption

In which of the following plant groups does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? bryophytes gymnosperms angiosperms monilophytes

bryophytes

Seedless plants include __________. only nonvascular plants mosses and angiosperms bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails bryophytes and gymnosperms only lycophytes and monilophytes

bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

The closest algal relatives of land plants are __________. bacillariophytes phaeophytes rhodophytes dinoflagellates charophytes

charophytes

Most fungi are _____. photoautotrophs decomposers herbivores carnivores chemoautotrophs

decomposers

Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies? heterokaryotic plasmogamy haploid diploid

diploid

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. haploid gametophyte diploid sorus diploid sporophyte haploid sporophyte diploid gametophyte

diploid sporophyte

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a __________. haploid sporophyte diploid sporophyte haploid gametophyte triploid endosperm diploid gametophyte

diploid sporophyte

Which of these is unique to flowering plants? a dominant sporophyte generation double fertilization an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue pollen production haploid gametophytes

double fertilization

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? mycorrhizae endosymbioses endophytes pathogens lichens

endophytes

In pine, the embryo develops within the __________. male gametophyte staminate cone megagametophyte female gametophyte microsporophyll

female gametophyte

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have __________. a sporophyte phase seeds flowers a life cycle that involves alternation of generations a vascular system

flowers

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners __________. provide carbohydrates to the plant partner cause the decay of cellulose and lignin sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants control soil nematodes help plants take up nutrients and water

help plants take up nutrients and water

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike __________, which form a network called a __________. mycelia ... hypha mycelia ... dikaryon sporangia ... dikaryon hyphae ... chytrid hyphae ... mycelium

hyphae ... mycelium

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? decreased absorption of mineral nutrients increased absorption of CO2 increase of the aboveground stem increased number of chloroplasts in roots increased stomata production

increase of the aboveground stem

Which structure protects seed plants' embryos from desiccation? ovules pollen grains ovaries fruits integuments

integuments

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? karyogamy and meiosis haustoria and karyogamy plasmogamy and meiosis diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition budding and meiosis

karyogamy and meiosis

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they __________. produce spores have flagellated sperm have cones but no seeds do not produce flowers lack true leaves and roots

lack true leaves and roots

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? leaves sporophylls lignified vascular tissue the waxy cuticle rhizoids

lignified vascular tissue

The next few questions are based on the following description. A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This student has probably found a(n) horsetail gametophyte. bryophyte sporophyte. lycophyte sporophyte. immature pine tree. fern sporophyte.

lycophyte sporophyte.

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. binary fission ... mitosis meiosis ... meiosis meiosis ... mitosis mitosis ... meiosis mitosis ... mitosis

mitosis ... mitosis

Where do fern antheridia develop? on the underside of the gametophyte on the tip of the haploid protonema on the tip of the sporophyte on the tip of the gametophyte on the underside of the sporophyte

on the underside of the gametophyte

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? ovary stamen fruit ovule

ovule

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. pollen grains male sporophytes embryo sacs megaspores endosperm

pollen grains

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________. presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule presence or absence of vascular structures dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation production of microspores versus megaspores presence or absence of alternation of generations

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always __________. is called the gametophyte produces spores produces eggs and sperm develops from a spore is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage

produces spores

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. reduce dehydration. provide nutrients to spores. comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. repel toxic chemicals.

reduce dehydration.

Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (a.k.a. Ascomycetes) are recognized on the basis of their production of __________ during sexual reproduction. yeasts lichens flagellated zoospores a dikaryotic structure saclike structures

saclike structures

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. fruit cotyledon seed coat endosperm sporophyte

seed coat

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the __________. antheridium spore archegonium sporophyte gametophyte

sporophyte

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? sporophyll sporangium male gametophyte sporopollenin stigma

sporopollenin

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. anther stigma ovary ovulate cone style

stigma

A carpel is composed of _____. zygote, anther, and endosperm stigma, style, and ovary petal, sepal, and stamen ovary, ovule, and anther ovule, megasporocyte, and anther

stigma, style, and ovary